Academia.eduAcademia.edu

Outline

Title
Abstract
FAQs
Introduction
Bamboo Building or Civil Construction Materials
Conclusion
References
All Topics
Engineering
Materials Science

Bamboo, Its Chemical Modification and Products

Profile image of Joshua OregeJoshua Orege

2018, Bamboo - Current and Future Prospects

https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76359
visibility

…

description

25 pages

link

1 file

Abstract

Bamboo, a perennial woody grass belonging to Gramineae family and Bambuseae subfamily, is ubiquitous in many parts of the world. This biomass possesses high potential as a substitute for many lignocellulosic and non-lignocellulosic materials in various capacities of applications owing to its chemical composition as well as its physical properties. Its abundance, chemical composition and numerous applications are reviewed in this work. This chapter also examined some investigated chemical modifications through alkali hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis, coupling to enhance properties of bamboo fibre for specialised applications.

FAQs

sparkles

AI

What explains bamboo's high biomass yield compared to other lignocellulosic crops?add

Bamboo's growth rate averages between 30 to 60 cm/day, with annual biomass yields reported at 146.8 Mg/ha/year, surpassing many other crops.

When did bamboo's global export volumes reach 57.3% from China?add

In 2009, China accounted for 57.3% of global bamboo export volumes, highlighting its dominance in the bamboo market.

How does alkali hydrolysis enhance bamboo fiber properties?add

Alkali hydrolysis removes 38-42% of polysaccharides and lignin, improving tensile strength and creating a rough surface for enhanced adhesion.

What chemical modifications are effective for improving bamboo's mechanical properties?add

Chemical treatments such as maleic anhydride grafting and silane coupling agents significantly enhance the interfacial adhesion and mechanical strength of bamboo composites.

Why is bamboo considered a viable alternative to wood in construction?add

Bamboo matures in 3 years and has tensile strengths comparable to mild steel, providing a rapid and sustainable construction material.

Related papers

Revaluation of bamboo as biomass
Nicoleta Alexandra Vanghele

E3S Web of Conferences, 2021

Bamboo is a grassy plant that grows rapidly, is also a renewable natural resource and with a high yield. There are many applications and uses of bamboo, which led to its planting around the world. Among the industries in which bamboo has by now experienced extensive exploitation, we can remember the textile, construction, furniture ; even food, pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries. Biomass is the plant material that is used as a renewable energy resource. This is achieved others by cultivating plants specially used for energy production or by using resistors from small industrial sectors. The current paper highlights the potential for the recovery of bamboo as biomass, both in terms of the fact that bamboo is a plant that is believed to be an inexhaustible resource, but also for the wide amount of rest from its multiple uses.

View PDFchevron_right
Hydrolysis of bamboo biomass by subcritical water treatment
Vaibhav Goud

Bioresource Technology, 2015

View PDFchevron_right
A thermo-chemical and biotechnological approaches for bamboo waste recycling and conversion to value added product: Towards a zero-waste biorefinery and circular bioeconomy
Dr Manish Kumar

Fuel, 2022

Fast growth of bamboo species make them a suitable candidate for eco-restoration, while its lignocellulosic substrate could be used for production of high-value green products such as biofuels, chemicals, and biomaterials. Within these frameworks, this review comprehensively explored the thermochemical and biological conversion of bamboo biomass to value-added fuels and chemicals. Additionally, this review stretches an indepth understanding of bamboo biomass lignin extraction technologies and bioengineered methodologies, as well as their biorefinery conversion strategies. Additionally, bamboo biomass often utilized in biorefineries are mostly constituted of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, along with proteins, lipids, and a few micronutrients which are not utilized efficientely by current bioengineered techniques. The results indicates that the potential for producing high-value products from bamboo biomass has not been adequately explored. However, enormous potential is still available to make bamboo biorefinery technologies cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable, which are discussed in the current review comprehensively. Furthermore, processes such as pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation are essential to obtain final high-value bio-based products from bamboo biomass, therefore, this review critically designed to explore the current state of the art of these technologies. Overall, the current review establishes a zero-waste sustainable approach for the reformation of bamboo biomass into chemicals, biofuels, and value-added products.

View PDFchevron_right
Properties and Applications of Bamboo Fiber–A Current-State-of-the Art
Milan Gaff

Journal of Renewable Materials, 2022

Fibers are used in many forms in engineering applications-one of the most common being used as reinforcement. Due to its renewable short natural growth cycle and abundance of bamboo resources, bamboo fiber has attracted attention over other natural fibers. Bamboo fiber has a complex natural structure but offers excellent mechanical properties, which are utilized in the textile, papermaking, construction, and composites industry. However, bamboo fibers can easily absorb moisture and are prone to corrosion limiting their use in engineering applications. Therefore, a better understanding of bamboo fiber is particularly important. This paper reviews all existing research on the mechanical characterization of bamboo fiber with an emphasis on the extraction and treatment techniques, and their effect on relevant properties. The chemical composition of bamboo fibers has also been thoroughly investigated and presented herein. Current applications and future opportunities for bamboo fibers in various fields have been presented with a focus on research needs. This work can serve as a reference for future research on bamboo fiber.

