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Title
Abstract
Introduction
Conclusion
References
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Philosophy
Political Philosophy

2024 Carleo – Humane Liberality: A Confucian Proposal

Profile image of Robert A. Carleo IIIRobert A. Carleo III

2024, Humane Liberality: A Confucian Proposal

Abstract

Can we endorse valuable rights and freedoms—the cherished forms of equality and liberty we might call liberality—without liberalism? This book outlines such a possibility. Humane liberality upholds and deliberates equality, freedom, and justice through the Mencian virtue of humaneness, based in care and compassion. In positing humaneness to be the first virtue of government, Mencius directs us to formulate policies that are responsive to and promote the wellbeing of the people understood in terms of their actual lived and felt experience—their feelings and their flourishing. Rights and freedoms can and should be affirmed in ways that facilitate that flourishing. This pushes against the usual approaches to valuing rights and liberties of both Confucians and liberals, who tend to reason from abstract first principles rather than through care for people and responsiveness to their actual wants and needs. In setting out this vision, Humane Liberality first critically analyzes the broader problems and possibilities of affirming freedom, equality, and pluralism through Confucianism. It then outlines and promotes an underappreciated concrete humanist account of Mencian morality and politics, which has been overshadowed by more metaphysical orthodox interpretations of Mencius. Concrete humanism insists we adjudicate what is right not through eternal abstractions but instead through situated assessment of human emotions. In this way, humaneness offers a unique and uniquely compelling approach to reasoning about rights and liberties, and humane liberality recasts how we understand and practice Confucian values, liberal principles, and the promise and potential of incorporating the two.

