Metasurface Antenna Circuitry for 5G Communication Networks

Progress In Electromagnetics Research B

This paper presents an in-depth review of the performance improvement of antennas using metasurface. Metasurface is a periodic arrangement of perfect electric conductors (PECs) on a metalbacked dielectric substrate that do not exist in nature and are able to manipulate the behavior of electromagnetic (EM) waves incident on it. The manipulations of EM waves improve the performances in terms of impedance bandwidth, gain, size, specific absorption rate (SAR), radar-cross-section (RCS), and polarization conversions. Consequently, numerous recent works on metasurface-inspired antenna design and their theoretical perspectives on performance enhancements are discussed. By adopting the discussed theories, novel metasurfaces are developed and proposed that analyze impedance-bandwidth enhancement, gain enhancement, and SAR reduction. For designing the metasurfaces, initially a conventional rectangular unit cell (CRUC) is theoretically developed using transmission line model at 2.45 GHz. Following that, the CRUC-based metasurface is incorporated with a monopole antenna, which enhanced the impedance-bandwidth from 140 MHz to 320 MHz and the gain from 2.5 dB to 7.4 dB. On the body, the presence of the metasurface retains all the performances as free space, with a reduced 1 g SAR of 0.034 and 10 g SAR of 0.024 W/kg.

Computers, Materials & Continua, 2019

In this paper, a rotated Y-shaped antenna is designed and compared in terms of performance using a conventional and EBG ground planes for future Fifth Generation (5G) cellular communication system. The rotated Y-shaped antenna is designed to transmit at 38 GHz which is one of the most prominent candidate bands for future 5G communication systems. In the design of conventional antenna and metamaterial surfaces (mushroom, slotted), Rogers-5880 substrate having relative permittivity, thickness and loss tangent of 2.2, 0.254 mm, and 0.0009 respectively have been used. The conventional rotated Y-shaped antenna offers a satisfactory wider bandwidth (0.87 GHz) at 38.06 GHz frequency band, which gets further improved using the EBG surfaces (mushroom, slotted) as a ground plane by 1.23 GHz and 0.97 GHz respectively. Similarly, the conventional 5G antenna radiates efficiently with an efficiency of 88% and is increased by using the EBG surfaces (slotted, mushroom-like) to 90% and 94% respectively at the desired resonant frequency band. The conventional antenna yields a bore side gain of 6.59 dB which is further enhanced up to 8.91dB and 7.50 dB by using mushroom-like and slotted EBG surfaces respectively as a ground plane. The proposed rotated Y-shaped antenna and EBG surfaces (mushroom, slotted) are analyzed using the Finite Integration Technique (FIT) employed in Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. The designed antenna is applicable for future 5G applications.

2021

The demand of high gain and wideband compact antenna designs are gaining importance to fulfil the need of 5G communication systems. This has opened the doors for the researchers to explore 5G antennas incorporating metamaterials as they can meet the requirement of high gain and wideband compact antennas. Overview of various metamaterial-based antenna designs including Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG), artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC), Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) and Partially Reflective Surface (PRS) are discussed in the paper. The paper primarily focuses on bibliometric survey of various types of 5G metamaterial antennas in terms of number of documents published, leading universities actively involved in the related research, distribution of documents in different areas, major contribution of authors and leading journal publishing the documents. Scopus database from 1st September 2014 till date is used to carry out this bibliometric survey. The statistical data presented in ...

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2021

This research presents an extremely small, cheap and simple structure of multiple bands antenna, where is the proposed design comprise squareslotted a microstrip patch antenna with triple bands of RF and mm-wave for 5G. The conducting material is a perfect electrical conductor on both sides. The antenna is printed on FR-4 lossy with a 3.9 of epsilon. Our tiny antenna has a size of 1.5357x1.5357 mm 2. First, the design parameters were calculated using formulas and then these were simulated by the CST MWS. The simulation results show the antenna performance at the RF band from 0 to 3.4096 GHz with 3.29 gain, a value of return loss S11 and bandwidth of-13.229644 and 3.4096 GHz. The designed antenna works at the mm-wave band ranges 43.5-64 GHz with 3.49 gain,-42.419084 S11 and 20.252 GHz BW. Our antenna can also operate at the mm-wave from 81-95 GHz with-22.269547 S11, 4.52 gain, and 14.085 GHz BW. The small size and supported bandwidth of the designed antenna is suitable for thin and fast transmission devices.

International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 2020

This paper presents analysis of two patch antenna, an E-shape patch antenna and a patch antenna in the 5G frequency spectrum or better which is still in the mm wave frequency band. The comparative studies among both the antennas showed that the mm wave antenna is best suited for the modern mobile communication which requires data transfer at an extremely high data speed. The first design is an Eshape patch antenna proposed with a return loss of -15 decibels at a frequency of 2.4 GHz. The VSWR below 2 for the entire band of frequency. The second design which is proposed is a rectangular patch with microstrip line feed. The return loss is approximately -15 decibels at a frequency of 26.5 GHz. The second antenna design is compact with a satisfactory value of return loss in the mm wave band suitable antenna for use in 5G technology for mobile communication.