View PDFchevron_right
Variation of Chemical Properties, Crystalline Structure and Calorific Values of Native Malaysian Bamboo Species
Reza Hosseinpourpia

Wood and Fiber Science

The chemical properties of four common Malaysian bamboo species locally known as Beting (Gigantochloa levis), Semantan (Gigantochloa scortechinii), Lemang (Schizostachyum brachyladum), and Akar (Bambusa vulgaris) were studied. Chemical analysis shows that the alkaline-extractive content of the Malaysian bamboo species ranged from 24.4% to 25.6%, ethanol-toluene extractive content for Malaysian bamboo species ranged from 4.0% to 7.2% and water extractive content ranged from 10.4% to 12.8%. The average value of holocellulose content for Malaysian bamboo was 64.5-70.7%, Klason lignin within 25.3-28.4%, cellulose content was between 28.5% and 33.8%, and a-cellulose content for all bamboo species was within the range of 40.7-47.9%. The crystallinity of bamboo samples was between 42.0% and 44.4%, indicating a semicrystalline structure. Heating value of bamboo ranged between 17.0 MJ/kg and 18.1 MJ/kg with G. scortechinii having the highest heating value. The Inductive Couple Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-ES) analysis showed that Potassium (K) and Calcium (Ca) were the major elements in the ash of all bamboo samples. This study demonstrates the potential of native bamboo species as an alternative sustainable raw material to wood for a wide range of applications.

View PDFchevron_right
Preparation of Regenerated Cellulose Fiber from Bamboo Fiber.pdf
Shuangxi Nie
View PDFchevron_right
Increasing the Carbohydrate Output of Bamboo Using a Combinatorial Pretreatment
Art Ragauskas

ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 2010

Bamboo represents a family of highly lignified biomass with significant resistance to cellulolytic enzyme degradation, and typically, a severe thermochemical pretreatment is needed to overcome its recalcitrance for producing fermentable sugars. Combinatorial pretreatments with a low holding temperature and low alkali dosage were investigated in this study in an attempt to remove the impediments to the accessibility of bamboo cellulose to enzymes and enable the efficient conversion of hemicellulose. Upon autohydrolysis at 180°C, more than half of the hemicellulose (∼58%) was solubilized, contributing to further delignification in the subsequent dilute alkali extraction (DAE). The solubilized hemicellulose mainly existed in the form of soluble xylan, which, after a novel endo-β-1,4-xylanase hydrolysis, generated a large amount of xylo-oligosaccharides with the xylobiose and xylotriose proportion reaching 72.99%. After the fractionation with combinatorial pretreatments, cellulose and xylose enzymatic hydrolysis yields were 73.36 and 86.98%, respectively, representing increments of 22.42 and 43.15% compared with the sole autohydrolysis process. Fluorescence microscopy (FM) and confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) images revealed that these dramatic improvements were caused by the deconstruction of the bamboo cell walls, including separation of the adjacent cell walls, removal of hemicellulose and lignin, migration and redistribution of lignin, and the increased exposure of cellulose. In addition, lignin chemical structure variations during the combinatorial pretreatment were analyzed with gel permeation chromatography (GPC), 2D HSQC NMR, and 31 P NMR, and the correlation between the lignin structure and enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency was investigated. In summary, this study highlighted the application of combinatorial pretreatments to maximize the carbohydrate output of bamboo and unveiled their mechanism that enabled the high-efficiency utilization of bamboo.

View PDFchevron_right
Manufacture of fibrous reinforcements for biocomposites and hemicellulosic oligomers from bamboo
Valentin Santos

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2011

Autohydrolysis of bamboo (treatments with hot, compressed water) resulted in liquors containing mainly hemicellulose-derived products (oligo-and mono-saccharides), and in spent solids (enriched in cellulose and lignin) with potential utility as a reinforcement for composites. Autohydrolysis of bamboo was carried out under a variety of operational conditions, and the resulting solid and liquid phases were assayed for composition. Kinetic models (based on pseudo-homogeneous, first-order, and irreversible reactions) were developed for data interpretation. Under selected conditions, 62.6% of the initial hemicelluloses present in the raw material were converted into oligosaccharides. The solid phase from the treatment leading to the maximal concentration of oligomeric compounds derived from hemicelluloses was employed as a fibrous reinforcement for polylactic acid (PLA)-based biocomposites. For comparative purposes, other three types of reinforcements from bamboo were also employed for making PLA-based composites: bamboo flour, short bamboo fibers, and large bamboo fibers. Compared to neat PLA, reinforcement with bamboo-derived materials resulted in increased stiffness and lower strain at break, whereas little effects were caused in tensile strength. Additional information on thermal analysis and surface morphological characteristics of biocomposites is also provided.

View PDFchevron_right
Chemical modification of Dendrocalamus asper bamboo with citric acid and boron compounds: Effects on the physical-chemical, mechanical and thermal properties
marzieh kadivar

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021

The effect of environmentally friendly treatment using citric acid and boron compounds on the physicalchemical and mechanical properties and thermal degradation of D. asper bamboo was investigated. The chemical modification using citric acid reduced the moisture uptake of bamboo by 32%, the water absorption by 26%, and thickness and width swelling by 43% and 31%, respectively, in comparison with the reference. FTIR analysis revealed the effect of the esterification process with an increase of the carbonyl/ hydroxyl absorbance ratio, which explains the reductions in water absorption and swelling. No significant change was identified on the cellulose crystallinity determined by XRD, with only a small increase of the boron-treated samples. TG/DSC measurements showed that boron compounds cause a reduction of weight loss and decrease the exothermic heat flow upon heating under synthetic air flow. However, the modification with citric acid caused slightly higher thermal degradation in the same conditions of testing, which was overcome by the addition of boron compounds in the treatment solution. Enhanced mechanical performance was observed on bamboo samples treated only with boron compounds, while samples chemically modified by citric acid presented no changes or a small increase in compression and bending properties. Nevertheless, fibre detachment and structural changes on hemicellulose/cellulose caused a small decrease in shear strength and a considerable decrease, about 30%, in tensile strength. The overall results provided an insightful understanding regarding the chemical modification of bamboo, revealing new possibilities of treatment for the improvements of dimensional and thermal stability without the use of hazardous chemicals.

