English Department

The current study adopts the critical discourse analysis to investigate the way presenters of Al-Sharqyia Satellite Channel use to view events and actions during the Iraqi demonstrations. It aims to show the presenters' prejudices whether they are with Us (the Iraqi protesters) or with Them (the government). It also tries to investigate that Al-Sharqia presenters are neutral or not, and prejudiced with one-sided ideology towards the conflicted parties. The focus of the problem is to show whether reports are prejudiced towards the Iraqi protesters rather than the government's security forces or not through observing the discourse features in which one can understand the ideology of the text or the talk by following Van Dijk's model. Al-Sharqyia News presenters' ideologies will be analyzed through the use of some discourse features following Van Dijk's (1998) model of 'ideological square'. It concludes that the presenters are not impartial; rather, they have a biased ideology that favors the demonstrators in Iraq against the government.

The current study is a social semiotic study in which it indicates the relationships between language and social structure' so that it gives the Iraqi people their identity. It investigates the language used by demonstrators and Iraqi people on October 25, 2020. The language used are among ‫جوكرية""‬ or ‫عصابات"‬ ‫"الجوكر‬ (Jokers), ‫سوبرتك"‬ ‫"تك‬ , ‫جبل"‬ ‫"أحد‬ , ‫,"مندسين"‬ ‫"ذيل"‬ or ‫,"ذيول"‬ ‫القمصان"‬ ‫,"البيض‬ and ‫القمصان"‬ ‫."السود‬ The researcher explores the meaning of the aforementioned terminologies and analyzes them using Barthes semiotic model of sign and interpretation. The words are interpreted in terms of denotation, connotation, and myth. Ultimately, it concludes that these lexicons give the Iraqi people their culture. These lexicons are entries that can be added to the Iraqi Colloquial Dialect Dictionary.

Many people face difficulties in understanding Holy Qur'anic expressions, especially those of body organs asking about the purpose of using such words in a specific context where they are said. The study examines the usage of human body parts as a source domain in which they have been bodily metopharized or embodied metaphorically to facilitate our mental processes in comprehending the glorious Qur'anic conceptual meanings (the target domain). These parts are separated into internal body parts, such as the heart and vein, and external body parts, such as the head parts, hands, and feet. Each linguistic word might be mapped on more than one conceptual meaning according to the context where the verse is been said. The data were collected utilizing observation. It was analyzed cognitively using Lakoff and Johnson's embodiment as a model of analysis. Finally, the study revealed the significance of using body metaphors in perceiving body parts expressions used in Quranic verses.

This paper is concerned with the difficulties, mainly mental, social and personal crises which most adolescents had suffered from in the developing American society during the twentieth century. Because of
modernisation, there was an unexpected blast in the American economy and numerous individuals ended up materialistic which made the youths distanced from their families and society. Jerome David Salinger depicted those problems and struggles in the seventeen-year protagonist of
his famous novel The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield.
Salinger portrays the internal struggle of Holden as he clings to his childhood innocence and abhors the adult world with all its responsibilities and unstable life issues. He also shows the battle between the youths and the institutions where the adolescents feel themselves
governed and controlled by rules of different systems such as the
the educational system, turning them into passive and fake characters in society.
Keywords: Adolescent, Phoniness, Idealism, Alienation, innocence

This paper tackles the issue of using drama as a method of teaching whether in schools or universities with reference to Shakespeare's drama. Drama is both an art form as well as a highly effective teaching and learning methodology. Using drama techniques in education has great impact on grasping the scientific and literary materials to students. Based on role play, dramatization and structured play, students will enact their senses to grab the idea, which makes it easy to remember it when it is needed. The paper also examines these dramatic techniques in literature, particularly Shakespearean drama. Shakespeare had manipulated the idea of using drama techniques to teach his characters certain ideas mainly when using 'play within play' style of writing. Hence, this style added much to Shakespeare's plays enhancing their tragic and comic content along with giving a sense of enthusiasm over the audience. This paper will conduct the meaning of drama, drama/theatre in education, drama techniques in education and in Shakespeare's Hamlet and A Midsummer Night's Dream, and a conclusion. It is related to axes of literature, theatre, and students. Significantly, This research highlights the fact that drama in education can be very pleasant and encouraging to students and is widely accepted by the public through referring to Shakespeare's drama. Through drama, people of all ages could gain a sense of responsibility greater than oneself.

