Papers by Nader A . Salman
Effect of Stocking Density and Partitioning of Rearing Period on Growth, Feed Utilization and Production of Common Carp Cyprinus carpio Raised in Floating Cages
American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, Jan 10, 2016
Al-maǧallaẗ al-ʻirāqiyyaẗ li-l-istizrāʻ al-māʼhī, Mar 14, 2022
Some findings on the control of tadpoles in Basrah University fish farm. I. Effects of some chemicals on tadpoles (Rana ridibunda) and mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis)
The Iraqi Journal of Agricultural science, 1986
Iraq’s Southern Marshes Something Special To Be Conserved; A Case Study
Iraqi southern marshes form a large triangular region bounded by three major southern cities: Nas... more Iraqi southern marshes form a large triangular region bounded by three major southern cities: Nasiriyah to the west, Amarah to the northeast, and Basrah to the south. Their vast area covers 20,000 square kilometers of open water, and includes both permanent and seasonal marshes. Three major areas are the Al-Hammar, the Central, and the Al-Hawizeh Marshes form the core of the marsh land of southern Iraq. It is centered on the meeting of the great Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Such specific wetlands of the southern part of Iraq play a vital role in the maintenance of biodiversity in the Middle East, primarily because of their large size, the richness of their aquatic vegetation and their isolation from other comparable systems. Aims of this literature review may include addressing certain key issues, such as definition and description of the general conditions of the Iraq’s southern marshes, and why should the marshes be protected? Another issue, we introduced the “Healthy Marshes Conc...
Biological and applied environmental research, Jul 7, 2021
Salinity changes in the Shatt Al-Arab Estuary and NorthWest Arabian Gulf were monitored and revie... more Salinity changes in the Shatt Al-Arab Estuary and NorthWest Arabian Gulf were monitored and reviewed in terms of the shortage of freshwater inflows to the Shatt Al-Arab Estuary. Data from previous and current surveys on marine mammals in the area have also been checked and compared to study the biodiversity under newly-developed circumstances. The Eco-physiological investigation was performed to assess the salinity tolerance limits of whales, dolphins and dugong. One-third of the world's 81 species of whales and dolphins, collectively called cetaceans, are thought to occur off the shores in the area. The new checklist is prepared according to recent surveys in the neighbouring Arab Gulf countries and the known checklist of mammals in Iraqi waters. Spatial variation of the marine mammals of the southern part was governed by the occurrence of feeding habitats rather than a direct response to salinity variations. Alteration of seaweed's habitats in response to water pollution is reported to have a direct effect on the biodiversity of mammals in the gulf. The results of this review were discussed in terms of salinity tolerance, hazardous ecological factors and spatial variation. No obvious effect of salinity changes imposed by the shortage of freshwater inflow on the distribution or loss of marine mammals neither on their habitat in the Arabian Gulf.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 1988
The effect of high levels of dietary salt up to 12% NaCl on kidney function in freshwater rainbow... more The effect of high levels of dietary salt up to 12% NaCl on kidney function in freshwater rainbow trout was investigated. 2. Renal response to dietary NaCl load includes increases in urinary flow rate and glomerular filtration rate, together with a slight reduction in ionic reabsorption capacity. 3. The renal salt excretion rate, which was doubled to about lOOpM/kg/hr, in fish fed the high salt diet, is not entirely a consequence of a reduction in tubular ionic reabsorption but also of increased glomerular filtration. 4. The role of the endocrine system in control of renal salt excretion is discussed.
Aquaculture, May 1, 1988
The effect of increased dietary salt on growth and nutrition of rainbow trout was investigated us... more The effect of increased dietary salt on growth and nutrition of rainbow trout was investigated using two types of salt-enriched diets: (a) commercial trout food reconstituted to contain 4.5%, 9.2% and 11.6% NaCI, (b) isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing similar salt levels, i.e. no nutrient dilution caused by salt addition. Food conversion efficiency of fish fed the isonitrogeous diets was not affected by the added salt, but both conversion efficiency and growth rate were adversely influenced by the salt-supplemented commercial food. The insignificant differences in protein efficiency ratio among fish fed on different levels of salt indicates that reduction in food conversion efficiency is probably the result of protein dilution rather than the added salt. Food intake and appetite were not affected by dietary salt, and feeding to satiation enhanced growth in all feeding treatments, but this feeding regime did not alter the differences in growth rate between normally fed fish and those fed on salty diets.
Aquaculture, 1990
Whether transferred immediately or gradually, rainbow trout fed for a month on high-salt diets (u... more Whether transferred immediately or gradually, rainbow trout fed for a month on high-salt diets (up to 12% NaCI) showed reduced mortality compared to trout fed normal diets. After transfer these fish resumed feeding earlier than normally fed fish, but continuation of salt feeding for 2 weeks in sea water resulted in lower conversion efficiency and growth rate, probably because of a nutrient dilution effect. Osmoregulatory physiology of salt feeding and seawater transfer is discussed.