View PDFchevron_right
Physico chemical properties of regenerated fibres -Bamboo and Tencel
Renuka Medar

Textile industry is a major pollutant as it has a higher level of dependence on pesticides and chemical fertilizers. As consumer demands for a better standard of living are increasing day by day, scarcity of resources acts as barrier for an improvised and user friendly environment. Thus there is a need to introduce new regenerated fibres namely bamboo and tencel which inherently possess good absorbent behaviour and antimicrobial property which are user and environment friendly. In the present study an attempt has been made to study the physical and chemical behaviour of bamboo and tencel fibres and their behaviour when subjected to chemicals. Bamboo and tencel yarns were procured from Coimbatore. Being regenerated in nature fibres were obtained by manually untwisting the yarns and obtained fibres were subjected to analysis of chemical composition, effect of solubility percentage on subjecting bamboo and tencel fibres using different chemical reagents and the microstructure was analysed using the projection microscope. Results revealed that, bamboo fibres depicted striations in its longitudinal view and more serrated edges in cross sectional view while tencel possessed higher striations with smoothened edges making the fibre more lustrous and soft to handle. While being cellulosic in nature both the fibres were highly susceptible to both the test acids while both the fibres were completely insoluble in solvents and in case of alkalies little amount of fibres tend to dissolve in test alkalies. Whereas, both the fibres attained higher cellulose and hemicellulose content adding strength to the cell wall hence making the fibre stronger.

View PDFchevron_right

References (126)

