Academia.eduAcademia.edu

Outline

Title
Abstract
Introduction
Conclusion
References
All Topics
Law
Jurisprudence

Legal Maxims in Ottoman Law (Literature and Functions)

Profile image of Yasin YılmazYasin Yılmaz
https://doi.org/10.26650/ANNALES.2025.76.0004
visibility

…

description

34 pages

link

1 file

Abstract

Annales de la Faculté de Droit d'Istanbul 76 (2025), 81-111.

Related papers

Ottoman Legal Practice and Non-Judicial Actors in Seventeenth-Century Istanbul
M. Hadi Hosainy

This article examines the role played by extra-judicial officers in the Sharia court of seventeenth-century Istanbul. It makes two central arguments: that the Ottoman Sharia court of the period was not immune from the influence of extra-judicial actors even at the imperial capital where the highly centralized Ottoman ilmiye hierarchy was based; and that sicil studies can prove revealing about court procedures that deviated from conventional practice. Using a micro-level historical analysis, the paper examines two court cases from 1666 and 1685 about transgressions against the property and life of two women in the small Bucakbağı neighborhood of Istanbul. Local officers such as the Yedikule fortress warden (dizdar) and the neighborhood imam as well as the highest imperial office holders such as the deputy grand vizier (kaymakam) and the kadıasker were involved in manipulating the court’s proceedings in order to accommodate the interests of the men in power. The paper, therefore, contributes to the revisionist scholarship challenging the view that early modern Ottoman Sharia court enjoyed autonomy as a judicial body.

View PDFchevron_right
"Afterword: Ottoman International Law?" in Lâle Can, Michael Christopher Low, Kent F. Schull, and Robert Zens, eds., The Subjects of Ottoman International Law (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2020) 238-45
Umut Özsu

Lâle Can, Michael Christopher Low, Kent F. Schull, and Robert Zens, eds., The Subjects of Ottoman International Law (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2020), 2020

View PDFchevron_right
Review (2020) of Samy Ayoub's 'Law, Empire, and the Sultan: Ottoman Imperial Authority and Late Hanafi Jurisprudence'
Omar Anchassi
View PDFchevron_right
Introduction to Turkish Law
Işık Önay, Işık Önay

Wolters Kluwer , 2020

Introduction to Turkish Law reflects major changes in Turkish law that had happened after the publication of the sixth edition. This edition covers the most significant of these changes, including the constitutional amendment of 2017 leading to a radical change of the system of government and introduction of new versions of three major codes: Turkish Code of Obligations, Turkish Commercial Code and Code of Civil Procedure. Encompassing all the major fields of legal practice, this edition provides an essential understanding of the Turkish legal system to enable users to become familiar with the law and legal processes in Turkey. What’s in this book: Twelve chapters, written by Turkish experts and scholars in their areas of specialty, focus on particular fields and provide the Turkish equivalents of the English terminology. The book covers the following topics: sources of Turkish law; constitutional law; administrative law; legal persons and business associations; family law; law of succession; law of property; law of obligations; penal law; and laws of civil and penal procedures.

View PDFchevron_right
The Positivization of Ottoman Law and the Question of Continuity
Avi Rubin

State Law and Legal Positivism: The Global Rise of a New Paradigm, 2022

View PDFchevron_right
“The Administration of Criminal Justice in Ottoman Selânik (Salonica) during the Eighteenth Century.” Turcica 30 (1998), 185-209.
Eyal Ginio

Turcica, 1998

View PDFchevron_right
Ottoman Nizamiye Courts: Law and Modernity, Reviewed by Zulal Muslu
Avi Rubin
View PDFchevron_right
“Law and Economics” Literature and Ottoman Legal Studies
Metin Cosgel

Islamic Law and Society, 2014

This article considers the relevance of hypotheses developed in the "law and economics" literature regarding settlement/trial decisions in the Ottoman Empire. In particular, it explores the applicability of the "selection principle" and "50 percent plaintiff win-rate" formulated by George Priest and Benjamin Klein. The article also demonstrates how existing research based on Ottoman court records can contribute to the "law and economics" scholarship, which is dominated by research based on modern, Western contexts. The article utilizes the court records from eighteenth-century Kastamonu to make observations about settlement/litigation decisions in an Ottoman context.

