Automated negotiation on qualitative issues taking linguistic values poses the challenge of compu... more Automated negotiation on qualitative issues taking linguistic values poses the challenge of computation of their offer values while generating proposals/counter-proposals. In order to make the offer values computable for the qualitative issues just as quantitative issues, the proposed flexible negotiation strategies (FlexiNegoS +) for e-commerce negotiations, generate a triangular fuzzy number corresponding to each linguistic value of the qualitative issue from which numerical reservation values are identified. JADE based mobile agent named as 'JADETraderPal' has been designed and embedded with FlexiNegoS + which can act on behalf of its owner in bilateral/multilateral single-issue/multi-issue dynamic e-commerce negotiation environments. The negotiation model of FlexiNegoS + enables JADETraderPal to make adjustable rate of concession during each proposal/counter-proposal depending upon the dynamicity of the e-market. Performance of JADETraderPal and effectiveness of FlexiNegoS + are evaluated by developing a prototype multi-agent system representing bilateral/multilateral negotiation scenarios with parameters such as turnaround time, deal success rate and traders' utility. The empirical results prove that JADETraderPal outperforms static agents, improves the rate of reaching consensus and maximizes the utility of its owner. JADETraderPal demonstrated robust performance even in multilateral negotiations and is able to increase negotiation success rates and traders' utility in multilateral negotiation scenarios than in bilateral negotiation environments.
In this paper, a mathematical model with flexible negotiation strategies for agent based negotiat... more In this paper, a mathematical model with flexible negotiation strategies for agent based negotiations is developed which can be applied suitably in bilateral/multilateral multi-issue negotiation environments. Unlike the existing approaches for offer value computation for the negotiation issues, this model considers not only the reservation values but also the offer values proposed in the preceding negotiation round. This approach for offer value computation enables the traders to reach consensus much quicker than the existing approaches. This model considers the compelling urge of the trader in buying/selling a product based on which the reservation values are adjusted automatically at the end of the negotiation process in order to reach consensus in a deal which is otherwise not possible. The formula devised in this model to determine the concession speed of each negotiation issue handles the dynamicity of the negotiation environment and reflects the importance of each negotiation issue from the traders' perspective. The effectiveness of the proposed strategies is evaluated using various hypothetical cases representing the real-world negotiation scenarios in an e-commerce environment. The test results show that the proposed negotiation strategies are able to optimize the utility process and also improve the rate of reaching consensus in the negotiation process .
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