  1. Miura et al. [107], Okumura et al. [2], Xuhe [77], Parajó et al.
  2. Nabarlatz et al.
  3. Vazquez et al.
  4. Aoyama and Seki [111], Aoyama and Seki [112], Chongtham et al.
  5. Borah et al. [78] References
  6. Liu D, Song J, Anderson DP, Chang PR, Hua Y. Bamboo fiber and its reinforced compos- ites: Structure and properties. Cellulose. 2012;19(5):1449-1480
  7. Okumura RS, Queiroz R, Takahashi LSA, Santos D, Lobato A, Mariano D d C, Aves G, Fillo BB. Plant morphology, agronomic aspects, human utilization and perspectives. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 2011;9(2):778-782
  8. Ogunwusi A, Onwualu A. Prospects for multi-functional utilisation of bamboo in Nigeria. Prospects. 2013;3:8
  9. Patel Pratima A, Maiwala Adit R, Gajera Vivek J, Patel Jaymin A, Magdallawala Sunny H. Performance evaluation of bamboo as reinforcement in design of construction ele- ment. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science. 2013;2(4):55-63
  10. Sattar M, Kabir M, Bhattacharjee D. Effect of age and height position of muli (Melocanna baccifera) and borak (Bambusa balcooa) bamboos on their physical and mechanical proper- ties. Bangladesh. Journal of Forest Science. 1990;19(1/2):29-38
  11. Kabir M, Bhattacharjee D, Sattar M. Effect of age and height on strength properties of Dendrocalamus longispathus. Bamboo Information Centre India Bulletin. 1993;3(1):11-15
  12. He M-X, Wang J-L, Qin H, Shui Z-X, Zhu Q-L, Wu B, Tan F-R, Pan K, Hu Q-C, Dai L-C. Bamboo: A new source of carbohydrate for biorefinery. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2014;111:645-654
  13. Kleinhenz V, Midmore DJ. Aspect of Bamboo Agronomy. City, 2001
  14. Scurlock J, Dayton D, Hames B. Bamboo: An overlooked biomass resource? Biomass and Bioenergy. 2000;19(4):229-244
  15. MCI. Millennium Investment Initiative. Investment Opportunity in Kumasi, Ghana. Bamboo cultivation and processing. City. 2013. Available at: http://mci.ei.columbia.edu/ files/2013/10/Kumasi-Bamboo-Cultivation-and-Processing.pdf. [Accessed 20th September, 2017]
  16. Pérez MR, Maogong Z, Belcher B, Chen X, Maoyi F, Jinzhong X. The role of bamboo planta- tions in rural development: The case of Anji County, Zhejiang, China. World Development. 1999;27(1):101-114
  17. Dransfield S, Widjaja E. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. Pudoc; 1995
  18. Maoyi F, Baniak R. Bamboo Production Systems and their Management. Proceedings of the Vth International Bamboo Workshop and the IV International Bamboo Congress on Bamboo, People and Environment. Ubud, Bali, Indonesia; June 1995:19-22
  19. Lobovikov M, Ball L, Guardia M, Russo L. World Bamboo Resources: A Thematic Study Prepared in the Framework of the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. Rome: Food & Agriculture Org.; 2007
  20. Khalil HA, Bhat I, Jawaid M, Zaidon A, Hermawan D, Hadi Y. Bamboo fibre reinforced biocomposites: A review. Materials & Design. 2012;42:353-368
  21. Kassahun T. Review of bamboo value chain in Ethiopia. International Journal of African Society Culture and Traditions. 2014;2(3):52-67
  22. Fu MY, Banik RL. Bamboo Production Systems and their Management. City, 1995
  23. Kelbessa E, Bekele T, Gebrehiwot A, Hadera G. A Socio-Economic Case Study of the Bamboo Sector in Ethiopia: An Analysis of the Production-to-Consumption System. Ethiopia: Addis Ababa; 2000
  24. Tinsley BL. Bamboo Harvesting for Household Income Generation in the Ethiopian Highlands: Current Conditions and Management Challenges. Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 2015. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/4369
  25. Salam K. Bamboo for economic prosperity and ecological security with special reference to north-East India, CBTC, Guwahati. Indian folklore Journals. 2008;409:353
  26. He M-X, Wang J-L, Qin H, Shui Z-X, Zhu Q-L, Wu B, Tan F-R, Pan K, Hu Q-C, Dai L-C, Wang W-G, Tang X-Y, Hu GQ. Bamboo: A new source of carbohydrate for biorefinery. Carbohydrate Polymers. Oct 13, 2014;111:645-654
  27. Kobayashi F, Take H, Asada C, Nakamura Y. Methane production from steam-exploded bamboo. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. Jan 1, 2004;97(6):426-428
  28. Mishra S, Mohanty AK, Drzal LT, Misra M, Hinrichsen G. A review on pineapple leaf Fibers, sisal Fibers and their biocomposites. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering. 2004;289(11):955-974
  29. Vogtlander J, Van der Lugt P. The environmental impact of industrial bamboo products: Life-cycle assessment and carbon sequestration. Techical Report No. 35. International Network for Bamboo and Ratton. 2015
  30. Kumar S, Dobriyal P. Treatability and flow path studies in bamboo. Part I. Dendrocalamus strictus needs. Wood and Fiber Science. 1992;24(2):113-117
  31. Chen X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Booth T, He X. Changes of carbon stocks in bamboo stands in China during 100 years. Forest Ecology and Management. 2009;258(7):1489-1496
  32. Zhou G, Meng C, Jiang P, Xu Q. Review of carbon fixation in bamboo forests in China. The Botanical Review. 2011;77(3):262
  33. Ben-Zhi Z, Mao-Yi F, Jin-Zhong X, Xiao-Sheng Y, Zheng-Cai L. Ecological functions of bamboo forest: Research and application. Journal of Forestry Research. 2005;16(2):143-147
  34. Nath AJ, Das G, Das AK. Above ground biomass, production and carbon sequestration in farmer managed village bamboo grove in Assam, northeast India. Bamboo Science & Culture. 2008;21:1
  35. Hong C, Fang J, Jin A, Cai J, Guo H, Ren J, Shao Q, Zheng B. Comparative growth, bio- mass production and fuel properties among different perennial plants, bamboo and mis- canthus. The Botanical Review. 2011;77(3):197
  36. Li Q, Song J, Peng S, Wang JP, Qu G-Z, Sederoff RR, Chiang VL. Plant biotechnology for lignocellulosic biofuel production. Plant Biotechnology Journal. 2014;12(9):1174-1192
  37. Nurul Fazita M, Jayaraman K, Bhattacharyya D, Mohamad Haafiz M, Saurabh CK, Hussin MH, HPS AK. Green composites made of bamboo fabric and poly(lactic) acid for packaging applications-A review. Materials. 2016;9(6):435
  38. Li L-J, Wang Y-P, Wang G, Cheng H-T, Han X-J. Evaluation of properties of natural bamboo fiber for application in summer textiles. Journal of Fiber Bioengineering and Informatics. 2010;3(2):94-99
  39. Sathitsuksanoh N, Zhu Z, Ho T-J, Bai M-D, Zhang Y-HP. Bamboo saccharification through cellulose solvent-based biomass pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydroly- sis at ultra-low cellulase loadings. Bioresource Technology. 2010;101(13):4926-4929
  40. Kuttiraja M, Sindhu R, Varghese PE, Sandhya SV, Binod P, Vani S, Pandey A, Sukumaran RK. Bioethanol production from bamboo (Dendrocalamus sp.) process waste. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2013;59:142-150
  41. Yasuda M, Takeo K, Matsumoto T, Shiragami T, Sugamoto K, Matsushita Y-I, Ishii Y. Effectiveness of Lignin-Removal in Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation for Ethanol Production from Napiergrass, Rice Straw, Silvergrass, and Bamboo with Different Lignin-Contents. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech; 2013:91-104
  42. Yamashita Y, Shono M, Sasaki C, Nakamura Y. Alkaline peroxide pretreatment for effi- cient enzymatic saccharification of bamboo. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2010;79(4):914-920
  43. Leenakul W, Tippayawong N. Dilute acid pretreatment of bamboo for fermentable sugar production. Journal of Sustainable Energy & Environment. 2013;1(3):117-120
  44. Li Z, Jiang Z, Fei B, Cai Z, Pan X. Comparison of bamboo green, timber and yellow in sulfite, sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide pretreatments for enzymatic saccharifica- tion. Bioresource Technology. Jan 1, 2014;151:91-99