View PDFchevron_right
Sultan's Law and Islamic Sharia in The Ottoman Empire Court: An Analysis of The Existence of Secular Law
Suud Sarim Karimullah

Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 2023

This article aims to describe the impact of legal dualism within the Ottoman Empire. After Constantinople was taken over, Sultan Muhammad Al-Fatih instituted a significant policy, including issuing laws and regulations for the benefit of society; then, there was also a dualism system within the Ottoman Empire, which was visible during the reign of Sultan Sulaiman I. During this time, foreign nationals were mainly recruited, and foreign traders began to gain impunity at the peak of power. This then prompted several questions, such as were the sultans free to create the laws they wanted, or was Islamic law still binding on them? Was Sultan's law an innovation from the Ottoman Empire or a legacy from the preceding dynasty in the form of Capitulation? To address those issues, the authors conducted a comparative historical analysis of various types of literature. We used a descriptive qualitative approach to Qānūn's position, which served as a springboard for foreign intervention in an Empire that was strong but weak in political policies which occasionally strayed outside the corridor of Islamic Sharia which had become customary and national culture. The tolerance separated from the corridors of Islam derailed during the crisis. This became a springboard for legal dualism in a state body with integrity in various dimensions.

View PDFchevron_right
The Transformation of Ottoman Criminal Law in the 19 t h Century: The Example of Crime of Complicity=19. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Ceza Hukukundaki Dönüşüm: Suça İştirâk Örneği
ULUM Journal of Religious Inquiries

ULUM, 2019

In XIX. century, the Ottoman State has witnessed changes in a number of areas. A review of the content of penal codes legislated during Tanzimat Era in both 1840 and 1851 reveals that the transformation in criminal procedure, judicial system, administrative fields was attempted to be accommodated with penal codes. The aim of this study is to seek answers to the question of how the criminal law of the Ottoman State changed in the period starting with the 1858 Penal Code in the nineteenth century within scope of ta'zir (discretionary punishment) and more particularly, crime of murder and complicity as one of special forms of crime. The discussions of the criminal law scholars of the period about the nature of Article 45 regarding complicity in the 1858 Penal Code and their proposed solutions and how they developed new rules due to need in the process and at this point how they benefited from European penal codes, commentaries and their scholars will be attempted to demonstrate. More importantly, it will be witnessed how Ottoman judges used the classical principles in their minds when implementing the article of code. However, when looking from a broad perspective, we will see how the Classical Law School, in which Ottoman State was included through its 1858 Penal Code, and the crime policy of France and the French Penal Code have influenced Ottoman Criminal Law.

View PDFchevron_right

References (126)