Turkish Journal of Fisheries …, 2010
This work provides a comparative data of α-amylase activity in the gut extract of three Cyprinid ... more This work provides a comparative data of α-amylase activity in the gut extract of three Cyprinid species inhabiting Garma River (Basrah Governorate, Southern Iraq). Those species are bunny Barbus sharpeyi (herbivorous), common carp Cyprinus carpio (omnivorous), and shilik Aspius vorax (carnivorous). The study also investigate the discrepancy between the activity of the enzyme in common carp collected from Garma river with those reared in ponds. The specific activity of αamylase has apparently been influenced by feeding habits of the three studied species. Values of α-amylase activity averaged 1.84 U mg-1 protein in the herbivorous bunny. It showed a significant (P<0.01) superiority to that of the omnivorous common carp (1.33 U mg-1 protein) which, in turn, showed a significant (P<0.01) superiority to that of the carnivorous shilik (0.76 U mg-1 protein). Omnivorous common carp which was collected from fish ponds showed a significantly (P<0.01) higher value of α-amylase specific activity which reached 1.92 U mg-1 protein when compared with the value recorded in common carp collected from Garma River which reached 1.33 U mg-1 protein.
Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences
The present investigation aimed at discussing the present status of cage culture in Iraq and its ... more The present investigation aimed at discussing the present status of cage culture in Iraq and its future potential. Iraqi water resources can provide the basic requirements for successful fish culture in cages. Environmental conditions may maintain sustainable growth rate for 10 months at least. This has encouraged the investors and fish culturists to adopt such technique and make use of its advantages. Development of cage culture in Iraq has been reviewed from the early seventies till now. Fish production from cage culture was analyzed focusing upon recent developments in terms of fish consumption criteria and the per capita in Iraq. The floating cages culture system is considered now as the main culture system, because environmental conditions are suitable for cage culture more than the earthen ponds and recirculating systems. Cage culture industry relies on row materials that are locally available. They includes, frames, bridges, passage ways, nets, floating materials, feeders and...
A Review of Southern Iraq Herpetofauna
The present review discussed the species diversity of herpetofauna in southern Iraq due to their ... more The present review discussed the species diversity of herpetofauna in southern Iraq due to their scientific and national interests. The review includes a historical record for the herpetofaunal studies in Iraq since the earlier investigations of the 1920s and 1950s along with the more recent taxonomic trials in the following years. It appeared that, little is known about Iraqi herpetofauna, and no comprehensive checklist has been done for these species. So far, 96 species of reptiles and amphibians have been recorded from Iraq, but only a relatively small proportion of them occur in the southern marshes. The marshes act as key habitat for globally endangered species and as a potential for as yet unexplored amphibian and reptile diversity. Despite the lack of precise localities, the tree frog Hyla savignyi, the marsh frog Pelophylax ridibunda and the green toad Bufo viridis are found in the marshes. Common reptiles in the marshes include the Caspian terrapin (Clemmys caspia), the sof...
The impacts on aquaculture and fisheries sectors from climate change in the southern part of Iraq... more The impacts on aquaculture and fisheries sectors from climate change in the southern part of Iraq will likely to be both positive and negative arising from direct and indirect impacts on natural resources. The main elements of climate change that could potentially impact fisheries and aquaculture activities in Iraq are temperature, rain patterns, shortage of freshwater, circulation, upwelling, sea level rise and sea water intrusion in the estuarine areas. Impacts on aquaculture production, aquaculture dependent livelihoods and indirect influences through availability of feed ingredients are discussed. Global warming is likely to be small on aquaculture practices. It may be positive by enhancing growth rates of cultured stocks or negative through impact on water availability, weather patterns, stratification and eutrophication in lentic waters. Based on current practices of fish culture in Iraq, that is predominantly based on species feeding low in the food chain, the greater availab...
Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A, 2018
A total of 120 young common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) ranging in weight from 25 g to 39 g were us... more A total of 120 young common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) ranging in weight from 25 g to 39 g were used to study the effect of feeding high carbohydrate diets on feed evacuation. Fish were fed at the rate of 3% body weight on three rations, standard ration SR (37%), and medium carbohydrate ration MCR (42%) and high carbohydrate ration HCR (53%) for 70 days in oval plastic tanks using 4 replicates for each treatment. Pellets enriched with 2% iron powder as a marker were used for additional 21 days for X-ray tracing. Pre-prandial starvation for one day was adopted before feeding the experimental diets and X-raying the fish at six intervals (1, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h) after feeding to estimate the evacuation rate and time. Results showed that high carbohydrate ration was evacuated faster than MCR and SR ration. After 24 hours of feeding, 91 % of the HCR ration was evacuated compared with 84 and 79 % in both SR and MCR ration. Differences between HCR and the other two rations were significant (P&lt;0.05).The rate of evacuating HCR ration ranged between 6.7-7.6 % per hour compared with 5.5-6.3% per hour for MCR and 5.7-7 % per hour for SR ration. The theoretical evacuation time of HCR reached 26 h. compared with 30-31 h for the MCR and SR rations respectively. The results were discussed in term of the role of inert and indigestible fibrous materials which can accelerate the passage of food in fish alimentary canal. The validity of the radiographic method for estimating the rate of evacuation in omnivores carp was also evaluated.
Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences, 2018
The anesthetic efficacies of natural anesthetic (clove) in forms of powder were evaluated on youn... more The anesthetic efficacies of natural anesthetic (clove) in forms of powder were evaluated on young common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) with the mean weight of 60±10 g for handling and health management experiments. These works were conducted in the laboratory of fish research in the Department of Animal Science, Collage of Agricultural Sciences at University of Sulaimani. Safety concentrations of anesthetics type and concentration were assessed by using form of clove (powder); each with three replicates within each replicate five fish used for measuring induction times to anesthesia. The induction time of C. carpio which decrease with increasing concentrations of clove powder, the induction time was less than three minutes for a dose of 400 mg/L, with significant different (P<0.05) from the other dosages. As the concentrations of clove powder increased the ventilation rate in stage I, II and III of anesthesia and recovery increased significantly (P<0.05) compared to the control. There were no mortalities at any of the temperatures or concentrations, 24 hours after recovery. In stage I, II and III of recovery, all three concentrations of clove powder with normal temperature degree showed lower ventilation rate compared to other groups. The lowest cortisol level of anesthesia was found in the low temperature degree with 300 mg/L of clove powder. The lowest and the highest sugar levels were found in low temperature degree with 300 and 400mg/ L of clove powder, respectively. Clove powder of 200 mg/L with normal temperature degree showed the lowest level of red blood cell.
Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2013
Fish cages and enclosures are known to be one of the intensive fish rearing methods which utilize... more Fish cages and enclosures are known to be one of the intensive fish rearing methods which utilize small water area and provide high fish production. They are recommended for areas of low productivity, limited water resources and risk of pollution such as the southern marshes of Iraq. The limited use of such technique has always been related to high cost of construction and maintenance. The need of this technology in the poor areas of the marshes led to the proposal of simple technological designs that use locally available materials and satisfy the critical criteria of fish rearing systems. Use of such system as a family fish farm would enable local inhabitants to increase fish production in their areas, increase family income and improve livelihood conditions through better socio-economic status. The proposal includes the following steps: 1. Test of local aquatic plants and tools which can serve as raw materials. 2. Applying the most suitable design in terms of cost, time, building flexibility and maintenance. 3. Contribution of local inhabitants in construction steps of the fish cages. 4. Site selection survey of the most suitable areas for implementation in terms of water depth, velocity, quality, productivity and availability of shelter and security. 5. Implementing the constructed fish cages in the selected areas under the supervision of the local inhabitants. 6. Training and capacity building of members of local inhabitants on operating and maintenance. 7. Introduction of a selected commercial fish species for rearing, using the available fish fingerlings from local fish hatcheries. 8. Applying the most effective feeding method and monitoring fish wellbeing. 9. Periodical recording of fish growth criteria such as instantaneous growth rate, feed conversion efficiency and survival. 10. Performing fish production analysis and economical values to local inhabitants.
American Journal of Water Resources, Jan 23, 2013
This survey was carried out during wet and dry seasons in three stations represent the upper, mid... more This survey was carried out during wet and dry seasons in three stations represent the upper, middle and lower reaches of Huweza Marsh, Southern Iraq. Physical and chemical parameters including the natural water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, salinity, turbidity, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, bicarbonates and total hardness along with nutrients levels were monitored for the period from July 2007 to April 2008. Results showed that water quality parameters of Huweza marsh are all within the standard criteria for freshwater habitats with pronounced seasonal variation between dry and wet seasons. Significant differences were also recorded between upper and lower stations in the marsh which can be attributed to local conditions. In general all parameters are within the tolerance limits of fresh water plants and animals except water salinity which needs to be monitored seasonally and spatially, as variations are noticed between various parts of the marsh and at different seasons. Some recorded levels exceed the normal favorable levels for freshwater fauna and flora. The marsh water is rich in nutrient especially nitrate and phosphate, reflecting high productivity in similar manner to other Iraqi marshes. Results were compared with other studies in the area. The present survey can act as a basis for future monitoring and recovery of the marshland ecosystem.
