Papers by Zainura Zainon Noor
Biosorption of Cadmium by Living and Non‐living Cells of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> DR7
Environmental quality management, Jul 1, 2024
A critical review of ceramic microbial fuel cell: Economics, long-term operation, scale-up, performances and challenges
Fuel, Jun 1, 2024
Journal of Forecasting
Various scenario classifications apply in an attempt to make the field of future studies easier t... more Various scenario classifications apply in an attempt to make the field of future studies easier to outline. This paper discusses the appropriateness of various creating, coordinating, and consistency procedures for creating specific emission scenarios in environmental assessments. The intuitive logics, story and simulation (SAS), social, technological, economic, environmental and political (STEEP), and La prospective models approaches are the five emission scenarios discussed in the paper analytically with their stages, storylines, steps, and building analysis. Every scenario method was examined and sorted into its separate benefits and limitations. Subsequently, the study selected the appropriate technique of emission scenario in environmental assessment with fulfilled scenario planning to deliver constructive scenarios. The study helps the aspiring designers by providing the fundamental guidance on the extensive change toward a sustainable environment.
Indoor Radon Concentration for Buildings of Different Ages in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Advances in Civil Engineering Materials, 2022
A Review of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Their Removal Strategies from Wastewater
Current Pollution Reports, 2021
This review is intended to address the issues of unsafe disposal of antibiotics from various sour... more This review is intended to address the issues of unsafe disposal of antibiotics from various sources to the environment, its incomplete degradation, the resulting antibiotic resistance properties on microorganisms exposed to these antibiotics as well as some currently available techniques to remove both the antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) from water and wastewater systems. There is a linear correlation between the concentration of antibiotics in wastewater and the emergence of ARBs and the presence of ARGs. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) remains as one of the primary sources for ARB and ARG, even though the occurrence of ARBs and ARGs has also been reported in environment with no anthropogenic impact. Conventional removal techniques are available together with newer approaches that promises higher ARBs and ARGs removal efficiencies. Use of bioinformatic tools such as plasmidome is important to ensure sufficient information on ARGs, which may be directly mobilized and transferred to pathogens, can be obtained and analyzed. This review highlights the effects of continuous exposure to ARBs and ARGs present in the environment, notably wastewater, to human health. Various sources of antibiotics, classes of ARBs, and types of ARGs are adequately covered including highlights on recent reports from different countries. Conventional and newer approaches to remove ARBs and ARGs from wastewater were also elaborated to further assist reader’s understanding on the subject matter discussed.
Removal of Color Wastewater Using Low-Cost Adsorbent: A Comparative Study
Colours are important class of pollutants, and disposal of colours in precious water resources sh... more Colours are important class of pollutants, and disposal of colours in precious water resources should be prohibited. However, various treatment technologies are in use to overcome this problematic pollutant. Adsorption technique occupies a prominent place in colour removal as it is effective and economical to application level. The regular commercial adsorbent is expensive, so it leads to researches on alternative low-cost adsorbents (LCAs) for such application. In this study, the usage of Melastoma Malabathricum cellulose as an adsorbent is discussed. This study highlights and provides an overview of colour removal of textile wastewater by adsorption. It was found that some LCAs, besides having wide availability, have fast kinetics and appreciable adsorption capacities too. Conclusions have been made from papers reviewed, and suggestions for future research are proposed.
Malaysia like any fast developing country is facing a serious problem of the increase in solid wa... more Malaysia like any fast developing country is facing a serious problem of the increase in solid waste generation in the urban areas such as Johor Bahru. Therefore, managing of solid waste with less cost is the current dilemma, which is facing the municipality of solid Waste Management in Pasir Gudang. The paper aim is to determine the cost of solid waste management in Pasir Gudang Johor Malaysia. In order to achieve this goal, the composition study was conducted in Tanjung langsat Landfill for one year. This study is to evaluate the current municipal solid Waste Management in order to estimate the cost of transportation from various locations in the municipality to Tanjung Langsat landfill. A model is proposed to minimize the cost of transportation to the landfill consisting recycling and reusing some portions of solid wastes. To conduct the assessment, data was collected through personal visits and interviews of stakeholders of the council, also questionnaire survey and review of li...
Chemical engineering transactions, 2018
To preserve the petroleum feedstock and eliminate the environmental problems peculiar to polyethe... more To preserve the petroleum feedstock and eliminate the environmental problems peculiar to polyethene terephthalate (PET) bottles littering the environment. Chemical recycling method was adopted to convert PET into useful products of prosperous sizeable industrial application. This work employed ASPEN PLUS V8.8 to simulate chemical glycolysis depolymerisation process of PET plastic wastes, using plug flow reactor for commercial production of pure bis (2- hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET). The data for modelling were gotten from the experimental PET glycolysis depolymerisation work. Excess ethylene glycol (EG) was used to degrade PET waste with zinc acetate (Zn(Ac)2) as the active catalyst. The optimum operating conditions ofthe reaction were mean particle size PET of 127.5 µm, EG:PET (w/w) ratio of 5:1,469 K temperature, 101325 N/m2 pressure and 3 h residence time. Reaction results were 100 % depolymerisation of PET, 85.24 % yield of BHET and 14.76 % Oligomer. Purification of the BHE...