  1. Kaşıkçı (n 41) 38.
  2. Mustafa Baktır, İslam Hukukunda Külli Kaideler (Unpublished Post-doctoral Thesis, 1988) 55.
  3. Ekrem Buğra Ekinci, Ahmed Cevdet Paşa ve Mecelle'den Düsturlar (IQ Kültür Sanat Yayınları 2021) 82.
  4. Hıfzı Veldet Velidedeoğlu, 'Kanunlaştırma Hareketleri ve Tanzimat', in Tanzimat I (Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları 1999) 194; Kızılkaya (n 3) 298-299. There is also a view that the maxims of the Majalla are listed in a consistent manner, that each group expresses a legal theory despite the lack of subheadings, and that their number is small, although it is obvious that some of them were added later. See Fawzy Shaban Elgariani, Al-Qawaʻid al-Fiqhiyyah (Islamic Legal Maxims): Concept, Functions, History, Classifications and Application to Contemporary Medical Issues (Unpublished PhD Thesis 2012) 195.
  5. Baktır (n 46) 56. A recent study pursues this question with the help of data science: Intisar Rabb & Yusuf Celik, 'Experiments in Tracking Canons across the Mecelle', Islamic Law Blog (16 March 2022) (https://islamiclaw.blog/2022/03/16/works- in-progress-experiments-in-tracking-canons-across-the-mecelle/)
  6. Kemal Gözler, 'Yorum İlkeleri', in Anayasa Hukukunda Yorum ve Norm Somutlaşması (Türkiye Barolar Birliği Yayınları 2013) 19; Sevtap Metin, Hukuk Normunun Yorumu (Unpublished PhD Thesis 2002) 286.
  7. Gözler (n 50) 28.
  8. Kasım Kopuz, Reproduction of The Ottoman Legal Knowledge: The Case Of Ibrahim Al-Halabi's Multaqa Al-Abhur and Defining The Concept of Baghy in Commentarial Writings on It (16th to 18th Centuries) (Unpublished PhD Thesis 2019) IV.
  9. For this perspective on commentaries, see William Smyth, 'Controversy in a Tradition of Commentary: The Academic Legacy of Al-Saqqaki's Miftah Al-Ulum' 112 4 (1992) Journal of the American Oriental Society 589. Eyyüp Said Kaya, 'Şerh (Fıkıh)' in 38 DİA (2010) 560 (https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/serh#4-fikih).
  10. Baktır (n 46) 56.
  11. Elgariani (n 48) 191.
  12. See Kibar Karadeniz, Mahkeme-i Şer'iyye ve Mecelle Projesi Özelinde Rusya Muslimların İslam Hukuku Faaliyetleri (1788-1918) (Emin Yayınları 2023) 185.
  13. Nurali, Sultan Abdülhamid'in Sarayında (Bir Tatar Müderrisin İstanbul, Bursa ve Surre Alayı ile Hac Hatıraları), Ömer Hakan Özalp (ed), (İşaret Yayınları 2021) 71, 82, 118.
  14. Nurali (n 72) 2.
  15. Nurali (n 72) 21.
  16. He obtained a licence in July 1904 for the printing and publication of the work. BOA, MF.MKT., nr. 790/17, 23.04.1322.
  17. Mustafa Nazmi, Temsīl-i Kavāid ve Zavābıt-ı İlm-i Hukuk (Şirket-i Mürettibiye Matbaası 1323/1907).
  18. Mustafa Nazmi (n 78) 71, 102.
  19. İbrahim Yağız, Mustafa Nazmi'nin Temsil-i Kavaid ve Zavabit-i İlm-i Hukuk Adlı Eseri (Unpublished Master Thesis 2019) 18 and the comparison table of Majalla and Ashbāh in Annex-1.
  20. Yağız (n 80) 19.
  21. Ferhat Koca, 'Musa Carullah Bigiyef Hakkında Bir Nice Söz' in Kavaid-i Fıkhiyye (İslam Hukukunun Genel İlkeleri) F Koca and F Karataş and A Y Küçüktiryaki (ed), (Ankara Okulu Yayınları 2018) 55.
  22. See Şükrü Özen, 'Osmanlı Dönemi Fetva Literatürü' 5 (2005)Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi 335; on the emergence of Ottoman Turkish as a language of law from the 15th century onwards, this language's struggle for existence against Arabic, its acquisition of a public quality that could be shared by the public, and the role of fatwas in this context, see Himmet Taşkömür, '16. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Kültür ve Düşünce Hayatı Üzerine Bazı Gözlemler' A H Furat and N K Yorulmaz and O S A (ed), Sahn-ı Semân'dan Dârülfünûn'a Osmanlı'da İlim ve Fikir Dünyası Âlimler, Müesseseler ve Fikrî Eserler (XVIII. Yüzyıl) (Zeytinburnu Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları 2018) 29-36.