The issue of violence has become the subject of much attention. Violence can include physical assault such as hitting, pushing, shoving, etc., causing severe harms such as psychological harm, maldevelopment, abuse or deprivation. Child abuse or child maltreatment is a kind of violence committed by a parent or a caregiver (e.g., babysitter, teacher), which are far more harmful and costly both to persons and to society. It threatens children's survival and development. The current study tries to explore the major dramatic theme of child abuse presented in the two different British and Iraqi plays. Recently, the world has witnessed many calamities and crises at all levels mainly in politics and society. This theme reflects issues at the heart of society but which whenever presented on the stage cause shock and denial. Violence is an important and urgent tool of theatrical art which is almost always a response to life. This paper will take a look at the plays of two contemporary British and Iraqi writers; Edward Bond and Ali Al-Zaidi. Both have always argued the topic of violence, particularly child abuse in their plays to make us critically aware of why and how we can respond to life. Their writings have been affected by political, social, economic and environmental conditions, making them expose reality and provoke man, restore and formulate reality in a new way.

This paper tackles the issue of using drama as a method of teaching whether in schools or universities with reference to Shakespeare's drama. Drama is both an art form as well as a highly effective teaching and learning methodology. Using drama techniques in education has great impact on grasping the scientific and literary materials to students. Based on role play, dramatization and structured play, students will enact their senses to grab the idea, which makes it easy to remember it when it is needed. The paper also examines these dramatic techniques in literature, particularly Shakespearean drama. Shakespeare had manipulated the idea of using drama techniques to teach his characters certain ideas mainly when using 'play within play' style of writing. Hence, this style added much to Shakespeare's plays enhancing their tragic and comic content along with giving a sense of enthusiasm over the audience. This paper will conduct the meaning of drama, drama/theatre in education, drama techniques in education and in Shakespeare's Hamlet and A Midsummer Night's Dream, and a conclusion. It is related to axes of literature, theatre, and students. Significantly, This research highlights the fact that drama in education can be very pleasant and encouraging to students and is widely accepted by the public through referring to Shakespeare's drama. Through drama, people of all ages could gain a sense of responsibility greater than oneself.

1. Introduction In the literature related to academic discourse, there are two perspectives. The first, and the traditional one, perceives it as a mere account of scientific facts expressed through an impersonal and objective piece of writing. Discourse comprises facts that solely add ...

1. Introduction In the literature related to academic discourse, there are two perspectives. The first, and the traditional one, perceives it as a mere account of scientific facts expressed through an impersonal and objective piece of writing. Discourse comprises facts that solely add ...

This paper presents an investigation of the reciprocal pronouns or 'reciprocal anaphors' in Shabaki. 1 It is generally intended to contribute to knowledge about linguistic reciprocity by investigating a hitherto un-cared-for and unwritten language on the one hand and an under-researched topic in the linguistic literature on the other hand. The research in this paper will focus on analyzing the meanings of reciprocal pronouns which permitted a greater understanding of the reciprocal situations in Shabaki. It also focuses on the effects of fusing prepositions into pronouns. Moreover, it investigates the dynamics of prepositions, valency, reflexivity and splitting. During the research process, some important contributions emerged, such as the grammatical functions of reciprocal pronouns, the dynamics of prepositions and the reciprocal situations of Shabaki pronouns. There is a remarkable variation in the meanings of reciprocal pronouns like eftàr (each other), neftàr (against e...

There are two principal approaches to discourse analysis, the multi-dimensional approach and the modular approach. The first is proposed by kerbrat-Orecchioni (1997) and it tries to combine eclectically the results and findings of studies on different dimensions of discourse organization in order to achieve a more comprehensive picture. The second approach is initiated by NØlke, Motsch and Roulet. Relying on NØlke and Motsch, Roulet (1997) suggests an approach to discourse analysis that rests on the modularity of mind hypothesis proposed by Jerry Fodor (1983). According to Fodor (ibid.), mind is a computational engine which is peripherally modular. The model put forward and modified repeatedly by Eddy Roulet (1997) is called the Geneva model of discourse analysis. Roulet (ibid.) claims that a modular approach constitutes an interesting and powerful methodology for describing the complexity of discourse organization. Different facets of discourse or talks-in-interaction are broken do...

