Papers by Lariyah Mohd Sidek
Potential of electronic plastic waste as a source of raw material and energy recovery
Nowadays, the production of electronic equipment is one of the fastest growing industrial activit... more Nowadays, the production of electronic equipment is one of the fastest growing industrial activities in this world. The increase use of plastic in this sector resulted in an increase of electronic plastic waste. Basically, electronic plastic material contains various chemical ...
Development of a hybrid expert system-multi criteria analysis on erosion and sediment control in construction industry
KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 2016
Potensi sisa plastik elektronik sebagai sumber kepada penghasilan tenaga dan bahan mentah
... (Potential of Electronic Plastic Waste as a Source of Raw Material and Energy Recovery) NORAZ... more ... (Potential of Electronic Plastic Waste as a Source of Raw Material and Energy Recovery) NORAZLI OTHMAN*, NOR EZLIN AHMAD BASRI, MUHD NOOR MUHD YUNUS, LARIYAH MOHD SIDEK & NOR AZIZI OTHMAN ABSTRAK ...
Basically, electronic plastic waste (EP-waste) generated needs to be managed with the best way of... more Basically, electronic plastic waste (EP-waste) generated needs to be managed with the best way of available technology. In view of waste management technology, information on the characteristics of EP-waste is essential in the planning of waste management. In general, the characteristic can be divided into two categories i.e. physical characteristic and chemical characteristic. In this study, the physical characteristics are physical composition and moisture content whereas chemical characteristics are the proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, heating value and the heavy metals content. This paper will present the result of the physical and chemical characteristics of electronic plastic waste resin using proximate and ultimate analysis method. In this study, the plastic sample was divided into 13 samples. Determination of electronic plastic waste resin sample was identified using FT-IR Spectrum 2000 and physical observation method. The analysis of the samples was carried out based on individual components of EP-waste resins at dry resin. There is no moisture content result since the sample is testing based on dry basis condition. The proximate analysis result for the weighted average of residual content, volatile matter, ash content and fix carbon of electronic plastic waste sample are 0. 57%, 83.44%, 11.10% and 10.82% respectively (dry basis). The ultimate analysis result for the weighted average of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen content of EP-waste sample are 3.27%, 70.14%, 6.81% and 14.73% respectively(dry basis). The heating value of EP-waste resins varies from 1447235 to 4535828 KJ/Kg and the weighted average is 3087242 KJ/Kg (7375 kcal/kg). The weighted average of total chlorine and total bromine content of EP-waste sample are 45310.06 ppm and 3.77 ppm and the weight average of heavy metals concentration for cd, cr, Hg, Pb and As are 0, 0.01, 0.01, 3.22, 0 ppm respectively. This study gives the most comprehensive information about the characteristics of EP-waste. 1.
Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, GIS-Based Upland Erosion Mapping
ABSTRACT
Hybrid knowledge-based expert system and multi-criteria analysis for minimizing erosion and sedimentation due to stormwater in Malaysian construction sites
Water Practice & Technology, 2012
ABSTRACT Malaysia is located in a tropical zone wherein heavy rainfall occurs in all seasons of t... more ABSTRACT Malaysia is located in a tropical zone wherein heavy rainfall occurs in all seasons of the year. Land clearing and earthwork activities combined with heavy rainfall and the widely varied topography can result in severe soil loss that shall eventually be deposited into the adjacent water bodies via stormwater. Recently knowledge-based systems have been used in many fields especially when human expertise and data are limited. In the current study, a hybrid knowledge-based expert system and multi-criteria analysis (MCA) ...