  23. Kızılkaya (n 3) 421.
  24. See Halil İnalcık, 'Kanunname' in 24 DİA (2001) 333 (https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kanunname).
  25. Kanunname-i Al-i Osman, Mehmed Arif (ed.), (Ahmed İhsan ve Şürekası Matbaası 1329/1911) 27.
  26. Aydın (n 86) 115.
  27. For the discourses that can be based on the maxims and their analyses, see Mehmet Akman, Osmanlı Devleti'nde Kardeş Katli (Eren Yayınları 1997) 150-156.
  28. Abdurrahman Atçıl, 'Memlükler'den Osmanlılar'a Geçişte Mısır'da Adlî Teşkilat ve Hukuk (922-931/1517-1525)', 38 (2017) İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi 89.
  29. Yörük (n 61) 19-22.
  30. 101 This school can be considered as the first version of Istanbul University Faculty of Law in terms of the organisation of legal education in Istanbul. See Fethi Gedikli, 'İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Ne Zaman Kuruldu?' 69 1-2 (2011) İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası 91.
  31. Vahit Cemil Urhan, 'Selânik Hukuk Mektebi (1907-1913)' in Balkan Tarihi Araştırmaları I, Bülent Akyay (ed), (Trakya Üniversitesi Balkan Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları 2021) 349.
  32. Yasin Yılmaz and Mehmet Kiremitci, 'Konya Hukuk Mektebi'nde Anayasa Hukuku Dersleri' 68 (2022) Adalet Dergisi 285.
  33. Abdullah Cengiz, 'Bağdat Hukuk Mektebi' 34 (2023) Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 186. 106 Ayoub (n 8) 19.
  34. Fethi Gedikli, 'Hukuki Düşünce yahut Cumhuriyetin Hukuk Devrimi -Bedevilikten Medeniliğe Geçiş-', in Tanzimat'tan Günümüze Türk Düşüncesi (Nobel Yayınları 2015) 893..
  35. The most important development that broke the dominance of Arabic in the field of Islamic law was the preparation of the Majalla in Turkish. See Suraiya Faroqhi, Osmanlı Kültürü ve Gündelik Yaşam (Ortaçağdan Yirminci Yüzyıla) Elif Kılıç (trans.), (Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları 2005) 32.
  36. Fethi Gedikli, Hukuk Dili ve Adli Yazışmalar (İstanbul Üniversitesi Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi Yayınları 2019) 76.
  37. Edhem Eldem, Mitler, Gerçekler ve Yöntem (Osmanlı Tarihinde Aklıma Takılanlar) (Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları 2018) 284.
  38. Avi Rubin, Ottoman Nizamiye Courts (Law and Modernity) (Palgrave Macmillan 2011) 156.
  39. See Ayhan Ceylan, Meşveret Düşüncesi ve Uygulaması in Türk Hukuk Tarihinde Meşveret Düşüncesi ve Uygulama (Unpublished PhD Thesis 1998) 139; Bedri Gencer, Hikmet Kavşağında Edmund Burke ile Ahmed Cevdet (Melisa Matbaacılık 2011) 141-142; İrem Diler, Ahmed Cevdet Paşa'nın Devlet, Hukuk ve Yeni Osmanlılarla Karşılaştırmalı Olarak Anayasa Görüşü (Unpublished Master's Thesis 2019) 69.
  40. Ahmed Cevdet, Tezākir, C Baysun (ed), (Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları 1991).
  41. Ahmed Hamdi Şirvani, Lawāmi' al-Daqā'iq fī Tarjamat Majāmi al-Haqā'iq, H Örs and S E Örs (ed) (Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı 2017).
  42. Akgündüz A, 'Mustafa Hulusi Güzelhisari' in Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi (DİA) 14 (1996) 331.
