Multimedia Indexing with the SMART system
2000, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
https://doi.org/10.1006/JVLC.2000.0169Abstract
The storage and retrieval of multimedia data is a crucial problem in multimedia information systems due to the huge storage requirements. It is necessary to provide an efficient methodology for the indexing of multimedia data for rapid retrieval. The aim of this paper is to introduce a methodology to represent, simplify, store, retrieve and reconstruct an image from a repository.
References (33)
- A. Yoshitaka & T. Ichikawa (1999) A survey on content-based retrieval for multimedia databases. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 11(1), 81-93.
- P. D. Bruza (1993) Stratified information disclosure. Thesis Publishers, Amsterdam.
- M. De Marsico, L. Cinque & S. Levialdi (1997) Indexing pictorial document by their content: a survey of current techniques. Image and Vision Computing 15, 119-141.
- E. Binaghi, I. Gagliardi & R. Schettini (1992) Indexing and fuzzy logic-based retrieval of color images. In: IFIP Transactions A-7, Visual Database System II (Knuth, Wegner, eds). Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam, pp. 84-95.
- B. M. Mehtre, M. S. Kankanhalli, A. D. Narasimhalu & G. Chang Man (1995) Color matching for image retrieval. Pattern Recognition Letters 16(3), 325-331.
- M. J. Swain & D. H. Ballard (1991) Color indexing. International Journal of Computer Vision 7(1), 11-32.
- A. Califano & R. Mohan (1994) Multimedia indexing for recognizing visual shapes. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-16(4), 373-392.
- C. Dyer & R. T. Chin (1986) Model-based recognition in robot vision. ACM Computing Survey 8(1), 67-108.
- R. Mehrota & J. E. Gary (1995) Similar-shape retrieval in shape data management. IEEE Computer 57-62.
- F. Stein & G. Medioni (1990) Efficient two-dimensional object recognition. In: Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Vol. 1. IEEE CS Press, Los Alamitos, CA, Order No. 2062-17 pp. 238-249.
- A. Pentland, R. Picard & S. Scaroff (1994) PhotoBook: tools for content-based manipulation of image databases. In: Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases II, Vol. 2185, SPIE, Bellingham, WA, pp. 34-46.
- M. Nappi, G. Polese & G. Tortora (1996) Fractal based indexing in image database. In: Proceedings of the First IAPR International Workshop on Image Databases and Multi Media Search, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, pp. 162-169.
- S. K. Chang, Q. Y. Shi & C. W. Yan (1989) Iconic indexing by 2D-strings. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-9(3), 413-427.
- S. K. Chang & E. Jungert (1991) Pictorial data management based upon the theory of the symbolic projections. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing 2, 195-215.
- C. C. Chang & C. F. Lee (1995) Relative coordinates oriented symbolic string for spatial relationship retrieval. Pattern Recognition 28(4), 563-570.
- S. Y. Lee & F. J. Hsu (1990) 2D C-string a new spatial knowledge representation for image database systems. Pattern Recognition 23(10), 1077}1087.
- S. Y. Lee, M. C. Yang & J. W. Chen (1992) 2D B-string: a spatial knowledge representation for image database systems. In: Proceedings of Second International Computer Science Conference ICSC'92, pp. 609-615.
- A. F. Abate, M. Nappi, G. Tortora & M. Tucci (1996) Assisted browsing in a diagnostic image database. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Advanced Visual Interfaces, AVI'96 (T. Catarci, M. F. Costabile, S. Levialdi, G. Santucci eds). ACM Press, pp. 223-232.
- G. Petraglia, M. Sebillo, M. Tucci & G. Tortora (1993) Towards normalized iconic indexing. In: Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages, St. Louis, pp. 392-394.
- G. Petraglia, M. Sebillo, M. Tucci & G. Tortora (1996) Virtual image for spatial reasoning in image databases. Internal Report, Dipartimento di Informatica ed Applicazioni, Universitad i Salerno.
- M. Nabil, A. H. H. Ngu & J. Shepherd (1996) Picture similarity retrieval using the 2D projection interval representation. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 8(4), 533-539.
- M. Nappi, G. Polese & G. Tortora (1996) An image indexing technique based on contractive functions. Journal of Computing and Information 2(1) Special Issue: Proceeding of Eighth Interna- tional Conference on Computing and Information ICCI'96, University of Waterloo, On, Canada, pp. 957-978.
- J. F. Allen (1983) Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals. Communications of ACM 26, 832-843.
- M. J. Egenhofer (1991) Point-set topological spatial relations. International Journal of Geogra- phical Information Systems 5(2), 161-174.