  45. Littlewood J, Wang L, Turnbull C, Murphy RJ. Techno-economic potential of bioethanol from bamboo in China. Biotechnology for Biofuels. 2013;6(1):173
  46. Li Y, Zhang J, Chang SX, Jiang P, Zhou G, Fu S, Yan E, Wu J, Lin L. Long-term inten- sive management effects on soil organic carbon pools and chemical composition in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forests in subtropical China. Forest Ecology and Management. 2013;303:121-130
  47. He M, Li Q, Liu X, Hu Q, Hu G, Pan K, Zhu Q, Wu J. Bio-ethanol production from bam- boo residues with lignocellulose fractionation technology (LFT) and separate hydrolysis fermentation (SHF) by Zymomonas mobilis. American Journal of Biomass and Bioenergy. 2013;1:1-10
  48. Costa MME, Melo SLS, Santos JVM, Arujo EA, Cunha GP, Deus EP, Schmitt N. Influence of physical and chemical treatments on the mechanical properties of bamboo fibers. Procedia Engineering. 2017;200:457-464
  49. Fei M-E, Xie T, Liu W, Chen H, Qiu R. Surface grafting of bamboo fibers with 1, 2-epoxy- 4-vinylcyclohexane for reinforcing unsaturated polyester. Cellulose. 2017;24(12):5505-5514
  50. Khoo S, Johar M, Low K, Wong K. Interfacial shear strength characterisation of alkali treated bamboo bundle-polyester composites using an improved technique. Plastics, Rubber and Composites. 2017;46(10):450-457
  51. Varshney V, Naithani S. Chemical Functionalization of Cellulose Derived from Noncon- ventional Sources. City: Springer; 2011
  52. Kumar S, Choudhary V, Kumar R. Study on the compatibility of unbleached and bleached bamboo-fiber with LLDPE matrix. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2010; 102(2):751-761
  53. Deshpande AP, Bhaskar Rao M, Lakshmana Rao C. Extraction of bamboo fibers and their use as reinforcement in polymeric composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2000;76(1):83-92
  54. Kumar V, Kushwaha PK, Kumar R. Impedance-spectroscopy analysis of oriented and mercerized bamboo fiber-reinforced epoxy composite. Journal of Materials Science. 2011; 46(10):3445-3451
  55. Kumar V, Kumar R. Dielectric and mechanical properties of alkali-and silane-treated bamboo-epoxy nanocomposites. Journal of Composite Materials. 2012;46(24):3089-3101
  56. Das M, Prasad V, Chakrabarty D. Thermogravimetric and weathering study of novolac resin composites reinforced with mercerized bamboo fiber. Polymer Composites. 2009;30(10):1408-1416
  57. Bamboo, Its Chemical Modification and Products http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76359
  58. Das M, Chakraborty D. Processing of the Uni-directional powdered phenolic resin- Bamboo fiber composites and resulting dynamic mechanical properties. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 2009;28(11):1339-1348
  59. Rajulu AV, Baksh SA, Reddy GR, Chary KN. Chemical resistance and tensile properties of short bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 1998;17(17):1507-1511
  60. Teli M, Sheikh J. Antibacterial and acid and cationic dyeable bamboo cellulose (rayon) fabric on grafting. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2012;88(4):1281-1287
  61. Teli M, Sheikh J. Bamboo rayon-copper nanoparticle composites as durable antibacterial textile materials. Composite Interfaces. 2014;21(2):161-171
  62. Phuong NT, Sollogoub C, Guinault A. Relationship between fiber chemical treatment and properties of recycled pp/bamboo fiber composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 2010;29(21):3244-3256
  63. Liu D, Zhong T, Chang PR, Li K, Wu Q. Starch composites reinforced by bamboo cel- lulosic crystals. Bioresource Technology. 2010;101(7):2529-2536
  64. Liu H, Huang Y, Yuan L, He P, Cai Z, Shen Y, Xu Y, Yu Y, Xiong H. Isothermal crystalli- zation kinetics of modified bamboo cellulose/PCL composites. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2010;79(3):513-519
  65. He JX, Tang Y, Wang SY. Differences in morphological characteristics of bamboo fibres and other natural cellulose fibres: Studies on X-ray diffraction, solid state 13c-cp/mas nmr, and second derivative ftir spectroscopy data. Iranian Polymer Journal. 2007;16(12): 807-818
  66. Kushwaha PK, Kumar R. Studies on performance of acrylonitrile-pretreated bamboo- reinforced thermosetting resin composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 2010;29(9):1347-1352
  67. Kushwaha PK, Kumar R. Influence of chemical treatments on the mechanical and water absorption properties of bamboo fiber composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 2011;30(1):73-85
  68. Chattopadhyay SK, Khandal R, Uppaluri R, Ghoshal AK. Bamboo fiber reinforced poly- propylene composites and their mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2011;119(3):1619-1626
  69. Anwar U, Paridah M, Hamdan H, Sapuan SM, Bakar E. Effect of curing time on physi- cal and mechanical properties of phenolic-treated bamboo strips. Industrial Crops and Products. 2009;29(1):214-219
  70. Liu W, Xie T, Qiu R. Bamboo fibers grafted with a soybean-oil-based monomer for its unsaturated polyester composites. Cellulose. 2016;23(4):2501-2513
  71. Carlmark A, Malmström E. Atom transfer radical polymerization from cellulose Fibers at ambient temperature. Journal of the American Chemical Society. Feb 1, 2002;124(6):900-901
  72. Bao L, Chen Y, Zhou W, Wu Y, Huang Y. Bamboo fibers@ poly(ethylene glycol)-reinforced poly(butylene succinate) biocomposites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2011;122(4): 2456-2466
  73. Lu T, Liu S, Jiang M, Xu X, Wang Y, Wang Z, Gou J, Hui D, Zhou Z. Effects of modifi- cations of bamboo cellulose fibers on the improved mechanical properties of cellulose reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2014;62:191-197
  74. Kang JT, Kim SH. Improvement in the mechanical properties of polylactide and bam- boo fiber biocomposites by fiber surface modification. Macromolecular Research. 2011; 19(8):789-796
  75. Kushwaha PK, Kumar R. Effect of silanes on mechanical properties of bamboo fiber- epoxy composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 2010;29(5):718-724
  76. Lee S-H, Wang S. Biodegradable polymers/bamboo fiber biocomposite with bio-based coupling agent. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2006;37(1):80-91
  77. Liu K, Takagi H, Osugi R, Yang Z. Effect of lumen size on the effective transverse ther- mal conductivity of unidirectional natural fiber composites. Composites Science and Technology. 2012;72(5):633-639
  78. Liu L, Yu Y, Yan C, Li K, Zheng Z. Wearable energy-dense and power-dense supercapac- itor yarns enabled by scalable graphene-metallic textile composite electrodes. Nature Communications (online). Nov 6, 2015;6:7260
  79. Kim JY, Peck JH, Hwang SH, Hong J, Hong SC, Huh W, Lee SW. Preparation and mechan- ical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/bamboo flour composites with a novel block copo- lymer as a coupling agent. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2008;108(4):2654-2659
  80. Hong B, Xue G, Weng L, Guo X. Pretreatment of moso bamboo with dilute phosphoric acid. BioResources. 2012;7(4):4902-4913
  81. Ladapo H, Oyegoke O, Bello R. Utilization of vast Nigeria's bamboo resources for eco- nomic growth: A review. Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment. 2017;9(2):29-35
  82. Naxium M. Biodiversity and resources exploitation of bamboo in China. In: Zhu Z ed. Sustainable Development of Bamboo and Rattan Sectors in Tropical China. INBAR and China Forestry Publishing House. Sector Proceedings. 2001. p. 6
  83. Xuhe C. Promotion of bamboo for poverty alleviation and economic development. Journal of Bamboo and Rattan. 2003;2(4):345-350
  84. Borah E, Pathak K, Deka B, Neog D, Borah K. Utilization aspects of bamboo and its mar- ket value. Indian Forester. 2008;134(3):423-427