Electronic plastic waste management in malaysia: the potential of waste to energy conversion
2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE), 2009
Ecological Engineering, 2009
Constructed wetland is widely used in developed countries and temperate climate for the stormwate... more Constructed wetland is widely used in developed countries and temperate climate for the stormwater quality improvement. However, constructed wetland in Malaysia can be considered as a new innovation and not widely implemented in all over Malaysia. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of constructed wetland in Malaysia through the two experiences of constructed wetland at Universiti Sains Malaysia Engineering Campus, Malaysia and Humid Tropic Centre Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The data collected from these wetland systems used to treat stormwater runoff or runoff-impacted surface waters were examined and compared in order to identify any obvious trends that may aid future stormwater treatment wetland design efforts. The parameters measured and discussed in this paper were Turbidity, Total Phosphorus, Biological Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand. The result for USM Engineering Campus constructed wetland showed that the average removal efficiency of pollutant removal for BOD was range from 9.7% to 80%, COD was 5.7% to 62.9%, turbidity was 25.9% to 30.0% and TSS was 50% to 100%. While for HTC constructed wetland, the result showed that the average removal efficiency for BOD was range from 4.55% to 36.67% and COD was 9.1% to 88%, turbidity was 9.76% to 66% and TSS was 12.5% to 45%. Generally, the results obtained show that the constructed wetland under tropical climate is capable to improve stormwater quality before discharging to the nearest water ways. The efficacy of these constructed wetlands to treat stormwater from different sources varied, and modified wetland designs or active management may be necessary to improve water quality even further. The findings can be used significantly to enhance the knowledge in constructed wetland under tropical climate where it can serve effectively for managing urban runoff using control at source approach.
lermo.cz
In this study, the capability of sub-models of XP-SWMM in predicting flood at the Taman Mayang ur... more In this study, the capability of sub-models of XP-SWMM in predicting flood at the Taman Mayang urban catchment is tested. The size of the catchment is 134.46 ha and it is located in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. In XP-SWMM, three sub-models are built for predicting flood at a catchment and these are the Non Linear Reservoir Model, (NLRM), Time Area Model, (TAM), and Laurenson Model (LM). In order to run the XP-SWMM, the catchment was divided into 13 subcatchments and hydrological and hydraulic data for the sub-catchments were obtained from various government agencies. Before predicting the flood for Taman Mayang catchment, parameters of XP-SWMM were estimated through calibration process. The parameters of XP -SWMM are loss parameters (such as infiltration, depression storage) and other catchment related parameters (such as percent imperviousness and width). Some of these parameters can be estimated from maps and drawings related to the studied catchment while other parameters were determined by trial and error. The accuracy of the estimated parameters was checked by comparing the predicted and observed hydrographs. After calibration, model prediction was verified using three different rainfall events. The application of the XP -SWMM to Taman Mayang catchment showed that the TAM gave minimum error in predicting flood compared with other two sub-models ( NLRM and LM). The average prediction error associated with using TAM was found to be 7% only.
Biological Carrier Performance Evaluation for Artificial River Purification
Rapid urbanization in the recent decades has quickly fuelled up the process of global warming. Ma... more Rapid urbanization in the recent decades has quickly fuelled up the process of global warming. Many mitigation measures have been formulated and
implemented in order to tackle the effect of global warming. Green roofs (roof with vegetated cover) have been proposed and implemented by various
countries as one of the new environmentally friendly innovation. This paper evaluates the qualitative and quantitative performances of an extensive
green roof system under tropical climate. Simulations showed that the peak discharge of stormwater run-off was reduced up to 26% in relation to concrete tile roof. Its reduction ability was decreased for storms with intense rainfall. Increment of pH was observed for the green roof run-off, and the runoff quality ranged between class I and II under Malaysia National Water Quality Index (WQI). High concentrations of phosphate were observed in the
run-off samples, which showed that substrates (fertilized planting soil) might be the potential contributor. Findings indicated that there was a reduction
up to around 5% for indoor temperature of the building after installation of the extensive green roof system.