- V. N. Gudivada & V. V. Raghavan (1995) Design and evaluation of algorithms for image retrieval by spatial similarity. ACM Transactions on Information Systems 13(2), 115-144.
- P. Maresca, T. Arndt & A. Guercio. Deduction Rules for Simplifying Multimedia Repres- entation. Submitted for publication.
- T. Arndt, A. Guercio & P. Maresca. A layered approach to multimedia database systems. Proceedings of Multimedia Storage and Archiving Systems IV, SPIE Vol. 3846, pp. 441-448.
- T. Arndt & S. K. Chang (1989) Image sequence compression by iconic indexing. In: Proceedings of IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, Rome, Italy, pp. 177-182.
- /* Save Eout in filesol.Txt */ save ( Eout ):- fcreate ( 'filesol.txt',0 ), tell ( 'filesol.txt' ), outpos ( 0 ), write ( Eout ), write ( ' . ' ), fclose ( 'filesol.txt' ), told. /*Simplify E and put the result in Eout */ simplify ( E,Eout ):- three -reduce ( E,Eout1 ), two -reduce ( Eout1,Eout2 ), one -reduce ( Eout2,Eout ).
- /* */ three -reduce ( E,Eout ):- reduce3 ( E ), get -solution ( Eout ). reduce3 ( Exp ):- ( exist ( A,B,R1,R2,Exp ), exist ( B,X,R3,R4,Exp ), ( exist -ded3 ( A,X,R1,R2,R3, R4,Exp,Exp1);
- -solution ( Exp ) ),!. /* save in a file Exp */ exist -ded3 ( A,X,R1,R2,R3,R4,Exp,Exp1):- exist ( A,X,R5,R6,Exp ), deduce ( R1,R3,R5 ), deduce ( R2,R4,R6 ), cancel ( A,X,R5,Exp,Exp1 ),!. exist -ded -inv3 ( X,A,R1,R2,R3,R4,Exp,Exp1):- exist ( X,A,R7,R8,Exp ), inverse ( R7,R9 ), inverse ( R8,R10 ), deduce ( R1,R3,R9 ), deduce ( R2,R4,R10 ), cancel ( X,A,R7,R8,Exp,Exp1),!.
- /* Try to simplify the expression inverting the relations of the second term */ two -reduce ( E,Eout ):- reduce2 ( E ),!, get -solution ( Eout ). reduce2 ( Exp ):- ( exist ( A,B,R1,R2,Exp ), exist ( X,B,R3,R4,Exp ), inverse ( R3,R7 ), inverse ( R4,R8 ), /* The solution is retrieved from sol.txt */ get -solution ( E ):- fopen ( 'sol.txt',0 ), see ( 'sol.txt' ), inpos ( 0 ), read ( E ), fclose ( 'sol.txt' ), del ( 'sol.txt' ), seen. /* Does A,C,R1,R2 exist in E? */ exist ( A1,C1,Rr1,Rr2, [A1,C1,Rr1,Rr2" -] ). exist ( A1,C1,Rr1,Rr2, [ -, -, -, -"D] ):- exist ( A1,C1,Rr1,Rr2,D).
- /* SPATIO-TEMPORAL DEDUCTION RULES */ deduce ( ug,ug,ug ). deduce ( ug,inc,inc ). deduce ( ug,incs,incs ). deduce ( ug,incd,incd ). deduce ( ug,pad,pad ). deduce ( ug,sp,sp ). deduce ( ug,pr,pr ). deduce ( ug,in,in ). deduce ( ug,ins,ins ). deduce ( ug,ind,ind ). deduce ( ug,dad,dad ). deduce ( ug,sd,sd ). deduce ( ug,do,do ). deduce ( inc,ug,inc ). deduce ( inc,inc,inc). deduce ( inc,incs,inc ). deduce ( inc,incd,inc ). deduce ( incs,ug,incs ). deduce ( incs,inc,inc ). deduce ( incs,incs,incs ). deduce ( incs,incd,inc ). deduce ( incs,ind,do ). deduce ( incs,dad,dad ). deduce ( incs,sd,sd ). deduce ( incd,ug,incd ). deduce ( incd,inc,inc ). deduce ( incd,incs,inc ). deduce ( incd,incd,incd ). deduce ( incd,pad,pad ). deduce ( incd,sp,sp ). deduce ( incd,pr,pr ). deduce ( incd,ins,pr ). deduce ( pad,ug,pad ). deduce ( pad,inc,sp ). deduce ( pad,incs,pad ). deduce ( pad,incd,sp ). deduce ( pad,pad,sp ). deduce ( pad,sp,sp ). deduce ( pad,pr,sp ).