On the Pattern of Standard Model Fermions and Charges

Reviews of Modern Physics, 1999

2017.09.10 Electric charge and spin of elementary particles., 2017

The graphs of the distribution of the electric charge and spin inside the elementary particles are compared. The proximity of the physical essence of the values of the electric charge and the spin of elementary particles is established.

The Scalar Theory of Everything (STOE) model of photons is extended to a model of the structure of neutrinos, electrons and positrons. The polarization of photons in a magnetic field suggests the photons are magnets. This observation and the STOE model of the photon suggest the hods are magnetic. Using disc magnets as an analogy of hods suggests the structure of elementary particles. The relative abundance of elementary particles and anti–particles is dependent on their relative probability of formation that depends on the difficulty of forming their structure. The structure of the neutrino explains why its velocity is the velocity of pho-tons. The structure of large neutrinos suggests how they can transform into electron neutrinos. The position of north seeking magnetic poles relative to the direction of movement is qualitatively consistent with the " spin " observation. The postulate of " space quantization " is unnecessary. The structure models are consistent with several observations of elementary particle behavior.

Building upon the particle formation mechanisms established in Parts 1 and 2, this paper provides complete mathematical derivations of elementary particle properties from the Auxiliary Modulation Coordinate (AMC) framework. We demonstrate how the electron emerges as the simplest stable fermionic solution, with its mass, charge, spin, and quantum numbers arising directly from the modulation profile structure. The photon derivation reveals why electromagnetic radiation must be massless and transversely polarized, while explaining the origin of gauge invariance from modulation space geometry. Extending to the complete lepton family, we derive the mass hierarchy between electron, muon, and tau leptons, along with precise calculations of neutrino masses and oscillation parameters. Through detailed comparison of fermion and boson modulation profiles, we establish the mathematical origin of particle statistics and explain why the Pauli exclusion principle applies to fermions but not bosons. All fundamental constants-including the elementary charge, fine structure constant, and Planck's constant-emerge as mathematical consequences of the field structure rather than input parameters. These derivations provide the first complete theoretical foundation for elementary particle properties, achieving precision that matches experimental measurements while explaining why particles have exactly the properties we observe.

Journal of High Energy Physics, 2013

We present a new model based on the SU (3) ⊗ SU (2) ⊗ U (1) symmetry, in which there is a new consistent set of chiral fermion fields that renders the model free from anomalies. The new fermions do not share the usual family structure of the Standard Model and some of them have exotic electric charges, as the quarks X and Y with electric charge 5/3 and −4/3, respectively. Interestingly, the model contains a new heavy neutral lepton which may be a dark matter candidate. Two Higgs doublets are present in our construction, so that two CP even scalars are present in the model particle spectrum. One of them is similar to the Standard Model Higgs boson, while the other one couples mainly with the new exotic fermions. We performed a discovery analysis showing that the 8 TeV LHC can find the Y quark from single and pair production with masses from 300 GeV up to ∼ 750 GeV. We also show that the new spectrum does not contribute significantly to the oblique EW parameters, and that dangerous flavor changing neutral currents are suppressed. Characteristic signatures from the other new fermions in the model are also commented.

We show that the form factor of an electron or a muon is unity for the modulus of the momentum transfer away from the Hagedorn temperatures T e 0 ∼ me and T µ 0 ∼ mµ and lower than the hadronic Hagedorn temperature T QCD 0 ∼ mπ. The structure of the electron or the muon is resolved for momemtum transfers comparable to T e,µ 0 . This is seen in scattering experiments performed in the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s to test the validity of QED. We interprete center-vortex loops with no self-intersection, occurring in the confining phases of each SU(2) gauge-theory factor, as Majorana neutrinos. We offer a possible explanation for a contribution to Λcosmo not generated by the so-far nonconfining, strongly interacting gauge theory SU(2)CMB.

Eprint Arxiv Hep Ph 0201280, 2002

Given the eventuality of neutrino and muon factories in the foreseeable future, all possible 2 → 2 processes involving two neutrinos, whether Dirac or Majorana ones, and two charged fermions are considered on the basis of the most general Lorentz invariant four-fermion effective interaction possible, in the limit of massless particles. Such a parametrization should enable the assessment of the sensitivity to physics beyond the Standard Model, including the eventual discrimination between the Dirac or Majorana character of neutrinos, of specific experimental beam and detector designs.

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2011

An unorthodox unified theory is developed to describe external and internal attributes and symmetries of fundamental fermions, quarks and leptons. Basic ingredients of the theory are an algebra which consists of all the triple-direct-products of Dirac γ-matrices and a triple-spinor-field, called a triplet field, defined on the algebra. The algebra possesses three commutative subalgebras which describe, respectively, the external spacetime symmetry, the family structure and the internal color symmetry of quarks and leptons. The triplet field includes threefold (fourfold) repetitional modes of spin 1 2 component fields with SU(3) (SU(4)) color symmetry. It is possible to qualify the Yukawa interaction and to make a new interpretation of its coupling constants naturally in an intrinsic mechanism of the triplet field formalism. The Dirac mass matrices with quasi-democratic structure are derived as an illustration.

Nuclear Physics B, 2003

We discuss whether quark, charged lepton and neutrino masses and mixing angles may be related by an extended flavour and family symmetry group. We show that current measurements of all fermion masses and mixing angles are consistent with a combination of an underlying SU (3) family symmetry together with a GUT symmetry such as SO(10). In this the near bi-maximal mixing observed in the neutrino sector is directly related to the small mixing observed in the quark sector, the difference between quark and lepton mixing angles being due to the seesaw mechanism. Using this connection we make a detailed prediction for the lepton mixing angles determining neutrino oscillation phenomena.

1994

A new mechanism is proposed to explain the appearance of the three known fermion generations in a natural way. The underlying idea is based on the discreteness of the spectrum of solutions of the gap equation appearing in models of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking. Within such a framework, the number of parameters needed to describe the experimentally observed fermion spectrum is drastically reduced. The phenomenological consequences of such a mechanism are carefully discussed, in order to explore its viability.