IEEE Access

In this paper we present a high-performance compact phased array antenna which is easy to integrate into mobile devices for 5G-and-beyond wireless telecommunications. The proposed design features high efficiency and wide-scan capabilities. The linear array consists of eight elements realized using substrate integrated waveguide technology in combination with two rows of metasurfaces that are used to optimize the transition towards free space for enhanced impedance matching characteristics. The integrated metasurface structure also enables a larger half-power beamwidth and wide-angle scanning at array level. A prototype has been realized using a dielectric substrate of Rogers RO4003C with relative permittivity of 3.55. The array is designed with an inter-element spacing of half-wavelength at 29.5 GHz and is characterized using dedicated millimeter-wave anechoic and reverberation chambers. The measurement results show that the proposed antenna array can scan from φ = −55 • to φ = 55 • with a gain fluctuation less than 3 dB in the frequency band of operation from 27 GHz to 29.5 GHz, and a measured total efficiency above 70 % with an uncertainty of 10% (95% confidence interval). Furthermore, when compared to the state-of-the-art, the proposed antenna provides a much wider scanning range while occupying a significantly smaller and compact volume. INDEX TERMS 5G communications, beam forming, metasurfaces, phased array, wireless testing. I. INTRODUCTION 16 With the advancement of new mobile communication tech-17 nologies and the introduction of 5G networks, phased-array 18 antennas operating at millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequen-19 cies play a progressively more critical role in the successful 20 deployment of such infrastructures. Enhanced gain character-21 istics at antenna system level are necessary to compensate for 22 the propagation losses at high frequencies. Such performance 23 can be achieved by integrating multiple radiating elements in 24 an array configuration. The contradiction between the need 25 for a large number of antenna elements being combined in 26 The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Giorgio Montisci. 40 in smartphones or mobile terminals [2]. Most of the proposed 43 technical solutions rely on boresight-oriented patch antennas 44 by virtue of the relevant ease of integration with the electronic 45 components on the main PCB. Such antenna structures typically provide a maximum scan range up to ±50 • [3]. 47 In this work, we propose a compact end-fire like antenna 48 array embedded in the PCB and realized using substrate 49 integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. Such technology 50 allows for easy integration and manufacturing in combination 51 with mainstream PCB processes, and enables excellent radio 52 frequency (RF) performance in terms of losses while pre-53 serving most of the advantages of traditional waveguides [4]. 54 Antennas based on SIW technology represent sounding solu-55 tions for integration in PCBs with reduced available space. 56 The main limitation is associated with the typical thickness 57 of such PCBs which is much smaller than the height of 58 traditional waveguide-based radiators. In combination with 59 very thin dielectric substrates, having thicknesses typically 60 below λ 0 /10 (where λ 0 is the wavelength in free space), SIW-61 based open-ended waveguides usually have a very limited 62 bandwidth [5]. For this reason, in this study, we propose the 63 integration of metasurfaces to optimize the transition from the 64 basic SIW structure to free space to improve the impedance 65 matching characteristics of the antenna and increase the rel-66 evant bandwidth while enhancing the achievable realized 67 gain [5]. At the same time, the adopted grid of metasurfaces is 68 effective in enhancing the half-power beamwidth (HPBW) of 69 the embedded antenna elements while reducing the parasitic 70 coupling level between adjacent radiating elements. This is 71 instrumental to the achievement of wide-scanning capabili-72 ties at array level. 73 The proposed 1 × 8 antenna array provides a typical 74 end-fire like radiation pattern as illustrated in Fig. 1, and it 75 is particularly suitable for mobile devices. Next to the array 76 design concept, another original contribution of this research 77 study is the use of a dedicated mm-wave reverberation cham-78 ber to accurately characterize, with a confidence level of 79 In order to quantify the losses occurring in the array, 257 antenna-efficiency measurements were performed in a novel 258 mm-wave reverberation chamber. We refer the reader to [17] 259 for an extensive explanation of the operation of this chamber. 260 The antenna efficiency was estimated using the three-antenna 261 method [18]. To this end, two identical standard gain horn 262 (SGH) antennas were used as reference antennas, and three 263 two-antenna measurements were carried out. Since the effi-264 ciency of the complete array cannot be estimated out of the 265 efficiency values measured at the individual antenna ports, 266 a Wilkinson splitter was used as an RF beamformer to feed 267 the entire radiating structure at once. The beamformer was 268 de-embedded using the approach in [7]. The setup is shown 269 in Fig. 7. Mode-stirring was performed using two paddle stir-270 rers, stepped using 36 • angle spacing, resulting in 100 inde-271 pendent mode-stirring samples. Independence was verified 272 with the within correlation approach described in [15], using 273 a threshold of 0.3. The results were averaged over frequency 274 using a running average with a 500 MHz bandwidth. 275 Due to the stochastic nature of a reverberation cham-276 ber, it is common practice to include an uncertainty analy-277 sis [15]. The uncertainty contributors and the corresponding 278 standard-uncertainty values are shown in Table 2, which are, 279 in this case, all Type A uncertainties [19]. In this measure-280 ment, the RF beamformer quality is the most significant 281 uncertainty contributor, since it has some unwanted radiation, 282 and the PCB losses vary across the different traces. The 283 latter is extracted from the variation across insertion loss ''A design framework for beamforming integrated circuits operating at 358