Life Cycle Assessment Framework Application in Malaysia
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is broadly used around the world. The comprehensiveness of the method... more Life cycle assessment (LCA) is broadly used around the world. The comprehensiveness of the method helps to avoid problem-shifter in reducing environmental impact from anthropogenic activities. In Southeast Asia, some countries have adopted gradually the application of life cycle approach in government action plans and marketing strategies. However, its progress remains unclear due to the lack of investigative studies. The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the current application of LCA framework in Malaysia. The paper also highlights the acceptance of the concept within government sectors and industrial players. The life cycle assessmentLCA progress in Malaysia can be seen from three perspectives: 1) government planning and policy; 2) industry involvement and 3) LCA priorities. This study reviewed the current progress of LCA implementation in Malaysia based on the current literature. In government planning and policy, LCA has been embedded in project development and monito...
Comparative study of suspended and attached growth in membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment
Water and Environment Journal, 2019
The performance of laboratory scale experiments in treating synthetic domestic wastewater were co... more The performance of laboratory scale experiments in treating synthetic domestic wastewater were conducted with suspended growth (SG) (without media) and attached growth (AG) (with moving media) membrane bioreactors (MBRs). The aim of this study is to compare fouling and the treatment performance of attached growth membrane bioreactor (AGMBR) with suspended growth membrane bioreactor (SGMBR) by assessing the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate, nitrite and ammonia. The finding shows that with 10% of attached growth media, average COD, nitrate, nitrite and nitrogen ammonia removal efficiency for AGMBR were found to be greater than the SGMBR system. AGMBR significantly increased critical flux, (Jc) up to 48 L m−2 h−1, hence producing low final transmembrane pressure (TMP) after cleaning and decreased the total resistance at 5.69 × 1011 m−1. Addition of cylindrical polythene media resulted in slow TMP increment that prolonged filtration process. In conclusion, AGMBR gave a better treatment performance and could minimize the membrane fouling problem.
American Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2015
There is new trend in the value of oil and gas in the world, with the value of Liquefied Petroleu... more There is new trend in the value of oil and gas in the world, with the value of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) soaring higher. It is due to its uses as a potential fuel in the several parts of the world, its demand in the petrochemical industries for plastics and automotive composites productions, and other uses. These results in steadily increases in price. There is also increase in volume of feed gas, which demands efficient LPG processing and recovery technology. This paper mainly focuses on comparative economic investigation options for Liquefied Petroleum Gas plant, which processes feed from natural gas wells and dehydrating units to produce Liquefied Petroleum Gas along with natural gasoline having a higher value as separate product. Recovery of LPG is possible but raises both the initial cost of plant and operational cost considerably. The value of LPG recovered should be high enough to widen the operating margins between the processing costs and the market price for which the recovered liquids can be sold. Therefore, the most economic means of extracting this product must be used. This was done using two alternatives; the Conventional Fractionation process and Single column overhead recycle process (SCORE). Both alternatives were simulated with Hysys and are analyzed based on product recovery level, energy required and fixed capital cost. There are two feeds to the plant, one from the natural gas wells and the other from dehydrating units of natural gas processing plants with a total flow rate of 6.99 MMSCFD. Analysis of result from modeling shows that Single column overhead recycle process has a total product recovery of 97.2 % while Conventional fractionation process has a total recovery of 88.5 %, the require energy margin between the alternatives is about 38.9 % in favor of conventional process and the fixed capital cost is in the favor of Single column process. Sensitive to choosing the most economic option of LPG recovery between the conventional process and SCORE process is the recovery level of LPG from each of the options, total energy required and the cost of the equipment. From the analysis, it shows that, it is more economical to use the Single column overhead recycle process, as compared to conventional fractionation process.
Desalination and Water Treatment, 2015
This study examined the treatment of toluene and m-xylene from wastewater using integrated air st... more This study examined the treatment of toluene and m-xylene from wastewater using integrated air stripping and non-thermal plasma (NTP) reactor system. Toluene and m-xylene concentrations, before and after plasma treatment, were determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The performance of the NTP reactor was optimized using the central composite design of the response surface methodology. The optimum discharge gap, applied voltage, and flow rate for the decomposition were found to be 22.34 mm, 15 kV, 3.56 L/min and 20.10 mm, 15 kV, 3.34 L/min for toluene and m-xylene, respectively. Experimental removal efficiencies and model predictions were in close agreement with 1.25 and 2.16% errors for toluene and m-xylene, respectively. The developed model could fit the experimental data with acceptable values of percentage errors.
