Medicine

This paper offers an in-depth explanation of the construction of Functional Grammar theory, by providing insights from other theories that discuss, for instance, functionalism from the Prague School, Dik's Functional Grammar and ending with Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar. Moreover, it highlights the foundational aspects such as ideational, interpersonal, and textual meta functions. The paper emphasizes how these frameworks conceptualize language as a tool for communication and meaning-making rather than a set of structural rules, as it reflects the impact of functional approaches on contemporary linguistic analysis. Therefore, terms like transitivity, markedness and theme and mood were also mentioned to support the multifunctionality of language.

In this work, Nd:YAG laser with two wavelength (1064,532)nm was used in treating vascular (port wine stain, heamangioma ;and Telangiectase). Also Nd:YAG laser was used in tattoo treatment and the results achived is best than by using (KTP,PDL and Ar) laser. This process is occurs via absorption laser beam by skin layers, especially surface skin layer which is useful in the cosmetics surgical. There are different properties related with skin layer such as thermal diffusion and thermal relaxation time, the later is higher than the time of laser puls and this cause cooling to one –half without according thermal diffusion in normal (healthy) skin region. Nd:YAG laser can absorbed deeply and this observed when it used to remove the deep pigmentation, in compare with other laser types which absorbed only by the surface of skin layer because of low power , wavelength , frequencies and intensity in compare with Nd:YAG laser.

Despite proposing a number of algorithms and protocols, especially those related to routing, for the purpose of reducing energy consumption in wireless sensor networks, which is one of the most important issues facing this type of network. In this research paper, energy consumption and cost are calculated taking into account energy consumption and the amount of data transferred to a thousand nodes through specific paths towards the mobile sink. The proposed model simulated by sending various amounts of data with specific path to know the energy consumption of each track and the network life time with 250, 500, and 1000 bits. Cost calculated using various weight for each track of these paths and the coefficient of movement time and path loss factor and others related to the transmission and receiving circuits. And finally, the results compared with a previous method it showed the efficiency of our method used and calculating 1000 nodes with various amount of bits to show the experime...

Ubiquitous technologies based heterogeneous networks has opened a new paradigm of technologies, which are enabled with various different objects called Internet of things (IoT). This field opens new door for innovative and advance patterns with considerable potential advantages in the shape of plethora of monitoring and infotainment applications around us. Data communication is one of the significant area of research in IoT due to its diverse network topologies, where diverse gadgets and devices have integrated and connected with each other. In order to communicate among devices and users, routing should be relible, secure and efficient. Due to diverse and hetrogenous netwok environment, the most of the existing routing solutions do not provide all quality of services requirement in the network. In this paper, we discuss the existing routing trend in IoT, vision and current challenges. This paper also elaborates the technologies and domains to drive this field for future perspectives. The paper concludes with discussion and main points for new researchers in terms of routing to understand about current situation in IoT.

Resumo: A sociologia da educação há muito vem mobilizando categorias elaboradas por Pierre Bourdieu desde seus primeiros escritos sobre educação, nos quais denuncia os mecanismos de dominação e reprodução presentes no sistema de ensino. De certa forma, tem-se repercutido um sentido negativo de sua teoria, ao ser assimilada como reprodutivismo social, ou seja, que não deixa margem à transformação. No entanto, defende o sociólogo francês, é justamente no desvelamento das leis da reprodução que se pode vislumbrar possibilidades de ação. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é evidenciar os "princípios" pouco desenvolvidos por Bourdieu, mas não menos relevantes em sua obra, a partir da noção de "pedagogia racional" presente em relatórios de pesquisa e textos do autor. Para este estudo, propõe-se localizar e compreender tais princípios da pedagogia racional-"diversidade de formas de excelência" e "multiplicação das oportunidades"analisados à luz de comentadores, como Emiliano Gambarotta e Denice Catani. Pouco explorada por Bourdieu, a pedagogia racional por ele esboçada denota uma estreita relação entre saber e política, e é esta relação que buscaremos objetivar em nossa pesquisa.

Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the term given to heart problems the lipids in the blood are deposited on the end atrium due to abnormal lipids (metabolism). Due to the higher morbidity rate and mortality rate, IHD has become the most serious cardiovascular disease threatening in Iraqi people. The most common cause of myocardial infarction is atherosclerotic disease of an epicardial coronary artery (or arteries) sufficient to cause a regional reduction in myocardial blood flow and inadequate perfusion of the myocardium supplied by the involved coronary artery. It may affect individuals at any age, the most common risk factors include smoking, family history, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, high alcohol consumption, lack of exercise, stress, and hyperlipidemia. Various studies have shown that the polymorphisms angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE (DD) (rs4646994) associated with various heart diseases. Objective: To study the correlation between ACE (DD) (rs4646994) gene po...

