Faculty Of Archeoalogy

بابل واسطورة حدائقها (الجنائن المعلقة ) :
- عاصمة المملكة البابلية لإمبراطوريتين بابليتين،كان السومريون أقدم سكان بلاد بابل ،وهي مدينة قديمة من اهم مدن بلاد  الرافدين، و قد ورد ذكرها في القرآن الكريم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم  " وما أنزل على الملكين ببابل هاروت وماروت" كانت المدينة مركزًا سياسيا ودينيًّا وتجاريا لبلاد بابل.
- كلمة "بابل" تعني "بوابة الإله "اذ انها تعني في اللغة السومرية ka- dingir-raاي بوابة الاله ،- قد سماها  المؤرخون بعدة أسماء منها "بابلونيا"، أرض بابل ما بين النهرين وبلاد الرافدين.
اصبحت بابل بعد سقوط سومر  عاصمة إمبراطورية البابلين ، وقد أنشأها حمورابي حوالي  1795ق.م ، امتدت من الخليج العربي جنوبًا إلي نهر دجلة شمالاوقد دام حكم حمورابي 43 عامًا ازدهرت فيها الحضارات البابلية حيث يعد عصره العصر الذهبي  لبلاد الرافدين من الناحية السياسية والادارية .
كان البابليون من أوائل الشعوب القديمة التي وصلت إلى مستوى عالي من الحضارة  والتي  استوطنت بلاد الرافدين بعد هجرتها من الجهة الغربية لبلاد الرافدين من اعالي الفرات  وقد عرفوا بالاموريين نسبة الى امور والتي تعني الغرب  حين استوطن هؤلاء الاقوام يلاد الرافدين التي كانت اصلا هي تزخر بجميع مقومات الحضارة من الناحيتين الفكرية والعمرانية علاوة على خصوبة الارض التي ساعدت في تطور وازدهار الحياة الاقتصادية كالاعتماد على  الزراعة التي كانت مزدهرة جدا بسبب موقع بلاد الرافدين ووجود الرافدين دجلة والفرات .
أما داخل مدينه بابل فكانت توجد مجموعه من القصور الفخمة ويحيط بكل منها  اسوار خاصه معزز بعناصر عمارية تضمن الجمال في العمران والحماية والامان كتحصينات  دفاعية .
استمرت هذه البلاد في زهوها ومدينة بابل عاصمة لها مدة خمسة عشر قرن من الزمان واختلفت الاقوام التي استوطنتها وبزغ نجم لامع اخر قد زين سماؤها لايقل قوة وذكاءا وشجاعة عن الملك الحمورابي مؤسسا الامبراطورية البابلية الحديثة الا وهو الملك نبوخذ نصر والذي تسلم الحكم عن ابيه نبولاصر الكلدي عام 605ق.م والذي عمل على اعادة اعمار عاصمته الشهير بابل وتعليتها عدة تعلية  قد تكون بدافع الغرور والجبروت او قد تعود لاسباب هيدرولوحية تتعلق بطبيعة تربة المدينة لقربها من نهر الفرات وارتفاع المياه الجوفية فيها ، كان اهم ما انفرد به هذا الملك من انجاز هو ماعرف في ب(الجنائن المعلقة )والتي يقال وبحسب رواية الرحالة من المؤرخين انها قد كانت تزين هذه المدينة التي تتوسط منطقة تعتبر صحراوية نوعا ما قياسا بااراضي شمال بلاد الرافدين وتزينها النافورات والنباتات الزاهية مما أدى إلى تسميتها بحدائق بابل المعلقة.
هناك بعض الدراسات التي تحاول اعادتها الى الملك الاشوري سنحاريب ومن يسميها  بحدائق سمير اميس  على اعتبار ان الاشوريين هم من شيدوا هذه الحدائق  ، لااظن انها ستثير دهشة السائلين والعابرين في بلاد كبلاد اشور كونها هي ارض بطبيعتها تشكل حدائق رائعة الجمال لهذا لايمكن ان تخرج من مدينة بابل عاصمة الملك نبوخذ نصر الذي يقال انه قد شيدها لزوجته الميدية ليوفر لها جوا مقاربا لجمال بلادها  كما تذكر المصادر ان الملك نبوخذنصّر  انشأها كعلامة احترام لزوجته سميراميس التي، بحسب الأسطورة، اشتاقت إلى غابات وورود وطنها ، وكانت الحدائق وسطية ومحاطة بحيطان المدينة وبخندق مائي لصدّ الجيوش الغازية، وكان يريد أن يجدد مدينة بابل وذلك لتناسب جمال وفخامة و عظمة زوجته ...