International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering and Management (IJIREM), 2025

This paper presents the design, simulation, and optimization of an advanced miniaturized L-shaped microstrip patch antenna operating at 17 GHz for 5G applications. The proposed antenna employs a Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate to achieve minimal dielectric loss and enhanced gain. Through meticulous design and parameter optimization in HFSS, the antenna achieves excellent return loss of-37 dB, ensuring minimal signal reflection and enhanced impedance matching. The compact L-shaped structure enhances bandwidth of 4.5dB and radiation efficiency of 99%, making it suitable for dense urban environments, small cell deployments, and point-topoint communication. The simulation result demonstrates a stable radiation pattern, low voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and improved gain, positioning this design as an efficient solution for next-generation 5G communication systems. Future work will explore on Bandwidth and Return Loss for 5G applications. The swift advancement of wireless communication technologies has created a demand for high-performance antennas that can operate in the milli meter-wave (mm Wave) frequency range. The deployment of 5G technology has significantly increased demand for compact, efficient, and high-gain antennas that can support high data rates, low latency, and seamless connectivity. Among the various frequency bands designated for 5G applications, the 17 GHz band has gained attention due to its potential for high-speed communication, reduced interference, and suitability for various wireless applications, including satellite communication, autonomous vehicles, and radar systems.

5G and 6G Enhanced Broadband Communications [Working Title]

An antenna is of substantial importance for a communication system as the design of an air interface is mainly reliant on the antenna design. With the significant wireless evolution from 1G to 6G, technologies and network capacities are also evolving to fulfill the promptly growing customer demands. These continually increasing demands have gone concurrently with extensive technological accomplishments of the antenna design community. This chapter discusses the sub-6 GHz and millimeter-wave (mm-wave) fifth-generation (5G) antennas, including antenna arrays, multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) technology, beam-steering techniques, metasurfaces, and other techniques to achieve the current and impending fast connectivity. Moreover, the design specifications, research directions, various technologies expected to be involved, and challenges in the design, fabrication, and measurement of the sixth-generation (6G) antennas at the THz band have also been presented. In addition, antenna-i...

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2023

In this work, we design a microstrip patch antenna having a dimension of 3.279×4.232 mm 2 and consisting of a Foam-like substrate, of a relative dielectric permittivity of 1 and with a width of 0.5 mm, placed between two identical Rogers RT5880 substrates, having a value of 2.2 as relative dielectric permittivity, a loss tangent of 0.0009 and a height of 0.508 mm. The designed antenna resonates at 28 GHz, featuring a maximum gain of 9.77 dBi and a wide frequency bandwidth of 2.9 GHz. Compared to the conventional antenna, this proposed structure achieved an important enhancement of the directivity, with a value around 38.8°. The CST Microwave Studio software was used for all designs and analysis.

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2023

The objective of the presented article is to design a compact metamaterial-based dual-band antenna that meets the frequency requirement of 5G. The antenna consists of a Circular Split Ring Resonator structure with a defective ground plane and slots to enhance the bandwidth and gain parameters. Metamaterial-based Microstrip patch antenna produces unique electromagnetic properties that allow us to control over the antenna parameters with a compact size. FR-4 epoxy is used as a substrate its dielectric constant is 4.4 and its loss tangent is 0.02. Dimensions of the antenna are 20 x 12 x 1.6mm 3 with a very compact size and cost-effective. The proposed metamaterial-based antenna resonates at dual bands at 3.24GHz and 5.46 GHz respectively. The peak gains at resonant frequencies 3.45GHz and 5.46 GHz are 0.9 dB and 2dB respectively. The proposed antenna shows S-parameters at S 11 , which is-12.13dB at frequency of 3.45 GHz and-15.165 at a frequency of 5.46 GHz. The proposed antenna can effectively work for WLAN and WiMAX applications. The antenna covers the frequency spectrum from 2 GHz to 8 GHz with a centre frequency of 5 GHz. The proposed antenna is cost-effective.