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) plays the most important role in various types of human cancers. Patients receiving chemotherapy have low white blood cell (WBC) counts that elevate the risk of infection and is the first public health priority in Iraq. WBCs are capable of tumor destruction and aid in combatting infection; they also promote tumor growth, metastasis and chemotherapy resistance. Low WBC count makes the body more predisposed to infection. Our study sought to investigate the relationship between low WBC count and EBV infection in cancer patients. A cross-sectional study was performed using 120 samples obtained from cancer patients, who had a low WBC count and were receiving chemotherapy. The study included samples from 60 males and 60 females aged between 7 and 80 years from Najaf / Iraq. Among the different cancer types, breast cancer cases were high (24 patients; 20%); additionally, a high number of cancer patients (52; 43.3%) also had a low WBC count (≤2 to ≥4 in 10 9 / L of cells). There were no significant differences in the serological detection of positive cases for viral capsid protein IgM and EBNA-1 and EBNA-2 nuclear genes (P˃0.05) between the cancer patients of different age groups and genders. EBV infection is associated with a low WBC count in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. No significant differences for patients was observed with respect to age and gender.

Background: Four-dimensional echocardiography technique results in marked improvements in terms of quality and accuracy in assessing the size and function of heart chambers, especially the left atrium as its geometric variation has a notable impact on the results when using traditional echocardiographic techniques alone. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the probability of significant functional and morphological changes in the left atrium with advancing age using Four-dimension echocardiography. Method: Four-dimensional technique derived left atrial phasic volumes and functions were assessed in (30) healthy subjects with mean age of 73.6 (±3.6) years and (30) young subjects with mean age of 23.17 (±3.5) years. Results: Old age group showed a significant increase in maximum left atrial volume index, minimum left atrial volume index and pre-atrial contraction left atrial volume index compared to young age group (31.52±1.09 vs. 26.44±1.03, P < 0.001), (17.93±0.43 vs. 15.89±0....

Background: Allergic rhinitis is a common disorder of immune origin. It has a significant effect on the quality of life of patients with subsequent social, occupational, economic, and psychological effects. It is characterized by a local and systemic inflammatory process mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) after exposure to various types of allergens. The associated systemic inflammation is evident by raised levels of several inflammatory markers, as well as by the effect of this inflammation on various other body systems. This study aims to characterize the prevalence of anemia in patients with allergic rhinitis and evaluate the relationship of hemoglobin level to some inflammatory biomarkers of the disease. Methods: The study population consist of 150 patients with allergic rhinitis randomly selected from patients visiting the department of otolaryngology clinic in Al-Sadder teaching hospital in Annajaf, Iraq during the period from April 1st, 2016 to March 30th 2017. The mean age o...

The quail acts as a model for recent experimental studies and its oviduct development is of special interest. This study was carried out on 61 adult female Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica) collected from quail farms in Assiut and South Valley Universities in order to characterize the morphological features of the uterus during the post-hatching life. The process of development was consisted of three stages: undifferentiated, differentiated and adult stage. The undifferentiated stage began from day of hatching till 25-days old age and the oviduct was divided into cranial, middle and caudal parts. The caudal part (the future uterus and vagina) was represented by a simple wall of a single layer of simple columnar epithelial cells resting on subepithelial undifferentiated mesenchymal cells with many mitotic divisions. At 20 days old, the mucosa is thrown into distinct mucosal folds as well as the ciliated and secretory epithelial cells were first appeared at this age. At differentiated stage (from 30-40 days), the tubular glands began to develop and opened between the epithelial cells. The adult stage began from 50 days old and the luminal surface of the uterus was characterized by numerous long leaf-like folds. Also, the apical part of the cells showed positive reaction with PAS and Alcian blue. The tubular glands are filled with the secretion, which give positive reaction with PAS and Alcian blue. The uterovaginal junction lies between the uterus and the cranial part of the vagina, and contains the sperm host gland. This area showed transition of the mucosal folds from longitudinal folds of the uterus to complex interconnecting folds of the vagina. Many typical sperms with oval head and tail were inserted between the ciliated and microvillous surface epithelial cells of sperm host glands. This detailed anatomical and histological study of post-hatching development of uterus in quail will not only help to evaluate changes occurs during this critical period, but also will assist in understanding clearly the physiology of reproduction in quail.