Conclusion :
  1- The etiquette of Mesopotamia, which is the legends and legends of the poetry system, tells the adventures of the gods and heroes, the oldest of which is the Sumerian literature. The "epic of the successor" and the legend of "Gilgamesh" is one of the most famous literary effects transmitted by the peoples of the region and found written on clay tablets in the libraries of Babylon, Assyria and Ras Shamra. It raises philosophical questions about life and death, man's position on the gods, his quest for the mole, and the literature of education, discipline and wisdom grew up in poetry and poetry, rich in advice and values.
2 - as between literature Why the search for the immortality of man? And why when he did not find him suggested alternative formulas? How does a person aspire to a life after death and sees himself as immortal in his body and soul or in one of them? How man made of all this literature and legends and plans psychological scenarios of those events and their implications on society.
3 - divides the ancient Iraqi literature into two poetic and prose types, known for various literary varieties characterized by its religious character, except for proverbs, debates and animal stories, each carrying between its lines many types of social values ​​and status, which prevailed at the time of man-made and imposed by nature on them such as floods and death and reproduction And immortality.
  4 - The myth is linked (by creation) It tells how things did not come into existence and how the behavior or institution or method of work had knowledge of the myth, is identified (the origin of things), and thus the ability to dominate and act According to the will, some say that we can not deny that myth is a form of illusion. If we recognize that myth is a set of ideas or otherwise a set of beliefs, these beliefs will be characterized as ideas or otherwise a set of beliefs, Beliefs will be marked by a clear contradiction with our sensory experiences There are no natural themes that correspond to mythical imaginations. Perhaps for this reason we can say that myth is a form of illusion.
  5. Some have also seen the myth as being essentially based on a passionate desire that drives individuals to feel an identity between them and society and nature and satisfies this desire by mediating the religious rites, dissolving the differences between individuals and turning to all who do not know the difference.
6 - while others suggest that the myth (not represent as went to some specialists, an explanation of rituals, but it is not the form of the operative form of the performance at least in the first stage is the collective expression of experiences that can not be forgotten, which is shared The participants in the ritual performed it periodically.
7 - reflected the legends and the extent of the will and determination of the Mesopotamian man to achieve his goal and achieve what he wants to achieve, especially his attempts to search for eternity and freedom and enlightenment and renounce ignorance and darkness.
  8 - It was an attempt to find a solution to the problems faced by man and left an impact on the way the human mind and his view to exist and its relationship through myth (which is a process of hoping to answer questions raised by the spiritual interest in a subject.
  9 - literary cuneiform texts are of great importance as a true mirror reflecting many religious ideas and beliefs, and so literature came as a mirror of the requirements of life and needs of this myth came as a word or a group of words that appear in the form of a letter, but these words Which carries a message related to those needs of life for this myth was derived from its characters and removed from history and these figures and those displacements and places gradually from limited people time and place to times and places is not specified.
10 - The principle of naming: The formula invented by the Iraqi thought in the exhibition of its name on what is expressed, and does not take the thing (existing) a real presence only if it took a name and it can not exist anything without a name and obviously this concept exists By the god Enki who owned the creative word as well as became possessed by God Murdoch in the story of the Babylonian creation where the name was effectively effective, the thing through the label can be assigned to mothers before it is the name and the name is the one who has the ability to address where in the world built on Heaven and religion did not mention the land as.

A new old issue that has preoccupied people for centuries. Days have been the subject of intense debate among historians, linguists and linguists for a long time. The question of the name of Iraq and its origin was not mentioned until the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century when the elite of historians, researchers and archaeologists came up with the subject and studied it on the basis of scientific research sober, and was appointed as revealed by the archaeological excavations carried out by archaeological missions Since the middle of the nineteenth century and continued until our present day in hundreds of ancient civilizations and the ruins of ancient cities scattered in a number of countries of the Near East and the old and resulted in the efforts of scholars of ancient writings and deciphering and study texts such as cuneiform writings and God And Glevah, Aramaic, and Greek and other historical documents and references with. They also relied on Arab and Islamic sources and references from books of literature, poetry, history, language dictionaries and scholarly works in the countries. The team of those who have a modern culture and knowledge and knowledge of a range of foreign languages to reference and the use of sources and references written in those languages and resulted in their efforts to add new information to their information derived from Arab and Islamic sources and references. It can be said that the question of the name of Iraq, its origin and meaning, and attention to it is almost limited to a number of scientists and researchers, Iraqis and foreigners, divided on four teams: The first team represents the traditional old school, most notably Mahmud Shukri Alousi. The second group represents modern historians and researchers who have acquired a share and knowledge of a foreign language or more, such as Fr.

The first civilizations arose in river valleys because good farming conditions made it easy to feed large numbers of people. The rivers also made it easy to get from one place to another and to trade. Trade provided a way for goods and ideas to move from place to place. It was no accident ,then, that cities grew up in these valleys and became the centres of civilizations

لعبت النصوص المسمارية دورا هاما في ايصال الكثير من المعلومات القيمة عن المعتقدات والافكار الدينية في بلاد الرافدين ودور الرسل والمبعوثين اتضح لنا من خلال دراسة الملاحم والاساطير الرافدينية وماكان لهم من اثر في تنفيذ رغبات الانسان وتخليصه من بعض المأزق .