The performance of a gross pollutant trap (GPT) was investigated at 51 catchments of the most pol... more The performance of a gross pollutant trap (GPT) was investigated at 51 catchments of the most polluted river in Malaysia, Klang River and its major attributes, Gisir River, Kemensah River, and Sering River for the entrapment of gross pollutants over the operation period of 10 months. The specific characteristics of gross pollutants generated from the different catchments were measured, and sorted into litter classification. The wet loads collected at the catchments ranged between 14 and 111 kg/ha, with majority of them was contributed by a significant amount of sediment and plastic. The water quality at the inflow and outflow channels was examined. GPT responded effectively for chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, ammonical nitrogen, and total suspended solids removal, reaching the maximum removal of 88, 94, 94, and 97%, respectively. The water quality index of the influent river water falls in Class V, derived as " very polluted, " while the downstream river water lies in the intermediate between Class IV and III, defined as " polluted " and " average, " respectively. These findings strongly supported the real practical applications of GPTs for the effective management and preservation of urban river systems.
The Kelantan River Basin, situated in the northeastern Malaysian Peninsula, suffers serious flood... more The Kelantan River Basin, situated in the northeastern Malaysian Peninsula, suffers serious flood/inundation damage, related to the northeast monsoon season (November– January), every few years. In this river basin, rainfall observation systems have been progressively developed since 1948, and long-term time-series data at distributed rainfall stations have been accumulated. This study firstly investigated the homogeneity of the accumulated time-series data for the purpose of constructing a reliable database for various hydrologic analyses. The homogeneity of rainfall time-series data was established using four absolute homogeneity tests: the Pettitt test, standard normal homogeneity test, Buishand range test, and von Neumann ratio test. It was found that among 50 rainfall stations within the river basin, 9 were flagged by the tests. Of these, inhomogeneous time-series data from four stations were omitted from further analysis. Secondly, using the homogenous time-series rainfall data, a trend analysis of annual rainfall variability was conducted by means of the Mann–Kendall (MK) test. To investigate long-and short-term characteristics of rainfall variability, three sampling methods of the MK test were applied: 30-year, sequentially increased, and 10-year moving segmented sampling. The MK test using the 30-year sampling showed a decreasing trend between 1957 and 1987, and an increasing trend between 1981 and 2011. The MK test using the sequentially increased sampling detected neither significant increasing nor decreasing trends through the same 70-year period. The MK test using 10-year moving segmented sampling clearly showed significant rainfall variability, which corresponded to the El Niño and La Niña events of 1972, 1982, 1988, the mid-1990s, and 2000– 2004. Extending the plot, by comparing the turning points with the occurrence of El Niño and La Niña events, the results showed that the influence of the El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) is the most likely to significantly influence rainfall trends in the Kelantan River Basin.
Purification and beautification projects of river water in Malaysia involve biological treatment ... more Purification and beautification projects of river water in Malaysia involve biological treatment to remove pollutants. Activated sludge processes application on river water treatment proved successful performance. Attached growth system with biomedia increases biomass concentration and rates of
contaminant degradation. In this work, several attached growth biological reactors were operated in parallel to treat river water in laboratory-scale
experiment. Seven biological reactors were filled with different types of plastic biomedia, one was filled with assorted gravel and one left blank as
a control. Monitoring of reactors’ performance was carried out to evaluate their performance. Parameters were tested throughout the steady-state
period after acclimatization. The results were used to compute the Malaysian water quality index. The targeted removal efficiency was to achieve
Class II in the National Water Quality Standard for Malaysian River and Lake Water quality, which was not attained. The treated effluent from the
reactors ranged between Class III and IV
Discharge data and field sampling analysis for Ringlet Reservoir, suggest that 80% of the sedime... more Discharge data and field sampling analysis for Ringlet Reservoir, suggest that 80% of the sediments
flowing into the reservoir are of cohesive type and 20% are non-cohesive type. In light of the findings, the
removal of such fine sediments proves to be another engineering feat as the cohesive sediments tends to remain
in suspension for longer period of time and the retention period are much longer during the dredging exercise.