Serial verb construction (SVC) is a sequence of two or more verbs which act as a single but complex predicate. A sequence of verbs qualifies as an SVC if there is no marker of syntactic dependency between the components. This paper investigates the interface between their syntactic manifestations and semantic functions in Shabaki. The paper demonstrates the most common features of Shabaki serial verb constructions. 3 Structural properties of Shabaki SVCs 1. Monoclausality Verbs which form an SVC act together as a syntactic whole.

Light verb constructions (also known as complex predicates or compound verbs) are multiword expressions that combine light verbs with preverbal elements, such as nouns, adjectives, prepositions, adverbial words or phrases. This paper is an attempt to describe light verb constructions in the Indo-European language Shabaki and to scrutinize their morpho-syntactic features.

In this paper the behavior of clitics in Shabaki, a northwestern Indo-Iranian language spoken in Nineveh plains in Iraq, is discussed in detail with respect to forms and distributions and much more interestingly with respect to sensitivity to Wackernagel's Law. The paper also addresses clitic doubling, clustering and climbing which may be considered the peculiar defining features of Shabaki. They could be added to nouns, pronouns, verbs, prepositions and other clitics. Shabaki is a language with multiple cliticization and is surprisingly complicated with respect to this phenomenon. It has an intricate system of clitics which include subject pronominal clitics, object pronominal clitics (dative and accusative), possessive pronominal clitics, demonstrative pronoun clitics, ezafe clitics, diminutive clitics, additive clitics, aspectual clitics, tense clitics, copular clitics and negative clitics.

Word order types constitute the most wellestablished and frequently cited generalization in language typology. Basic or canonical word order tends to fall into two main types: SOV (about 48% of world languages) or SVO (about 41%). SOV is assumed to have been the predominant and unmarked word order in most of the oldest attested Indo-European languages, as well as in Iranian languages. This paper investigates the basic word order in Shabaki, a modern northwest language of the Indo-Iranian family spoken by the Shabaki minority in Iraq. This study also measures the word order variation and provides a typological description of this language. An examination of Shabaki data reveals that it follows SOV, OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS word order patterns in mono-transitive sentences. The most frequent (predominant and unmarked) word order in declarative sentences in Shabaki is SOV where the initial position is occupied by a nominative noun phrase, but constituents can appear at any position, ...

Abstract
The present paper aims to analyse
multimodal discourse i.e., Arabic
internet memes according to van
Dijk's categories of ideological
discourse analysis. It is noteworthy
that no previous study tackled
Arabic internet memes from this
perspective. Moreover, Arabic
internet memes are filled with
implications that are to be analysed
critically. It also aims at finding out
how Arabic internet memes reflect
society, showing how ideologies are
represented in Arabic internet
memes, investigating the role of
context (i.e., background, mutual,
and historical knowledge) in
analysing data, and showing the way
cartoonists employ ideological
polarization. To accomplish these
aims, samples of two Arabic internet
memes are selected and analysed
according to van Dijk's ideological
square and categories of ideological
discourse analysis. The selected data
are taken from twitter and online
books and it tackles different social
and political issues. The findings of
this paper suggest that ideology has
a role in the representations of
events and discourses are
ideologically based; people tend to
positively represent their own
ideologies and practices and
negatively represent the ideologies
of other groups. In- and out- groups
(ideological polarization) is,
therefore, always evident in
multimodal discourse.

Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë is a Gothic masterpiece that intricately explores love, vengeance, class, and identity within the desolate Yorkshire moors. Religion emerges as a complex force shaped by the characters' moral, social, and psychological landscapes. Using Gothic Criticism and a comparative religious approach, this study examines how Christianity, Judaism, and Islam influence the novel's themes and conflicts. At the heart of this exploration is Heathcliff, a figure straddling humanity and Satanism. His defiance of divine authority and supernatural bond with Catherine position him as both a Gothic antihero and a theological enigma. Through characters like Heathcliff, Joseph, and Catherine, Brontë questions faith, free will, and morality, challenging Christian traditions. The study analyses religious elements in the novel, highlighting faith as both a source of comfort and control. The final chapter scrutinizes Heathcliff's ambiguous identity through scriptural references and Gypsy traditions, assessing his human and devilish aspects. By examining Gothic elements alongside religious themes, this research reveals the profound spiritual and existential dilemmas embedded in Wuthering Heights. Ultimately, it argues that religion is not merely a backdrop but a central force shaping character identities, conflicts, and resolutions in Brontë's dark and tumultuous narrative.