IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSR-JEN) Volume 5 Issue 5 Version 3

International Journal of Engineering Research and

The process of adsorption is one of the physical method for separation of dissolved pollutants from the effluent. Activated carbon is the good adsorbent that can be used in both liquid and gaseous phase adsorption also used as catalyst or catalyst support. Adsorbent materials are porous and adsorption takes place on the inside walls of pore particles. From last few years, use of activated carbon has increased greatly. This review article purpose is to give the knowledge of how activated carbon uses came from historic days and also then how it is improving day by day. With this it gives the idea of production of activated carbon by different methods. The methods include physical activation and chemical activation. Adsorption capacity of activated carbon mainly depends on the structure of activated carbon.

2014

Activated carbon was prepared from palm kernel shell (PKS), Coconut shell (CS) and Gmelina arborea saw dust (SD) by chemical activation method using zinc chloride, potassium carbonate and phosphoric acid as activating agent with different impregnation ratios and activation temperatures. The proximate analysis, bulk densities, pH, conductivity, crude fiber, and selected metal composition of the raw materials were determined. The agricultural samples were impregnated with the reagents at room temperature for an hour, heated in the oven for 2 hours at 105 o C before being carbonized at 400-600 o C in the furnace under pure inert nitrogen gas. Methylene blue and iodine adsorption number was utilized to estimate the surface area and performance of active carbon produced. The mesopores structural parameters (SMB) was estimated to range between 3.933-15.3994, 3.4267-15.7400, and 6.193-15.8065 10-3 km 2 /kg for palm kernel shells (PKS), coconut shells (CS) and saw dust (SD) respectively. Th...

IAEME Publication, 2021

Environmental issues such as air pollution, waste disposal, global warming, climate change, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, water pollution, and many others are becoming more prevalent, affecting every human, animal, and nation on the planet. The burning of fossil fuels and waste disposal are two of the most significant causes of environmental pollution and human health. To address these issues, carbonization activation developed an activated carbon production system. Activated carbon, which is made from carbonaceous sources such as coal, coconut shells, waste food, and wood, is also available. Sewage cleaning, exhaust gas purification, gas cleaner, solvent recycling, H2S and other waste gases purification, tooth whitening, hangover protection, and skin treatment are all popular uses for activated carbon. Recycling products from waste streams saves money by reducing renewable resource use and treatment costs, such as landfill and incineration. Prepared activated carbons are thus easy to obtain, less expensive, environmentally friendly and have a high efficiency for the adsorption of dye and materials by using thermal and chemical method. In addition, the paper discussed several of effect of the parameters on activated carbon such as Raw materials and chemical Temperature, Adsorption Capacity and Surface area which effect on final properties of product. Moreover, the activated carbon samples are examined to measure their quality and porosity properties such as absorption surface, pores, density, etc. using methods of measuring and analyzing the quality of the activated carbon produced and comparing it to commercial activated carbon such as BET analysis, SEM analyzer and FTIR analyzer

Activated carbon, also known as activated charcoal, which is crude form of graphite, substance which is used lead pencils. Activated carbon is widely used in dye removal and also has other applications. Activated carbon has high surface area, adsorption capacity, and high adsorption rates from the gas or liquid phases. Activated carbon is also used in air purification, chromatography, energy storage, electrode materials for li-ion batteries biosensors, hydrogen storage, immobilizing the biomolecules. Therefore, activated carbon has wide applications. It is used in gas separation, solvents recovery and as catalyst. It is also used in waste-water treatment plants to remove the organic pollutants from the drinking water. For most of these applications, activated carbon is prepared from many resources by implementation of different chemical methods. The Activated carbon can also be prepared by different raw carbon resources like lignite, peat, unburnt coal and biomass wastes such as wood, sawdust, sugar cane bagasse, coconut shell, coffee beans, oil-palm stone, and Rice husk. Ligno-cellulosic waste materials, paulownia wood, pomegranate seeds, cattail, olive-tree, jatropha hull, bamboo, orange peel, thevetia peruviana, ramie, grape stalk, pine apple waste biomass, and almond shell. Activated carbon is also produced by pyrolysis of physic nut waste. Activated Carbon, prepared from all these sources, have high surface area, adsorption capacity, high adsorption rates for liquid gas separation, adsorption. Activated Carbon is widely used in waste water treatment to remove the pollutants. This review explores some of methods to prepare the activated carbon from different local sources reported by many researchers in recent years.