  43. Akgündüz A, Osmanlı Kanunnameleri ve Hukukî Tahlilleri (Fey Vakfı ve Osmanlı Araştırmaları Vakfı 1990-1996).
  44. Akiba J, 'A New School for Qadis: Education of the Sharia Judges in the Late Ottoman Empire' 35 (2003) Turcica 125.
  45. Akman M, Osmanlı Devleti'nde Kardeş Katli (Eren Yayınları 1997).
  46. Ali Suavi, Arabî Ibare Usûlü'l-Fıkh Nâm Risalenin Tercümesi (Mukhbir Office 1868).
  47. Amiri R S, Legal Maxims in Islamic Jurisprudence (Their History, Character and Significance) (Unpublished PhD Thesis 2003).
  48. Ardıç N, Islam and the Politics of Secularism: the Caliphate and Middle Eastern Modernisation in the early 20th Century (Routledge 2012).
  49. Atçıl A, 'Memlükler'den Osmanlılar'a Geçişte Mısır'da Adlî Teşkilat ve Hukuk (922-931/1517- 1525)
  50. Aydın M A, 'Mecelle-i Ahkam-ı Adliyye' in DİA 28 (2003) 231.
  51. Aydın M A, Osmanlı Hukuku (Devlet-i Aliyye'nin Temeli) (İSAM Yayınları 2020).
  52. Ayoub S, Law, Empire, and the Sultan (Ottoman Imperial Authority and Late Hanafi Jurisprudence) (Oxford University Press 2020).
  53. Azak N, Ebu Said el-Hadimî'nin Mecamiu'l-Hakâik Adlı Eserindeki Kavâid-i Külliye'nin İslam Hukukunun Temel Kaideleri İçindeki Yeri ve Önemi (Unpublished Master Thesis 2010).
  54. Azak N, 'Kavâʿid-i Fıkhıyyede Bir Literatür İncelemesi: İbn Nüceym'in el-Eşbâh ve'n-Nezâir'i ve Üzerine Yapılan Çalışmalar' 3/2 (2020) Tahkik İslami İlimler Araştırma ve Neşir Dergisi 547.
  55. Baktır M, İslam Hukukunda Külli Kaideler (Unpublished Post-doctoral Thesis 1988).
  56. Bedir M, 'Geleneğin Son Halkası: Hâdimî'nin Mecâmi'ü'l-Hakâ'ik adlı Eseri ve Usul'de Güncel Bilgi Meselesi ya da Bugün Fıkıh Usulünü Hangi Eserlerden Okumalıyız?' A H Furat and N K Yorulmaz and O S A (ed), Sahn-ı Semân'dan Dârülfünûn'a Osmanlı'da İlim ve Fikir Dünyası Âlimler, Müesseseler ve Fikrî Eserler (XVIII. Yüzyıl) (Zeytinburnu Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları 2018).
  57. Bigiyef M S, Kavaid-i Fıkhiye: Ahkam-ı Şer'iye Mecellesine Medhal Olmak Sıfatıyla, Ahmad al- İshaki (ed), (Örnek Matbaası 1327/1910).
  58. Burak G, The Second Formation of Islamic Law: The Hanafi School in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire (Cambridge University Press 2015).
  59. Bursalı M T, Osmanlı Müellifleri, A F Yavuz and İ Özen (ed), (Yaylacık Matbaası 1972).
  60. Cengiz A, 'Bağdat Hukuk Mektebi' 34 (2023) Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 186.
  61. Ceylan A, Meşveret Düşüncesi ve Uygulaması in Türk Hukuk Tarihinde Meşveret Düşüncesi ve Uygulama (Unpublished PhD Thesis 1998).
  62. Cici R, Osmanlı Dönemi İslam Hukuku Çalışmaları (Kuruluştan Fatih Devrinin Sonuna Kadar) (Arasta 2001).
  63. Çeker O, 'Ebû Saîd Muhammed el-Hâdimî'nin Mecâmiu'l-Hakâik Adlı Eseri' 8 (1998) Selçuk Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 43.
  64. Çelik H, Ali Suavi ve Dönemi (İletişim Yayınları 2021).
  65. Diler İ, Ahmed Cevdet Paşa'nın Devlet, Hukuk ve Yeni Osmanlılarla Karşılaştırmalı Olarak Anayasa Görüşü (Unpublished Master's Thesis 2019).
  66. Ebussuud Efendi, 'Taqrīz', in Ibn Nujaym, al-Ashbāh wa-al-Nazāir, Süleymaniye Library (Esad Efendi) 521 (969) 3a.
  67. Ekinci E B, Ahmed Cevdet Paşa ve Mecelle'den Düsturlar (IQ Kültür Sanat Yayınları 2021).
  68. Eldem E, Mitler, Gerçekler ve Yöntem (Osmanlı Tarihinde Aklıma Takılanlar) (Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları 2018).