Future of Biofuel in Malaysia: Dynamic LCA Approach
In Malaysia, biofuels such as palm biodiesel has been produced from palm oil. The production of b... more In Malaysia, biofuels such as palm biodiesel has been produced from palm oil. The production of biofuel causes more impacts to other existing impacts such as Acidification and Eutrophication even though the combustion emission from biofuel has been proven more environmental friendly. In order to assess the sustainability of biofuel, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been widely used for the measurement of environmental burden from the fuel application. Four scenarios have been considered to investigate the dynamic LCA impact based from the Malaysia’s energy mix composition variation. For this purpose, LCA software package GaBi5 was used as a supporting tool to model the biodiesel plant, which is the basis for life cycle inventory and impacts assessment. A typical base-catalyzed transesterification plant was selected to represent Malaysia’s condition. The LCA results were analysed with regard to climate change potential. The data for the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) for biodiesel plant is compiled based from various LCA’s literatures and Ecoinvent database. The functional unit used in the system is based on 1 kg biodiesel produce. This paper investigates a dynamic approach towards the LCA of renewable energy technologies. The results showed that the impacts would likely to increase in the future if the percentage of fossil fuel in the energy mix for the biofuel process, particularly coal, keeps increasing. However, the implementations of fuel blending within diesel and biodiesel will inherently reduce the environmental impacts from the usage of diesel alone, and indirectly will reduce the dependent of fossil fuel.
Determination of water-polymer interactions in micro-porous polymers by low resolution nmr spin-spin relaxation time measurements
Journal of Chemical and …, 2009
Aluminum sulfate (alum), ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride and ferric chloro-sulfate were commonly... more Aluminum sulfate (alum), ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride and ferric chloro-sulfate were commonly used as coagulants. However, a possible link of Alzheimer's disease with conventional aluminium based coagulants has become an issue in wastewater treatment. Hence, special attention ...
Life Cycle Analysis on Production of Renewable Chemicals, Materials, and Energy from Oil Palm Wastes
Springer eBooks, Oct 16, 2023
Environmental Engineering Research, 2020
The global transportation sector is one of the significant fuel consumers and contributes directl... more The global transportation sector is one of the significant fuel consumers and contributes directly to greenhouse gas emissions due to fossil fuel consumption. Diesel blending used to reduce the reliant of fossil diesel in the transportation sector. Thus to reduce the environmental burden of fuel usage, new diesel blending formulations consist of biofuels were developed. The objective of the study is to assess the environmental performance of the five new diesel blending formulations with the existing diesel blending formulation by using Life Cycle Assessment method. In midpoint categories, the conventional B5 diesel blending has shown the lowest environmental impact compared to other fuels in most categories except for marine eutrophication, natural land transformation, ozone depletion, and terrestrial ecotoxicity. In the weighting stage, B5 diesel blending scored the lowest value and followed by blending 5, thus indicating its potential as an alternative to the existing diesel blen...
International journal of engineering & technology, Nov 30, 2018
Water Footprint Assessment (WFA) has emerged as a new interdisciplinary field of study, that spec... more Water Footprint Assessment (WFA) has emerged as a new interdisciplinary field of study, that specialize in the study of water use, scarcity, and pollution, in respect to production, consumption, and trade of water-intensive products and services. It consists of the analysis of various techniques and practices, policy plans, and governance mechanisms that contributed to the rise of sustainability, efficiency, and equitability of water footprints. This study focuses on WFA specifically for electronic and food manufacturing products. It determined contributions of different players namely the governments, companies, investors and civil society. This study typically reviews water use in relation to demand for electronic products, food and energy used. It appraisals the sustainable water use translated into coherent food, energy, incentives and trade policies. Water-Food-Energy (WFE) nexus from the perspective of electronic and food manufacturing products are also reviewed. In this study, the challenges in estimating water footprints and WFE nexus for electronics and food manufacturing products include the understanding of various levels of demand, geographical, temporal variations, assessment of uncertainties involved, and the assessment of water-footprint related problems and solutions. The outcomes showed that combining several methods of WFA can obtain adequate results for the water footprint accounting. The WFE nexus is preferred to use life-cycle assessment (LCA) method to identify the environmental impacts. The significances of this study are to raise the awareness on water usage in the supply chain process of the electronic and food products then recommend good practices in water usage.
Development of catalytic micro-reactors with ultra-high surface area-to-volume ratio for bioprocess and chemical process intensification
Intensified integrated gasification and power generation technology
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Papers by Zainura Zainon Noor