Channel

The word "communication" is derived from the Latin word "Communis", which means making something common or sharing. It stands for a natural activity of all living things to convey feelings, opinions, information, and ideas to others through body language, signs, or words (written or spoken).

A variety of idealized models of communication systems exist, and all may have something in common. Starting with Shannon's communication model and ending with the OSI model, this paper presents progressively more advanced forms of modeling of communication systems by tying communication models together based on the notion of flow. The basic communication process is divided into different spheres (sources, channels, and destinations), each with its own five interior stages: receiving, processing, creating, releasing, and transferring of information. The flow of information is ontologically distinguished from the flow of physical signals; accordingly, Shannon's model, network-based OSI models, and TCP/IP are redesigned.

Educational Technology Research and Development, 1953

What does it mean to communicate? "Of all affairs" said the educationalist and philosopher John Dewey, "communication is the most wonderful" (Dewey, 1925, p. 135). There are several reasons why modern psychology would (and should) agree with this centuryold pronouncement. Communication -and its close conceptual relative, dialogue -creates and transforms not only the individuals involved in it, but the realm of meanings that could be involved in it. It is not only the key process within which psychological phenomena become manifest but also the key process through which the psychological sciences themselves derive their meanings and validate themselves. Communication is dramatically central in the lives of human adults in diverse spheres of life, of non human primates, of neurons in engagement with each other in an embodied world, of computer programmes and machines designed to 'communicate' and 'respond' in the contexts they are embedded in, and above all, in the lives of very young infants. And it has been studied extensively in all of these fields.

Essence of a Manager, 2011

Communication is the tool that a manager must make use of to mobilise actions from his chosen actors. Communication is a process and not a singular event. It extends from the meaning that he selects and then through all the subsequent steps of converting the meaning into a message which he transmits as information making up a communique´directed at a particular recipient. The process continues till it is received, interpreted and reconverted into meaning in the recipient's mind. But the process is not complete until the manager gets the feedback confirming that his intended meaning has been successfully transferred. The manager retains responsibility throughout the entire process. Language and culture enable communication and are not barriers. Focusing on the recipient leads naturally to the process required to generate the desired meanings in his mind. Any manager can make himself into a good communicator. Some will have to work harder at it than others. But being aware of the steps contained within a communications process is where the learning starts. The Elements of Communication I have often heard the statement "He did not understand what I meant"! But this is just an excuse and, to my mind, an invalid excuse which reflects poorly upon the speaker. "Information", "message, "communiqué", "meaning" and "communication" are not synonyms. I take these words to have quite distinct definitions: l Information is anything that can stimulate the senses of an observer. l A message is a collection of information (stimuli) which is coherent to an observer (who may be the assembler of the stimuli or the receiver) and capable of transmission. l A communiqué is the message that is transmitted. l Meaning is the interpretation accorded by a brain (or by a cognitive process) to messages it creates or perceives. l A communication is the successful transfer of a meaning from one brain to another.

Within computer science, a communications protocol is a system of digital rules for message exchange within or between computers.

Journal of Solution Focused Practices

Do you practice reading body language? Do you see hidden messages in how your conversation partner sits or moves? Then you have probably fallen into one of the most common misunderstandings about communication: that all human behaviour is communication that can be interpreted and understood. It may be true that it is impossible not to communicate anything in an interactive setting. However, not all behavior is communicative or meaningful.

IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2000

We consider the problem of communicating over a channel for which no mathematical model is specified. We present achievable rates as a function of the channel input and output sequences known a-posteriori for discrete and continuous channels. Furthermore we present a rate-adaptive scheme employing feedback which achieves these rates asymptotically without prior knowledge of the channel behavior.

2016

The Intensive Interaction Handbook

• How we communicate • How communication issues affect all of us. Is it not wonderful to be a communicator? Do you not think that human communication is a brilliant thing to take part in, or to watch other people doing? Do you like 'people watching'? Most of us find watching other people's communications to be fascinating don't we? Think about all the things you do in life that you enjoy. Yes, there are many. But is it not true that the best thing for nearly all of us is just being with other people and chit-chatting? Most of us do plenty of it, every day. This is a brief introductory chapter about communication in general. Before thinking specifically about communication issues for some people with special communication needs, let us spend a little time thinking about communication issues that affect all of us. We human beings communicate in a rich and sophisticated way that sets us apart from all other species on our planet. No other animals can communicate like we can. Human beings communicate with incredible detail using language, but we are also probably more detailed visual communicators than other animals. You will often see the phrase 'communication channels', being used. We will use it from time to time in this book; it is useful. Humankind communicates through these channels: 01-Hewett-4262-Ch-01 (Part 1).indd 3 13/09/2011 12:28:41 PM The InTensIve InTeracTIon handbook 4 Sound. Speech and language, vocalisations such as grunts, then a range of other noises can be communicative-lip-smacking, clapping hands, foot-tapping, and so on. Vision. Reading each others' signals-facial expressions, eye contacts, gesture, body language, uncontrolled non-conscious visual information coming out of a person. eye contacts, facial expressions, body language and gesture are as important as speech communication is first and foremost enjoyable