  85. Choudhury D, Sahu JK, Sharma G. Value addition to bamboo shoots: A review. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2012;49(4):407-414
  86. Ogunwusi A, Onwualu A. Indicative inventory of bamboo availability and utilization in Nigeria. Journal of Research in Industrial Development. 2011;9(2):1-9
  87. Parthiban M, Viju S. Bamboo charcoal yarns/fabrics -A new era in textile field. Textile Review. 2009;3:10-11
  88. Wang L-G, Yan G-B. Adsorptive removal of direct yellow 161dye from aqueous solution using bamboo charcoals activated with different chemicals. Desalination. 2011;274(1-3): 81-90
  89. Liu Y, Zhao X, Li J, Ma D, Han R. Characterization of bio-char from pyrolysis of wheat straw and its evaluation on methylene blue adsorption. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2012;46(1-3):115-123
  90. Yang Y-Y, Li Z-L, Wang G, Zhao X-P, Crowley DE, Zhao Y-H. Computational identifi- cation and analysis of the key biosorbent characteristics for the biosorption process of reactive black 5 onto fungal biomass. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e33551
  91. Liao P, Ismael ZM, Zhang W, Yuan S, Tong M, Wang K, Bao J. Adsorption of dyes from aqueous solutions by microwave modified bamboo charcoal. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2012;195:339-346
  92. Lu K, Yang X, Shen J, Robinson B, Huang H, Liu D, Bolan N, Pei J, Wang H. Effect of bamboo and rice straw biochars on the bioavailability of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn to Sedum plumbizincicola. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2014;191:124-132
  93. Wang FY, Wang H, Ma JW. Adsorption of cadmium (II) ions from aqueous solution by a new low-cost adsorbent-Bamboo charcoal. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010;177(1-3):300-306
  94. Ma JW, Wang FY, Huang ZH, Wang H. Simultaneous removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol and Cd from soils by electrokinetic remediation combined with activated bamboo char- coal. Journal of Hazardous Materials. Apr 15, 2010;176(1):715-720
  95. Asada T, Ohkubo T, Kawata K, Oikawa K. Ammonia adsorption on bamboo charcoal with acid treatment. Journal of Health Science. 2006;52(5):585-589
  96. Liao P, Yuan S, Xie W, Zhang W, Tong M, Wang K. Adsorption of nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds on bamboo charcoal: Kinetics, thermodynamics, and microwave regenera- tion. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2013;390(1):189-195
  97. Li Q, Pan H, Higgins D, Cao R, Zhang G, Lv H, Wu K, Cho J, Wu G. Metal-organic framework-derived bamboo-like nitrogen-doped Graphene tubes as an active matrix for hybrid oxygen-reduction electrocatalysts. Small. 2015;11(12):1443-1452
  98. Kuehl Y, Li Y, Henley G. Impacts of selective harvest on the carbon sequestration potential in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) plantations. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods. Jan 3, 2013;22(1):1-18
  99. Biopact Bamboo power. Indian state of Mizoram to produce electricity from bamboo. City. 2006. https://global.mongabay.com/news/bioenergy/2006/08/bamboo-power- indian-state-of-mizoram.html. [Accessed: 20 Sep, 2017]
  100. Macedo IC. The current situation and prospects for ethanol. Estudos Avançados. 2007; 21(59):157-165
  101. Bamboo -Current and Future Prospects
  102. Meneses TJB, Azzini A. A new feedstock for ethanol production. Boletim do ITAL. 1981; 18:145-154
  103. Azzini A, de Arruda MCQ, Tomazello Filho M, Salgado ALB, Ciaramello D. Joint pro- duction of ethanol and cellulosic fibers from bamboo. Bragantia. 1987;46:17-25
  104. Zing-Ming L, Cheng L. Preparation and Morphology of Nano-Crystaline from Cellulose from Bamboo Pulp. Proceedings of 54th Society of Wood Science and Technology con- ference on sustainable development of wood and biomass in our new global economy, Beijing China: International Bamboo and Rattan. 2012:72
  105. Dharmananda S. Bamboo as Medicine. ITM; 2004. http://www.itmonline.org/arts/bam- boo.htm [Accessed on 20th September 2017]
  106. Sharma P, Saikia P, Sarma K. Diversity, uses and in vitro propagation of different bam- boos of Sonitpur District, Assam. Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography. 2016;6(2):1-9
  107. Majbauddin A, Kodani I, Ryoke K. The effect of bamboo leaf extract solution and sodium copper chlorophyllin solution on growth and volatile sulfur compounds production of oral malodor associated some anaerobic periodontal bacteria. Yonago Acta Medica. 2015;58(3):129
  108. Akinbile C, Fakayode O, Sanusi K. Using bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) as a field drainage material in Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2011; 5(12):1124-1127
  109. Lipangile T. Manufacture and construction of bamboo water supply systems. Journal of American Bamboo Society. 1991;8:191-198
  110. McClure FA. The Bamboos. London: Harvard University Press; 1967
  111. Ogunwusi A. Potentials of bamboo in Nigeria's industrial sector. Journal of Research in Industrial Development. 2011;9(2):136-146
  112. Ogunwusi A. Forest products industry in Nigeria. African Research Review. 2012;6(4): 191-205
  113. Azzini A, Gondim-Tomaz RMA. extraction from bamboo chips treated with sodium hydroxide diluted solution. Bragantia. 1996;55(2):215-219
  114. Miura M, Watanabe I, Shimotori Y, Aoyama M, Kojima Y, Kato Y. Microbial conver- sion of bamboo hemicellulose hydrolysate to xylitol. Wood Science and Technology. 2013;47(3):515-522
  115. Parajó J, Garrote G, Cruz J, Dominguez H. Production of xylooligosaccharides by autohydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2004;15(3-4):115-120
  116. Nabarlatz D, Ebringerová A, Montané D. Autohydrolysis of agricultural by-products for the production of xylo-oligosaccharides. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2007;69(1):20-28
  117. Vazquez M, Alonso J, Domınguez H, Parajo J. Xylooligosaccharides: Manufacture and applications. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2000;11(11):387-393
  118. Aoyama M, Seki K. Chemical characterization of solubilized xylan from steamed bam- boo grass. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products. 1994;52(6):388-388
  119. Aoyama M, Seki K. Acid catalysed steaming for solubilization of bamboo grass xylan. Bioresource Technology. 1999;69(1):91-94
  120. Chongtham N, Bisht MS, Haorongbam S. Nutritional properties of bamboo shoots: Potential and prospects for utilization as a health food. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2011;10(3):153-169
  121. Waite M, Platts J. Engineering sustainable textiles: A bamboo textile comparison. Energy, Environment, Ecosystems, Development and Landscape Architecture. 2009;3(5):362-368
  122. Mekuriaw Y, Urge M, Animut G. Role of indigenous bamboo species (Yushania alpina and Oxytenanthera abyssinica) as ruminant feed in northwestern Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 2011;23(9):9
  123. Hu C, Zhang Y, Kitts DD. Evaluation of antioxidant and prooxidant activities of bam- boo Phyllostachys nigra var. Henonis leaf extract in vitro. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000;48(8):3170-3176
  124. Jiao J, Zhang Y, Liu C, Liu J e, Wu X, Zhang Y. Separation and purification of tricin from an antioxidant product derived from bamboo leaves. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2007;55(25):10086-10092
  125. Xie J, Lin Y-S, Shi X-J, Zhu X-Y, Su W-K, Wang P. Mechanochemical-assisted extraction of flavonoids from bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) leaves. Industrial Crops and Products. 2013;43:276-282
  126. Suzuki T, Jacalne DV. Above-ground biomass and the growth of bamboo stands in the Philippines. JARQ. 1986;20(1):85-91