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  219. Carleo III_9781538174944.indb 190 13-09-2024 22:55:15 13-09-2024 22:55:15
  220. v absolutism (moral): in contemporary Kantians, 128;
  221. Dai Zhen's, 145;
  222. Li Zehou's, 129, 132, 137-38, 140; Neo-and New Confucian, 5, 65-66, 119-23, 168n4
  223. Ackerly, Brook, 41, 82, 168n8
  224. Ames, Roger T., 54, 168n8, 169n2, 172n8
  225. Angle, Stephen C., 7-10, 56, 116
  226. Arendt, Hannah, 50, 59 artificial intelligence, 5, 155, 166 assimilation (Confucian-liberal), 10-12, 17, 61, 75
  227. Bai, Tongdong, 12-13, 75, 80-82
  228. Bentham, Jeremy, 160, 162
  229. Berlin, Isaiah, 45, 59
  230. Bloom, Irene: on egalitarian Mencian dignity, 35-36, 63-64, 94; on ethical choice in Confucianism, 170n8; on humaneness, 114-6, 169n9; on Zhu Xi, 114-6; reading liberalism into Mencius, 10-11, 37-38
  231. Chan, Joseph: on Confucian autonomy, 47, 52; on Confucian distributive justice, 73-74;
  232. on Confucian monism and pluralism, 87, 100-104;
  233. on Grand Union, 72; theory of Confucian perfectionism, 8-9, 36-37
  234. Chen Lai 陳來, 46, 122, 171n4, 172n7
  235. Christianity, 47, 51, 128 civic humanism, 9-10, 168n7 compatibilism (Confucian-liberal), 6-13
  236. Confucian Heritage Ethos thesis. See sociocultural thesis cosmic idealism (Confucian): in contrast to concrete humanism, 3-4, 18, 138;
  237. Dai Zhen's rejection of, 146, 150, 153; overview of, 113-23 Index for Humane Liberality De Bary, Wm. Theodore: on Mencian tradition as liberal, 34, 49, 115-17;
  238. on Confucian freedom, 54-56
  239. Dworkin, Ronald, 29-31, 59, 127, 129-30
  240. Fan, Ruiping, 15, 54, 56
  241. Fingarette, Herbert, 47, 88-89 free will, 46-47, 51, 54, 122
  242. Gan Chunsong 幹春頌, 70, 81-82
  243. Gao Quanxi 高全喜, 14, 17
  244. Gaozi 告子, 109-11, 123, 172n11
  245. Gaus, Gerald, 29, 98 genetic choice, 155, 166
  246. Graham, A. C., 47, 98-99, 169n2
  247. Grand Union (Da tong 大同), 68-72
  248. Gray, John, 18, 28-29, 127, 129-30, 141-43 Guo Ping 郭萍, 11
  249. Hansen, Chad, 41, 46, 49-50
  250. Hegel, G. F. W.: Hegelian freedom, 12, 57; Hegelian liberalism, 8, 29; and Mou Zongsan, 8, 119 heteronomy: in ethics, 120; in politics, 125-27 historicism, 155, 174n3; Li Zehou's, 128, 131-33, 137, 139
  251. Hu Shi 胡適, 161-62
  252. Huang, Yong, 97, 163-64
  253. Huang Yushun 黃玉順, 11, 74-75, 154-55, 174n3
  254. Huang Zongxi 黃宗羲, 24, 154 humane government: demanding equal consideration, 83; and distributive justice, 74; in Han Confucianism, 114; and humane liberality, 7, 16, 23, 41; as institutional virtue, 3, 112-13;
  255. in Mencius, 38-39, 169n9
  256. Jiang Qing, 15, 67
  257. Kamm, Frances, 160, 162
  258. Kang Youwei 康有為, 67-73
  259. Kant, Immanuel, 66, 121-23, 128-29, 131
  260. Kantian Confucianism, 9-11, 36-38, 73; Lee Ming-huei's, 63-67;
  261. Li Zehou's, 128-32;
  262. Mou Zongsan's, 7, 119-123
  263. Kim, Sungmoon, 12, 15, 36-37, 74, 83, 86, 126, 170n1
  264. Kymlicka, Will, 30-31, 97
  265. Lee Ming-huei 李明輝, 9, 63-67, 120-21
  266. Li, Chenyang, 12, 46, 47, 50-54, 56, 87
  267. Liang Qichao 梁啟超, 10-12, 77, Liang Shuming 梁漱溟, 46, 94, 103, 159, 167n1
  268. liberty Confucianism, 11-12, 43, 75 meritocracy, 67. See also political Confucianism Mill, John Stuart: on individuality, 93-94; on liberty, 30-31, 59; as paradigmatic liberal, 28-29, 98; as universalist, 127, 129 monism (moral and political), 17, 85-98, 102
  269. Mou Zongsan 牟宗三, 7-9, 49, 63, 67, 119-23, 168n6
  270. Munro, Donald, 47, 93-94
  271. Ni, Peimin, 47, 50-52, 55-56 nobility, 32-35; heavenly nobility (tian jue 天爵), 35, 64-65 Nussbaum, Martha C., 34, 67, 130
  272. O'Dwyer, Shaun, 12, 14-15
  273. Carleo III_9781538174944.indb 192
  274. Carleo III_9781538174944.indb 192 13-09-2024 22:55:15 13-09-2024 22:55:15 self-cultivation, 8, 47, 52, 55, 78, 86 self-realization, 7-10, 51, 55-56, 58, 170n8
  275. Sen, Amartya, 112-13 sheng sheng 生生 (production and reproduction of life), vii, 10-11, 18;
  276. Dai Zhen, vi, 19, 146, 150-52, 174n2;
  277. Li Zehou, vi, 10, 18, 125, 137, 139-41;
  278. in liberty Confucianism, 11; in Neo-Confucianism, 114-15 shu 恕. See reciprocity: empathic reciprocity sociocultural thesis, 13-16, 137, 168n10
  279. Tan, Sor-hoon, 49, 57, 58, 168n8 Theory of Three Ages (Sanshi shuo 三世說), 67-73 theory of two morals, 125, 127, 134-37, 139, 156, 173n3 transcendence: through Confucian creativity, 55, 93; in Kang Youwei, 73;
  280. Li Zehou's rejection of, 128, 132;
  281. Mou Zongsan, 119-22;
  282. Neo-Confucianism, 5
  283. Tseng, Roy, 7-10, 12, 119, 122, 168n5
  284. Tu, Weiming, 14, 45-46, 78, 122, 167n1 utilitarianism, 29-30, 95, 127, 160-63
  285. Xu Fuguan 徐復觀, 167n1, 172n8, 173n12
  286. Xunzi 荀子, 24, 71, 73, 113, 123, 148, 172n11
  287. Yan Fu 嚴復, 10-12
  288. Zhang, Qianfan, 36-38
  289. Zhang Zai 張載, 1, 107, 150
  290. Zhongyong (Doctrine of the Mean), 76, 108-9, 111, 114, 151, 172n8; attribution of authorship, 171n2; as one of the Four Books, 114, 171-72n6 Zhu Xi 朱熹: antagonism to the ideal of Grand Union, 70, 71; contrasted with concrete humanism, 118-19, 123; on correspondence among sages, 91-92; on empathy, 76, 80; on the Four Books, 114, 171-72n6; on humaneness as metaphysical principle, 114-16, 118;
  291. Mou Zongsan's criticism of, 120- 121 zide 自得, 49, 57, 116
  292. Zi Si 子思, 18, 90-91, 108-9, 111, 119, 171nn2-5, 173n13

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