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2008

The central theme of this investigation is to evaluate the feasibility of using bituminous coal as a precursor material for the production of chars and activated carbons using physical and chemical activation processes. The chemical activation process was accomplished by impregnating the raw materials with different dehydrating agents in different ratios and concentrations, prior to heat treatment (ZnCl 2 , KCl, KOH, NaOH and Fe 2 (SO 4) 3 •xH 2 O). Steam activation of the precursor material was adopted for the preparation of activated carbon using physical activation technology. Different types of bituminous coal; namely, contaminated Columbian (contaminated with pet. coke), pure Columbian, Venezuelan and New Zealand bituminous coal were used in the production processes. BET surface area, micropore area, pore size distribution and total pore volume of the chars and activated carbons were determined from N 2 adsorption/desorption isotherm, measured at 77 K. Charring conditions, charring temperature of 800 • C and charring time of 4 h, proved to be the optimum conditions for preparing chars. Contaminated Columbian were found to be the best precursor material for the production of char with reasonable physical characteristics (surface area = 138.1 m 2 g −1 and total pore volume of 8.656 × 10 −0.2 cm 3 g −1). An improvement in the physical characteristics of the activated carbons was obtained upon the treatment of coal with dehydrating agents. Contaminated Columbian treated with 10 wt% ZnCl 2 displayed the highest surface area and total pore volume (surface area = 231.5 m 2 g −1 and total pore volume = 0.1227 cm 3 g −1) with well-developed microporisity (micropore area = 92.3 m 2 g −1). Venezuelan bituminous coal using the steam activation process was successful in producing activated carbon with superior physical characteristics (surface area = 863.50 m 2 g −1 , total pore volume = 0.469 cm 3 g −1 and micropore surface area = 783.58 m 2 g −1).

carbon, 2011

Activated carbon was prepared by the copyrolysis of mixed solid wastes (biomass, cartons and polystyrene) at low carbonization temperatures. The effects of carbonization temperature (200°C, 300°C and 400°C) and chemical activation using different concentrations of a ZnCl 2 solution (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2 M) on the yield and adsorption capacity of activated carbon were investigated. The results show that the activated carbon yield is significantly dependent on both the carbonization temperature and the ZnCl 2 concentration. The yield increased as the ZnCl 2 concentration increased from 0.0 to 2 M and decreased as the carbonization temperature increased from 200°C to 400°C. In conclusion, treating solid wastes with a low carbonization temperature (200°C) followed by chemical activation with 2 M ZnCl 2 yielded AC with a high adsorption efficiency.

Activated carbon was prepared by the copyrolysis of mixed solid wastes (biomass, cartons and polystyrene) at low carbonization temperatures. The effects of carbonization temperature (200°C, 300°C and 400°C) and chemical activation using different concentrations of a ZnCl2 solution (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2 M) on the yield and adsorption capacity of activated carbon were investigated. The results show that the activated carbon yield is significantly dependent on both the carbonization temperature and the ZnCl2 concentration. The yield increased as the ZnCl2 concentration increased from 0.0 to 2 M and decreased as the carbonization temperature increased from 200°C to 400°C. In conclusion, treating solid wastes with a low carbonization temperature (200°C) followed by chemical activation with 2 M ZnCl2 yielded AC with a high adsorption efficiency.

Handbook of Porous Solids

Olive stones have been widely used as a renewable energy biowaste source. As they are rich in elemental carbon (40-45 wt%), much research focussed on effectively converting olive stones, as precursors, into activated carbon adsorbents. However, only a few studies have concentrated on summarising the various techniques used to produce activated carbon from olive stone. This article reviews the research undertaken on the production and application of activated carbon as an adsorbent from olive stones for wastewater treatment. Various physical, chemical and physico-chemical treatments to remove heavy metals, organics and dyes are discussed, and the resultant adsorption capacities are reported. In several cases, very high adsorption capacities are recorded. Finally, the future prospects of these materials as adsorbents are discussed, and after further development work, olive stone-derived activated carbons have great potential especially in the area of organic polluted wastewaters.

Activated carbons (ACs) can be produced from biomass in a thermal process either in a direct carbonization-activation process or first by carbonizing the biomass and later on activating the biochars into activated carbons. The properties of the ACs are dependent on the type of process used for production. In this study, the properties of activated carbons produced in a one-stage and a two-stage process are considered. Activated carbons were produced by physical activation of two types of starting materials, biochars produced from spruce and birch chips in a commercial carbonization plant and from the corresponding raw chips. The activated carbons produced were characterized regarding specific surfaces, pore volumes and pore size distributions. The unactivated biochars had some degree of surface area and some porosity. According to the results obtained, two slightly different types of activated carbons are produced depending if a one-stage or a two-stage carbonization and activation ...

Omni-Akuatika

Production of seaweed processing generates a huge amount of waste, either waste solid or liquid waste. For solid waste contains a lot of organic carbon derived from cellulose or hemicellulose. Therefore, the solid waste that has the potential as a raw material of activated carbon. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the activated carbon produced from solid waste agar and determine the optimal concentration of activator that produced the best characteristics of the activated carbon. The treatment used is a different activator concentration which is designed using completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and four replications. The results showed the five treatments are significant differences in the characteristics of the ash and pure active carbon content. This study shows that the manufacture of activated carbon industrial solid waste agar with a different activator concentration influence on the characteristics of the active carbon with ash content pa...