The grain size distribution obtained from suspended sediment sampling carried out in both rivers revealed
Habu & Bertam River having Clay 25%, Silt 63% and Sand 12%, while Ringlet River Clay 16%, Silt 44% and
Sand 43%. Due to the very fine nature of the sediments, conventional excavation methods, such as, hydraulic
dredging and mechanical dredging with clamshells or draglines typically suffer from several serious limitations.
The new technique using the geo bags as the containment facility for the dredged fine sediments serves as an
alternative method to contain and dry the sediment within a specific period of time thus increasing the
efficiency of the dredging works. From the test conducted, the geo - bag proved that it could be used as a good
alternative disposal method with specific advantage in removal of fine particles and being able to be conducted
without process interruption to dam operations. At a feeding rate of 6-8 ton/hr, with chemical injection of 30-50
ppm, the geo - bag process runs very effectively. Permeate turbidity achieved at as low as 100 NTU;
representing a 65% removal in turbidity. This paper highlights the equipments and methodology used and
findings of a research study to determine the feasibility of using new technologies such as the application geo
tubes combined with the use of chemical flocculants to assist in the consolidation process to serves as an
alternative and efficient containment method to the current reservoir dredging practices.
Upland erosion and reservoir sedimentation at Cameron Highlands are among the most i... more Upland erosion and reservoir sedimentation at Cameron Highlands are among the most important
sedimentation problems in Malaysia. Uncontrolled deforestation and indiscriminate land clearing for agricultural,
housing development and road construction resulted in widespread soil erosion over the land surface of Cameron
Highlands leading to sedimentation of the rivers and of the Ringlet Reservoir. The increasing rate of sedimentation
in the reservoir is adversely impacting the hydropower production scheme. The objective of this article is to present
the results of a GIS-based analysis of the mean annual soil loss rate using the RUSLE model for the Upper
Catchment of Cameron Highlands for the years 1997 and 2006. Data such as rainfall pattern, soil type, topography,
cover management and support practice were integrated for soil erosion modeling using RUSLE and ArcGIS. The
sub-catchments of Telom, Kial and Kodol, Upper Bertam, Middle Bertam, Lower Bertam, Habu, Ringlet and
Reservoir catchments were studied. Sediments were detached and transported from the upper catchment and were
eventually deposited in the Ringlet Reservoir. The soil loss of Cameron Highlands catchment was computed to be
282,465.5 m3/ year in 1997 and 334,853.5 m3/ year in 2006. The sediment yield for the Ringlet Reservoir was
therefore computed to be 1564 m3/km2/yr or 15.64 tons/km2/yr for 1997 and 1854 m3/km2/yr or 18.54 tons/km2/yr
in 2006 or an increase of 18.5% since 1997. Hence, the storage capacity of the reservoir is decreasing faster than
anticipated because of the increasing sediment yield with time. Consequently, the reservoir life expectancy has also
decreased considerable as compared to the design life expectancy.
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2011
Dams have been built for many reasons such as irrigation, hydropower, flood mitigatio... more Dams have been built for many reasons such as irrigation, hydropower, flood mitigation, and water supply to support the
sustainability of mankind since millennia. However, the huge amount of water stored behind the dam can seriously pose adverse
impacts to the downstream community should it be released due to unwanted dam break event. Possible loss of lives and damages
to properties due to dam failure are great that a proper Emergency Response Plan (ERP) and quantification of impacts become
important requirement for a dam owner and operators. A study was conducted to specifically model the dam break for the Saddle
Dam A located in Kenyir reservoir. The main purpose of the study was to establish dam breach characteristics in prediction of
Saddle Dam A outflow hydrograph. Dam break modelling due to a breach were performed under two scenarios namely Probable
Maximum Flood (PMF) scenario and Clear Day scenario. Prediction of dam breach parameters was conducted using Froehlich
and Macdonald – Langridge-Monopolis (MDLM) predictor equations. The modeling was done via MIKE 11 1-D Hydrodynamic
Model developed by Danish Hydraulics Institute (DHI). The peak outflow simulated due to Clear Day failure (CDF) was
152,130m 3 /s whilst Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) yielded peak outflow of 208,543 m 3 /s.