Related papers

Improvement of mechano-chemical properties of bamboo by bio-chemical treatment
Dipul Kalita, Dr. Dipul Kalita

Improvements of mechano-chemical properties of bamboo by a bio-chemical formulation (BF-N/14) have been studied. Among the three bamboo species Bambusa balcooa shows higher stem density (0.9 g/cm3) with high cellulose (44.52%) and lignin (23.43%) content. The initial cellulose content (44.5%) was reduced to 40.2% after 12 month, kept under open environmental condition. BF-N/14 treatment prevents significantly the degradation of cellulose and pentosan and recorded only 2.51% and 2.30% degradation after 12 month. Also, it enhances the density by 15–18%. The tensile strength (173.10 N/mm2) and modulus of rupture (MOR) (370.31 N/mm2) have also been recorded higher after treatment. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) of BF-N/14 treated bamboo reveals the penetration and accumulation of ingredients inside the cells. X-ray diffraction (XRD) study shows higher crystallinity in treated bamboo than untreated one, which is also supported by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) study. The performance of BF-N/14 treatment has been found better to that of commercially available CCB (copperchrome- boron) in terms of density, tensile strength and MOR significantly.

View PDFchevron_right
Influence of Alkali Treatment on Physico-Chemical Properties of Malaysian Bamboo Fiber: A Preliminary Study
SHU ING DOH

Malaysian Journal of Analytical Science, 2018

In the present study, the effect of alkaline treatment on the morphology and physico-chemical properties of Malaysian bamboo fibers was elucidated. The fibers were extracted from raw bamboo culm using alkaline solution with concentrations of 0 and 10 wt% at 24 hours and followed by roller milling techniques. The treated and untreated fibers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Apart from that, the mechanical properties of single fiber were also investigated. It was found that the tensile strength and modulus of the alkali-treated fiber were improved by 45.6 and 72%, respectively, compared to the untreated fiber. The surface morphology of the treated fiber was improved in which the surface roughness has been reduced significantly as proven in SEM. The FTIR and TGA data suggested that alkaline treatment gradually removed the lignin and hemicellulose. These findings highly recommended that, local bamboo fiber could be used as a reinforcement agent for composite making.

