Arquitectura

En el presente artículo se intenta poner de manifiesto la relación que existe entre actividades humanas como en este caso el turismo, y las condiciones climáticas y ambientales de un sitio, haciendo una propuesta metodológica enfocada en las personas que visitarán el sitio y en sus habitantes, con consecuencias en la sostenibilidad y en la viabilidad económica del sitio. Se analiza la utilización de diferentes índices de confort térmico adecuados para la evaluación de las condiciones climáticas en los sitios turísticos. Se presentan dos estudios de caso representativos de dos de los lugares de mayor afluencia de turismo internacional en México: Los Cabos (San José del Cabo y Cabo San Lucas) ubicados en el estado de Baja California Sur, al noroeste del país, y Cancún, situado en el estado de Quintana Roo al sureste, en la costa del Caribe Mexicano. Además de su afluencia turística, los sitios se seleccionaron por tener climas muy diferentes así como contextos históricos y culturales diversos, a pesar des ser ambos destinos de playa.

Thermal comfort studies have been developed all around the world by many authors and some adaptive comfort models have been proved spe- cifically for warm climates. An educational software developed some years ago for temperate climate, ACT (Program for the Evaluation of Thermal Comfort), by Is- algué and Serra, has been proved and used suc- cessfully by students in the Mediterranean cli- mate of Barcelona, since 1992. This software uses an empirical model, based on Fanger's PMV. The purpose of this work in this first ap- proach is to verify if one basic comfort model can be used for different climates, maintaining the simplicity of the original model, as a good approach. An adaptive factor has been added to the model, in order to take into account the ac- climatization, not only around the year but also for different climates. The accuracy of the model has been verified for the hot dry climate of Hermosillo city, in the Sonoran desert in Mexico, analyzing the com- fort votes of...

In Mexico, regulations on energy efficiency in buildings are in the early stages and have been poorly mixed among the different actors involved in the building processes. This situation results in the fact that economically disadvantaged people cannot have access to comfortable and energy efficient environments. This problem becomes worse in the northern regions of the country, which require air conditioning, because of the dry warm climate, for several months of the year. A proposal of a technical standard about bioclimatic buildings for warm-dry climates is presented in this paper. Also, the process for its development is described. This involves monitoring and analysis of typical dwellings in Hermosillo city in northwest México, a hot-dry climate location. The proposed regulation aims to reduce the environmental impact of the construction industry and energy use in buildings, by incorporating mandatory, optional and incentivized requirements to improve energy efficiency and the building's habitability. The proposal develops a set of articulated provisions in three main areas: efficient energy use; environmental comfort; vegetation with low water consumption in urban areas. It is intended that these regulations will apply to all new buildings, expansions and major refurbishments, once they have been incorporated into municipal regulations.

The first phase of the project presented in this paper consisted of an analysis of the current conditions of the users of social housing units, and has been carried out in different Mexican climatic zones. This diagnosis focused primarily on identifying the users' satisfaction relative to diverse aspects of the house, such as the function of the space, safety, security, environmental conditions, and health conditions, among others. Furthermore, a study has been carried out to find the adaptive thermal comfort range for each climate and the target population. Another phase of the project was the development of design strategies for social (that is, low-cost) housing units. With the information and results obtained from the low-cost housing developments in Hermosillo, in the State of Sonora in northwest Mexico, a low-cost house model has been constructed for experimental and demonstrative purposes. Passive thermal strategies for hot dry climates have been applied and studied, also taking into account regional (including cultural and regulatory) needs and economic limitations, in order to improve indoor thermal conditions without the use of air conditioning devices. The test house-35 m 2 of construction area (similar to the existing low-cost houses)-has been constructed on a university campus. Design strategies have been based on the local desert climate: those strategies mainly comprised minimizing heat gains with an adequate orientation, providing solar protection devices, minimizing conduction gains, providing thermal inertia, and allowing nocturnal heat loss. Microclimatic thermal strategies have been applied in the courtyard and surroundings of the building. Indoor thermal conditions were monitored for more than one year. Air temperature measurements were taken every 10 minutes throughout the study period. Measurements of summer and winter indoor conditions (which are the most representative local seasons) are presented, together with meteorological data, obtained from the university's weather station (LEMA). Indoor temperatures are compared with the adaptive temperature comfort range obtained for the same Eco-Architecture V 13

The current demand for housing in developing countries has led to the construction of low-cost housing designed in any climate without regional adaptation, which usually causes low comfort levels and high energy consumptions. Indoor thermal variables have been measured and field surveys have been applied to occupants of low-cost housing in hot dry climate. Here, we analyze the data to evaluate the habitability of the houses. Neutral temperature and comfort range for the population adapted to the local climate are obtained.