  69. Elgariani F S, Al-Qawaʻid al-Fiqhiyyah (Islamic Legal Maxims): Concept, Functions, History, Classifications and Application to Contemporary Medical Issues (Unpublished PhD Thesis 2012). Erdem S, 'Ali Suavi'nin Usûl-i Fıkha Dair Bir Risalesi' 2 (1998) Divan 283.
  70. Erdem S, 'Türkçede Mecelle Literatürü' 3 5 (2005) Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi 673.
  71. Erdem S, Tanzimat Sonrası Osmanlı Hukuk Düşüncesinde Fıkıh Usulü Kavramları ve Modern Yaklaşımlar (Unpublished PhD Thesis 2003).
  72. Faroqhi S, Osmanlı Kültürü ve Gündelik Yaşam (Ortaçağdan Yirminci Yüzyıla) Elif Kılıç (trans.), (Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları 2005).
  73. Gedikli F, 'Hukuki Düşünce yahut Cumhuriyetin Hukuk Devrimi -Bedevilikten Medeniliğe Geçiş-', in Tanzimat'tan Günümüze Türk Düşüncesi (Nobel Yayınları 2015) 893.
  74. Gedikli F, 'İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Ne Zaman Kuruldu?' 69 1-2 (2011) İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası 91.
  75. Gedikli F, 'Osmanlı Hukuk Tarihi Kaynağı Olarak Şer'iyye Sicilleri' 3 5 (2005) Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi 187.
  76. Gedikli F, Hukuk Dili ve Adli Yazışmalar (İstanbul Üniversitesi Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi Yayınları 2019).
  77. Gencer B, Hikmet Kavşağında Edmund Burke ile Ahmed Cevdet (Melisa Matbaacılık 2011).
  78. Gözler K, 'Yorum İlkeleri', in Anayasa Hukukunda Yorum ve Norm Somutlaşması (Türkiye Barolar Birliği Yayınları 2013) 19.
  79. Gözler K, 'Hukuk Kelimesi Kaç Yaşında? Etimoloji Bize Ne Söyler', www.anayasa.gen.tr/hukuk- kac-yasinda.htm (31.07.2019).
  80. Hallaq W, Shari'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations (Cambridge University Press 2009).
  81. Harries J, Law and Empire in Late Antiquity (Cambridge University Press 1999).
  82. Ibn al-Hāzim Farīd, Te'sisü'n-Nazar ve Ruhu'l-Fıkh (Mizanu'l-Hukuk Matbaası 1328/1912).
  83. İnalcık H, 'Kanunname' in 24 DİA (2001) 333.
  84. İpşirli M, 'Ebusaid Mehmed Efendi' in 10 DİA (1994) 281.
  85. Kamali M H, 'Legal Maxims and Other Genres of Literature in Islamic Jurisprudence' 20 1 (2006) Arab Law Quarterly 77.
  86. Kara İ, İslamcıların Siyasi Görüşleri 1 (Hilafet ve Meşrutiyet) (Dergah Yayınları 2014).
  87. Kara İ, İlim Bilmez Tarih Hatırlamaz: Şerh ve Haşiye Meselesine Dair Birkaç Not (Dergah Yayınları 2021).
  88. Karadeniz K, Mahkeme-i Şer'iyye ve Mecelle Projesi Özelinde Rusya Muslimların İslam Hukuku Faaliyetleri (1788-1918) (Emin Yayınları 2023).
  89. Karagöz F G, The Evolution of Kanunname Writing in the 16th and 17th Century-Ottoman Empire: A Comparison of Kanun-ı Osmanî of Beyazid and Kanunname-i Cedid (Unpublished Master's Thesis 2010).
  90. Kaşıkçı O, İslam ve Osmanlı Hukukunda Mecelle (Osmanlı Araştırmaları Vakfı Yayınları 1997).
  91. Kaya E S, 'Şerh (Fıkıh)' in 38 DİA (2010) 560.
  92. Kaya N, 'Karaçelebizâde Abdülaziz Efendi' in 24 DİA (2001) 381.
  93. Kızılkaya N, Hanefi Mezhebi Bağlamında İslam Hukukunda Küllî Kâideler (Litera Yayınları 2018).
  94. Koca F, 'Musa Carullah Bigiyef Hakkında Bir Nice Söz' in Kavaid-i Fıkhiyye (İslam Hukukunun Genel İlkeleri) F Koca and F Karataş and A Y Küçüktiryaki (ed), (Ankara Okulu Yayınları 2018)
  95. Kopus K, Reproduction of The Ottoman Legal Knowledge: The Case Of Ibrahim Al-Halabi's Multaqa Al-Abhur and Defining The Concept of Baghy in Commentarial Writings on It (16th to 18th Centuries) (Unpublished PhD Thesis 2019).
  96. Mardin E, Medeni Hukuk Cephesinden Ahmet Cevdet Paşa (Adalet Bakanlığı Yayınları 2021).