Ekologija, 2011
A moderate level of pollution with petroleum hydrocarbons and traces of heavy metals has been det... more A moderate level of pollution with petroleum hydrocarbons and traces of heavy metals has been detected in some sites of the Al-Hammar marshes. Lower levels were also found in the Al-Huwaiza marsh. Fish (Himri, Barbus luteus) in the possibly polluted area gave signs for unhealthy environment by accumulating higher levels of pollutants in their muscles and gonads as compared with those monitored in the more healthy area. Disturbance in the age structure of the fish population was also recorded, with the dominance of certain length groups and ages in the polluted areas. A delay in gonad maturation and disturbance of sex ratio were noticed in the stations with higher levels of pollutants. A remarkable increase in metabolic enzymes which suppose to work in liver was noted in the fish inhabiting the polluted area. The biochemical constitutes of blood serum were found to be altered in the polluted areas with a decrease in total protein, albumin and cholesterol concentrations indicating a possible case of loosing blood to the tissues or inefficiency in liver function. It is concluded that fish conditions in some parts of the Al-Hammar marsh indicate the unhealthy environment which is obvious by some physiological responses due to the presence of pollutants. There is an urgent need to set up a long-term programme of research and a monitoring system to assess the pollution status in the newly flooded marshes. Further histological and bio-markers studies are strongly recommended.
Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Marine Sciences, 2006
The effect of the industrial wastes, discharged by the fertilizer and paper plants, on the nutrie... more The effect of the industrial wastes, discharged by the fertilizer and paper plants, on the nutrient contents and other physicochemical conditions of Shatt Al-Arab River waters has been presented. The effect of these waters on the growth of Chlorella sp. has been studied. Appreciable variations in the nutrient contents and other physical and chemical factors were noted at different stations and times. Water temperature showed a seasonal change of 10ºC ranging from 11 to 21ºC. The data on chlorosity indicate that the study area was slightly influenced by the tidal currents and hence of the Arab Gulf salinity. The water of Shatt Al-Arab River tends to be alkaline. The values ranged from 7.2 as a normal value to 9.1 near the waste effluent of the fertilizer plant where the amount of NH 4 + reached its maximum values. Similarly, nitrite and nitrate showed high values in the same area. Sulfate contents, on the other hand, were found to be high near the effluent of paper plant. All these variations have been discussed clearly. The present work shows a correlation between the different industrial wastes, discharged in Shatt Al-Arab River and the amount of nutrients in its waters. The effect of Shatt Al-Arab River waters on the growth of Chlorella sp. was not clear. The increment in dry weight of Chlorella sp. in the tested water samples during 5 weeks did not exceed that in distilled water except the sample collected near the effluent of the fertilizer plant.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2003
The annual migratory cycle of the monarch butterfly in North America involves 3 to 5 generations ... more The annual migratory cycle of the monarch butterfly in North America involves 3 to 5 generations and evolved with the Asclepias milkweed flora that serve as larval foodplants. West of the Rocky Mountains, the butterflies migrate to overwinter in groves of trees near sea level along the central Pacific Coast. The larger population east of the Rocky Mountains migrates to high altitude Abies religiosa fir forests in the Transverse Neovolcanic Belt of central Mexico. Beginning in August newly emerged adults have repressed gonads, become gregarious, ride tailwinds and migrate southwesterly for up to 2000 miles. At dusk they bivouac in trees. When overtaken by high-pressure fronts, they suspend migratory flying and nectar from the Asteraceae, building lipid reserves that will sustain them for five months. Upon reaching twelve separate massifs, they coalesce on the fir boughs, forming 0.2 to 5.0 hectare colonies with 65 million monarchs per hectare. Overwintering at 3200 m elevation on mountains subject to polar cold fronts is possible because the fir trees function as an umbrella and blanket. The dense clusters reduce radiational heat loss and wetting, thereby protecting the monarchs from freezing. The ability of the butterflies to form such dense aggregations was probably made possible because monarch caterpillars sequester bitter and emetic cardiac glycosides from milkweeds, resulting in the adults being unpalatable to avian and mouse predators. My presentation will discuss the interactions and conflicting aspects of these remarkable behaviors, all now severely endangered because of ever-increasing forest exploitation in Mexico.
Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 2021
The wild population of commercially important freshwater prawns (M. rosenbergii, M. malcolmsonii ... more The wild population of commercially important freshwater prawns (M. rosenbergii, M. malcolmsonii and M. gangeticum) of India have been declined over the period of time due to overexploitation, habitat degradation and pollution. Moreover, these endemic species have been replaced with L. vennamei in prawn farming industry which may further lead to the extinction of these valuable species. The current biological study of these three species will help researchers and academicians to understand their life history and other biological details which in turn will help in their sustainable management and conservation
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Papers by Nader A . Salman