View PDFchevron_right
Bamboo fibres and their unique properties
Takuya Tsuzuki

2012

This paper collates the different properties of bamboo fibres as claimed by bamboo fibre and product manufacturers. The available information suggests that bamboo fibres have unique properties such as excellent appearance and feel, natural antibacterial, UV-shielding and moisture-controlling characteristics. Hence bamboo fibres provide a very promising alternative to other natural fibres by virtue of their novel properties. However, those properties may largely depend on the manufacturing process, which is not widely disclosed. Moreover, common manufacturing process may require the use of a large amount of chemicals and hence further process development may be required in order to make the product truly eco-friendly. It is identified that the data of those unique properties rarely appear in scientific journals and the validity of those claims can be speculative. Therefore, there is a strong need for non-biased scientific research and evaluation on the unique properties of bamboo fibres.

View PDFchevron_right
Microstructural study of pre-treated and enzymatic hydrolyzed bamboo
Funsho Kolawole

Bamboo was used as biomass feedstock which was pre-treated using dilute acid hydrolysis followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. The bamboo was mechanical ground to particle sizes 212-500µm, followed by pre-treatment with dilute sulfuric acid at a concentration of 0.5 and 1.0 (%v/v) at temperatures of 25, 110, 120, 150 and 200°C with time intervals of 2 and 4 hours. Pre-hydrolyzate was later analyzed for reducing sugar using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Under the above conditions, a maximum glucose yield of 153.1 mg/g was obtained at 200°C and acid concentrations of 1% for 4 hours. Water insoluble solids obtained were subsequently hydrolyzed with Celluclast (Trichoderma reesi) and β-glucosidase (Novozyme 188) for 72 hours. Optical Microscope and ESEM images of bamboo samples were obtained at various stages of pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Result reveals a breakdown in the ligno-cellulosic structure of the bamboo during exposure to dilute acid and enzymatic hydrolysis.

View PDFchevron_right
Valorization of bamboo biomass using combinatorial pretreatments
Art Ragauskas

Green Chemistry, 2022

Current studies concerning liquid hot water pretreatment (LHWP) usually focus on cellulose saccharification or hemicellulose conversion, while the appropriate extraction and utilization of LHWP-induced lignin have not been addressed. To valorize whole biomass, herein, a series of LHWP-based combinatorial pretreatments are proposed using advanced solvent systems. The first LHWP stage removed 73.74% of xylan at the optimized pretreatment severity (∼4.0), at the same time preserving almost all the cellulose and lignin. As a result, 9.04 g L −1 xylo-oligosaccharides (XOSs) were obtained in the prehydrolyzate, representing 63.31% of the degraded xylan. The LHWP also caused the migration and partial degradation of the lignin which benefits the delignification in the second stage of pretreatment utilizing NaOH, deep eutectic solvent (DES) and 1,4-butanediol (BDO) under relatively mild conditions. The proposed combinatorial pretreatment significantly enhanced glucan conversion. The physiochemical structural properties of the untreated and pretreated substrates were investigated with XRD, FTIR, GPC, SEM, and Simons' staining to understand the mechanisms of different combinatorial pretreatments for overcoming biomass recalcitrance and facilitating integrated biomass valorization. Finally, the physical and chemical properties of the regenerated lignins were analyzed. The results revealed that lignins from LHWP-NaOH pretreatment preserved most of the native β-O-4 structure (37.1%). Thus it could be used as an ideal method for the catalytic production of aromatic monomers. On the other hand, LHWP-DES pretreatment generated lignins with low molecular weight and high phenolic OH content, which is promising for synthesizing resins and antioxidants. In conclusion, the proposed combinatorial pretreatment established a reliable sequential pretreatment methodology for maximizing the output of bamboo biomass and may fit into different biorefinery configurations for various value-added products.

View PDFchevron_right

Related topics

  • Materials Science
  • Lignocellulosic Biomass

    • Cited by

    Char Products From Bamboo Waste Pyrolysis and Acid Activation
    Sabah Mariyam

    Frontiers in Materials, 2021

    Bamboo is found worldwide but is especially concentrated in tropical and subtropical areas with the major producing nations being China, Indonesia and Thailand with an annual production of 12 million tonnes. It has found uses in many applications such as: furniture, flooring, roofing, fencing, interior design and scaffolding in the construction industry. In this study, discarded waste bamboo furniture was used in the ground form as the raw material feedstock for the production of a series of biochars and activated carbons. The biochars were produced at different temperatures, namely, 723, 823, 923, 1,023, 1,123 and 1223 K, in a muffle furnace inerted with nitrogen and for different pyrolysis times. The product chars yields were 20–30% by weight of the raw material, surface areas were 100–350 m2/g. Other tests include elemental analysis, helium displacement density, pH, ICP-AES on a leachate sample. Four of the different temperature samples of biochar were used to adsorb the basic dy...

    View PDFchevron_right
    Intensification of Bioethanol Production from Different Lignocellulosic Biomasses, Induced by Various Pretreatment Methods: An Updated Review
    Nicolas Louka

    Energies

    While world energy demand has certainly decreased with the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the need has been significantly on the rise since 2021, all as the world’s fossil fuel resources are depleting; it is widely accepted that these resources emit greenhouse gases (GHG), which are the leading cause for the climate crisis. The main contributors to global warming are manufacturing, energy, and agriculture. The agricultural sector is composed of diversified and potential mobilizable sources of waste which can become an attractive alternative to fossil fuels for energy production, and thus sequester and use carbon. Therefore, a paradigm shift towards more sustainable energy alternatives, efficient waste management, and new technologies is necessary. One good solution is the energetic valorization of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) which can also originate from agricultural wastes. The biomass consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which are sources of fermentable...

    View PDFchevron_right
    580 California St., Suite 400
    San Francisco, CA, 94104
    © 2025 Academia. All rights reserved