  97. Metin S, Hukuk Normunun Yorumu (Unpublished PhD Thesis 2002).
  98. Mustafa Haşim, Izāh al-Qawā'id (Matbaa-i Amire 1295/1878).
  99. Mustafa Nazmi, Temsīl-i Kavāid ve Zavābıt-ı İlm-i Hukuk (Şirket-i Mürettibiye Matbaası 1323/1907).
  100. Nāzirzāde M S, Tartīb al-La'ālī fī Silk al-Amālī, Khalid b. 'Abd al-'Aziz b. Suleiman (ed), (Mektebe al-Rushd 2004).
  101. Nurali H B, Yüz Kavaid-i Fıkhiye ve Yüz Kavaid-i Usûliye (Delâil ve Mesâilleri ile) (Matbaa-i Kerimiye 1902).
  102. Nurali H B, Sultan Abdülhamid'in Sarayında (Bir Tatar Müderrisin İstanbul, Bursa ve Surre Alayı ile Hac Hatıraları), Ömer Hakan Özalp (ed), (İşaret Yayınları 2021).
  103. Okur K H, Osmanlılarda Fıkıh Usûlü Çalışmaları: Hadimi Örneği (Mizan Yayınları 2010).
  104. Önder M, Büyük Alim Hz. Hadimi (Güven Matbaası 1969).
  105. Önder A R, 'Atasözlerinde Tüze Kuralları' 1974 Türk Folkloru Araştırmaları Yıllığı/Belleten 109.
  106. Özel A, Hanefi Fıkıh Alimleri (Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları 2013).
  107. Özen Ş, 'Osmanlı Dönemi Fetva Literatürü' 5 (2005)Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi 335.
  108. Rabb I A, Doubt in Islamic Law: A History of Legal Maxims, Interpretation, and Islamic Criminal Law (Cambridge University Press 2015).
  109. Rubin A, Ottoman Nizamiye Courts (Law and Modernity) (Palgrave Macmillan 2011).
  110. Saçaklızade M, Tertîbu'l-Ulûm (İlimlerin Tertibi), M R Deri and Z Pak and M A Özdoğan (ed), (Hikemiyat Yayınları 2020).
  111. Sarıkaya Y, Merkez ile Taşra Arasında Bir Osmanlı Âlimi Ebu Said el-Hâdimî (Kitap Yayınları 2008).
  112. Shefer-Mossensohn M, Osmanlı'da Bilim (Kültürel Yaratı ve Bilgi Alışverişi) Kübra Oğuz (trans.), (Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları 2019).
  113. Smyth W, 'Controversy in a Tradition of Commentary: The Academic Legacy of Al-Saqqaki's Miftah Al-Ulum' 112 4 (1992) Journal of the American Oriental Society 589.
  114. Süleyman Sırrı, Izāh al-Ashbāh (İkdam Matbaası 1329/1911).
  115. Taşkömür H, '16. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Kültür ve Düşünce Hayatı Üzerine Bazı Gözlemler' A H Furat and N K Yorulmaz and O S A (ed), Sahn-ı Semân'dan Dârülfünûn'a Osmanlı'da İlim ve Fikir Dünyası Âlimler, Müesseseler ve Fikrî Eserler (XVIII. Yüzyıl) (Zeytinburnu Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları 2018).
  116. Uçman A, 'Ali Suavi' in 2 DİA (1989) 445.
  117. Urhan V C, 'Selânik Hukuk Mektebi (1907-1913)' in Balkan Tarihi Araştırmaları I, Bülent Akyay (ed), (Trakya Üniversitesi Balkan Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları 2021) 349.
  118. Ünaldı B, Sun'ullah Efendi'nin Fetâvâ'sı ve Tahlili (Unpublished Master Thesis 2018).
  119. Velidedeoğlu H V, 'Kanunlaştırma Hareketleri ve Tanzimat', in Tanzimat I (Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları 1999) 194.
  120. Yağız İ, Mustafa Nazmi'nin Temsil-i Kavaid ve Zavabit-i İlm-i Hukuk Adlı Eseri (Unpublished Master Thesis 2019).
  121. Yakut E, Şeyhülislamlık (Kitap Yayınları 2005).
  122. Yaşaroğlu M K, 'Mecâmiu'l-Hakāik' in 28 DİA (2003) 217.
  123. Yayla M, 'Ebû Saîd Hâdimî' in 15 DİA (1997) 24-26.
  124. Yılmaz Y and Kiremitci M, 'Konya Hukuk Mektebi'nde Anayasa Hukuku Dersleri' 68 (2022) Adalet Dergisi 285.
  125. Yörük A A, Mekteb-i Hukuk'un Kuruluşu ve Faaliyetleri (1878-1900) (Unpublished Master Thesis 2008).
  126. Yörük A A, Müderris ve Hukukçu Rizeli Hafız Kasım Efendi (II. Meşrutiyet Dönemi Hukuk Eğitiminde Üslup Arayışları) (Dergah Yayınları 2014).