Background: Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is important nosocomial pathogen which has elevated morbidity and mortality rates. Objectives: The aim of our study was to find out the present scenario of prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and the demographic factors such as age and gender related to MRSA in different wards of tertiary hospital. Methods: Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from fifty one clinical specimens at Mayo hospital, Lahore and were subjected to in vitro sensitivity against various antimicrobials by using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Out of total S. aureus isolated 55% were found to be resistant with methicillin/oxacillin. Most of the MRSA specimens were also found to be susceptible to vancomycin, whereas most were found resistant to ampicillin. Majority of MRSA were isolated from blood samples (31%) followed by pus samples (28%). Most MRSA isolates were seen in the patients admitted in medical wards (32%) followed by dermatology (18%). Conclusions: Vancomycin is losing its effectiveness against methicillin resistant strains of S. aureus, as one vancomycin resistant sample was also isolated during the study. Prevalence of MRSA found elevated which was evident as more prevalent in males as compare to females, and 30-39 years age group was found to be more affected. Medical ward had most of the MRSA patients followed by dermatology. Improved diagnostic techniques can produce better results by promoting targeted therapy. Laws should be devised which will keep a check on the antibiotic prescriptions made by doctors.

This work describes the preparation of novel fluorescent bentonite clay (BP), modified with carbon quantum dots nanomaterials (CDs), and its usage as lead removal platform, the CDs was prepared using graphitic waste serving as carbon source material via hydrothermal method, and the as obtained CDs were found to be fluorescent, in spherical shape, positively charged and smaller than 5 nm. Encouraged by their structure and photoluminescence feature, they were used hereafter as intercalants or surface modifiers, in order to make fluorescent bentonite nanocomposites. Bentonite was used as negatively charged model of aluminosilicate and reacted with the positively charged CDs. Interestingly, CDs were found to intercalate bentonite as judged from XRD patterns, and TEM. Indeed, the basal distance of bentonite clay d(001) shifted from 1.2 nm to 2.9 nm, after bentonite modification using the prepared carbon dots; moreover the XRD pattern of BP-CDs recorded in the some regions show some addit...

Objectives: Chronic allograft nephropathy remains one of the main causes of late graft loss after kidney transplant owing to multifactorial development of kidney scarring. Chronic allograft nephropathy is characterised by an excess accumulation of extracellular matrix. A key system regulating extracellular matrix homeostasis are matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. This study sought to determine if a change in the matrix metalloproteinases/tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases system contributes to chronic allograft nephropathy-associated progressive kidney scarring. Materials and Methods: Examination of sequential renal biopsies was done at implantation, acute rejection, and subsequent chronic allograft nephropathy. In situ localisation of matrix metalloproteinase activity was assessed with a high-resolution in situ zymography technique using gelatin and collagen 1 substrates. Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases were localised using immunohistochemistry. Results: In situ zymography showed over a 50% reduction in matrix metalloproteinase activity against both collagen 1 and gelatin substrates in chronic allograft nephropathy biopsies. A similar loss of matrix metalloproteinase activity was seen in the glomerular and tubulointerstitial compartments. Immunoreactive matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases were observed intracellularly in mesangial and tubular epithelial cells. Matrix metalloproteinases-1,-2,-3, and-9 were significantly reduced in acute rejection and later in chronic allograft nephropathy. However, glomerular matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 9 and tubulointerstitial matrix metalloproteinase-2 were reduced at implantation. Tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and-3 were elevated from implantation onwards. We were unable to stain reproducibly for tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-1. Conclusions: Kidney scarring underlying chronic allograft nephropathy is associated with a reduction in matrix metalloproteinases activity that may be due to reduced expression of matrix metalloproteinases-1,-2,-3, and-9, and upregulation of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and-3. Some of these changes originate from implantation.

Background: Clients' satisfaction surveys are required to identify gaps and challenges in providing healthcare services; to ensure the quality of care and patient satisfaction. Objectives: To compare and assess factors responsible for healthcare satisfaction among rural and urban communities in Ilorin East Local Government Area (LGA) of Kwara State to improve service provision among the communities. Methods: This was a comparative, cross-sectional study involving rural (250) and urban (250) respondents selected through a multi-stage sampling technique and surveyed using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Focus Group Discussion was also used to collect qualitative data. Participants were selected through the purposive sampling technique. Results: The proportion of clients who expressed satisfaction was 172 (68.8%) among urban and 175 (70.0%) among rural respondents, (z = 0.57; p = 0.45). The attitude of healthcare personnel influenced satisfaction among both the rural (56.0%) and urban (63.3%) respondents, respectively; short waiting time (12.8%) and privacy of the consulting rooms (13.7%) were reasons influencing satisfaction with service. Conclusion: Short waiting time and privacy of consulting room were reasons for service satisfaction among clients. Waiting time was a strong predictor of satisfaction. There is a need to improve health personnel's attitude to work to ensure clients' satisfaction with healthcare services.