Adaptive models are based on the observation that there are some actions that people can and actually do take to achieve thermal comfort. Studies regarding thermal comfort conditions in economical dwellings were carried out simultaneously in seven Mexican cities, corresponding to warm dry and warm humid climates. In this article, case studies of low-cost dwellings in the city of Hermosillo (in northwest Mexico), are presented and analyzed. Field surveys were carried out to obtain information about the physical characteristics of the dwellings and their occupants, as well as the indoor thermal environment. Neutral temperature was obtained from the applied survey. The high neutral temperature reveals the effect of inhabitants' adaptation mechanism to extreme climates. Occupant comfort votes as a function of indoor air temperatures were analyzed, and different characteristics such as age, size and gender were evaluated separately. The results show the variability of the neutral temperature and the tolerance to temperature changes, depending on the population's specific characteristics. In many cases where the population does not have access to artificial acclimatization devices, the neutral temperature values for specific climates and people can inform architects when choosing the most suitable thermal strategies for building design.

The paper discusses the results of a field study carried out in four cities in Mexico: Hermosillo, Mexicali, Merida and Colima, during the warmest seasons of 2006-2007. The survey is according to the adaptive approach of thermal comfort. The cities' climates are hot dry, hot sub-humid and hot humid. The respondents were inhabitants of low cost housings without air conditioning. The research was performed during warm seasons and according to ISO 10551. The measurements were processed by the common method of linear regression and also by alternative methods, useful for asymmetric climates. Individuals declared comfort at very high temperatures, either high or low humidity, therefore, the resulting neutral temperatures are higher than 30 C, except in Colima (28.8 C). The upper limits of comfort ranges achieved temperatures up to 35 C. The results suggest how great is the capacity of humans to adapt to conditions as extreme as those measured in the study.

El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar el proceso de creación de un modelo de predicción para el control de los dispositivos de ventilación pasiva en un clima cálido seco que, mediante un control manual adecuado de los sistemas de ventilación pasiva, logrará una temperatura menor compara- da con la temperatura en ausencia de ventilación en temporada de transición. Este artículo deriva de una investigación realizada en el Posgrado en Humanidades en la Universidad de Sonora. Los conceptos principales son predicción y control: la predicción es la clave del control e, incluso, de la modificación del curso de los acontecimientos. Se utilizó el método de regresión lineal, uno de los métodos de predicción científica más utilizado debido a la amplitud de su adaptabilidad, el cual consiste en un análisis estadístico para estudiar la relación entre variables. El modelo matemático se enfoca en la predicción de temperaturas interiores con base en temperaturas exte- riores. Se desarrolló a part...

El objetivo de la investigación fue crear un modelo matemático de predicción para el control de los sistemas de ventilación pasiva en clima cálido seco. La propuesta consiste en utilizar la ventilación pasiva como sistema de enfriamiento en épocas de transición, es decir, en épocas cálidas pero que las temperaturas no son tan elevadas. El propósito es acortar el periodo de utilización de aire acondicionado con el fin de ahorrar energía. El modelo matemático se enfoca en la predicción de las temperaturas interiores en base a las temperaturas exteriores. Este modelo se desarrolló a partir de la caracterización, por medio de mediciones, del comportamiento térmico de la vivienda estudiada y de las características del clima local. Mediante correlación lineal y múltiple se desarrollaron fórmulas para predecir la temperatura interior con base en las variables más significativas del exterior. Se encontró que, para predecir la temperatura interior de las primeras 15 horas, es conveniente usa...

Una arquitectura eficiente forma parte integral del desarrollo sustentable y, asimismo, debe contemplar una envolvente que se adapte al clima y a los recursos constructivos de una región. La evaluación del comportamiento térmico de las edificaciones mediante simulación dinámica se utiliza en todo el mundo para evaluar su eficiencia energética. En México existe carencia de datos sobre las propiedades térmicas de los materiales de construcción. En el presente trabajo se obtiene experimentalmente la conductividad térmica, calor específico y densidad volumétrica de materiales de construcción como lo son el ladrillo de barro recocido, el bloque aligerado, el mortero cemento-arena natural y el mortero cemento-arena reciclado, este último fabricado con materiales reciclados de la demolición de concreto. Los resultados de simulación obtenidos muestran disminución en las ganancias de calor en muros y en el consumo de energía eléctrica por enfriamiento. La disminución es superior a 8%, utiliz...

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