Related papers

Şevki Nezihi Aykut, ed. İstanbul Mahkemesi 121 Numaralı Şer`iyye Sicili Tarih: 1231-1232/1816-1817 (İstanbul: Sabancı Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2006), in Islamic Law and Society 16/3-4 (2009): 413-417.
Amy Singer
View PDFchevron_right
Legal Mentality of the Late Ottoman Elite
İştar Gözaydın

a paper submitted to the workshop titled “Legal Education and Legal Knowledge in Meditterranean Societies” at the 1st Meditteranean Social and Political Research Meeting organized by European University Robert Schuman Center for Advanced Studies on 22-26 march 2000 in Florence, Italy

View PDFchevron_right
"Ottoman International Law?" 3 (2016) Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association 369-76
Umut Özsu

This is an afterword to a symposium on the Ottoman Empire in/and international law.

View PDFchevron_right
Forms and institutions of justice: Legal actions in Ottoman contexts
Yavuz Aykan, Isik Tamdogan

https://books.openedition.org/ifeagd/2316, 2018

View PDFchevron_right
ETHICAL_PRINCIPLES_OF_JUDGES_IN_THE_OTTOMAN_STATE_THE_CONVENANCE_OF_JUDGE.pdf
Ahmet Kilinc

The relationship between ethics and law has become more intense throughout the last century. The ethics is described as all the moral codes people believe that they have to abide during their all acts. It has become possible to see ethics in the rules of law in the last century. It is especially probable to see professional codes of ethics in the norms of national and international law. The first international document that comes to mind when people think of the principles of judiciary conduct is the The Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct, which is dated 2003. These principles, created by the extensive knowledge of many civilizations and societies, are the written form of experience. In this sense, this study focuses on the ethical principles that Ottoman kadis had to abide by. Ottoman State and Ottoman kadis still accite the attention of the whole World with their justice. It could be noted that there are not many studies investigating the ethical principles kadis had to comply with. However, this paper is based on the resources of Islamic and customary (örfi) law. Nevertheless, the topic is discussed from the perspective of law, particularly the history of Turkish law. The following conclusions could be drawn from the studies conducted up to now. The principles of ethics that Ottoman kadis had to abide could be seen in Ottoman Code of Civil Law (Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliye). Article 1792 of the Ottoman Code of Civil Law depicts the characteristics and qualities of judges. These characteristics carry the features that could portray what is right and what is wrong for the judges. The Morals of the Judge (Hâkimin Adabı), which is the second chapter of the 16th book of Mecelle, explains the required ethical principles by giving examples. These essentials include directives as to the acts of judges at the trials and outside the court halls. They restrict the judges in bantering, visiting, accepting guests, giving and accepting gifts, controlling gestures and facial expressions, and addressing someone. Thus, they aim to protect the prestige of the court and maintain that the judges secure the justice and treat everyone objectively and equally. The contemporary law involves many rules equivalent and similar to the rules of Mecelle. However, it should be confided that postive law does not include articles such as the article 1812 of Mecelle defining the circumstances when judges were not allowed to render a verdict. This study also contains how these principles were put into practice. Besides, it emphasizes that our history and experiences should be consulted in respect to the ethical principles judges have to concur.

View PDFchevron_right

Related topics

  • Islamic Law
  • Ottoman History
  • Ottoman Law
  • Legal Maxims
    • 580 California St., Suite 400
    San Francisco, CA, 94104
    © 2025 Academia. All rights reserved