Dams have long been acknowledged for providing electricity which is the form of rene... more Dams have long been acknowledged for providing electricity which is the form of renewable energy, for flood
protection, and for making water available for agriculture and human needs. However, the huge amount of energy
stored behind the dam results in serious danger to society in case of dam failure. When a dam is breached,
catastrophic flooding will occur as the impounded water escapes through the breach and flows into the downstream
valley which may cause great devastation in terms of lives lost as well as property damages. The main purpose of
the study was to establish dam breach characteristics in prediction of Kenyir outflow hydrograph. Kenyir dam break
modelling due to a breach were performed under two scenarios namely Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) scenario
and Clear Day scenario. Froehlich and MacDonald & Langridge-Monopolis equations were used in the
determination of the dam breach parameters. With the obtained outflow hydrograph, it is possible to see the negative
effects by routing it at the downstream. MIKE 11, a very powerful and comprehensive one dimensional model was
used. The hydrodynamic module solves the complete nonlinear St. Venant equations for open channel flow. Results
obtained from the study indicated that PMF scenario yields higher peak discharge of 412,962 m 3 /s compared to the
Clear Day scenario, 380,336 m 3 /s. The results are reliable since the breach outflow results vary between 24% and
25% for both scenarios compared using Froehlich peak discharge equations.
In this paper, a floodplain simulation of pre-event Kenyir dam failure in Terengganu, Malaysia is... more In this paper, a floodplain simulation of pre-event Kenyir dam failure in Terengganu, Malaysia is presented. A 2-D
flow model; MIKE 21 was used which incorporates high resolution terrain data (LiDAR). LiDAR data has a contour
resolution of 0.2 m in the vertical axis covered around 650 km 2 of Kuala Terengganu town. With the obtained
results, it is possible to develop inundation maps depicting the water depth, velocity and affected zones, which will
be very useful in development of Emergency Action Plan (EAP) as well as predicting both life and property loss in a
case of dam failure. From results of the dam failure performed in different scenarios indicate that some parts of the
downstream may be affected adversely with a maximum average depth of 8 m to 12 m and average flood flow
velocity of 1 m/s to 1.5 m/s. Result from this study can also be applied to land use planning. Relevant organizations
in public sectors can also prepare EAP to protect and reduce the impacts on the life, assets of government and local
people in the downstream area.
Construction activities generate enormous amount of erosion and sediments sediments that is the r... more Construction activities generate enormous amount of erosion and sediments sediments that is the result
of soil disturbance during construction activities, thus, will pollute the adjacent water bodies and make it
unfeasible for different uses. This paper aimed to develop and create the main features of an expert
system prototype (ESCES) for minimising erosion and sedimentation due to stormwater generated from
the construction activities by recommending a feasible BMPs. Multi criteria Analysis (MCA) technique
has been integrated so as to select the best control measure among many stormwater control alternatives.
A questionnaire has been distributed to the relevant experts so as to rank the stormwater control
measures to be used in the MCA technique. Using Visual Basic 6, Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) were
developed. The knowledge and experience were acquired from various textural sources (i.e. guidelines,
manuals, literature, and human expert). Results from this study showed that the Best Management
Practices (BMPs) reommended have good suited the site characteristics. As a conclusion from this study,
the ESCES can be considered as part of the “Green Technology Tool” since it helps in protecting the
environment and preserve good quality of water adjacent to the construction sites in Malaysia.
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Papers by Lariyah Mohd Sidek
implemented in order to tackle the effect of global warming. Green roofs (roof with vegetated cover) have been proposed and implemented by various
countries as one of the new environmentally friendly innovation. This paper evaluates the qualitative and quantitative performances of an extensive
green roof system under tropical climate. Simulations showed that the peak discharge of stormwater run-off was reduced up to 26% in relation to concrete tile roof. Its reduction ability was decreased for storms with intense rainfall. Increment of pH was observed for the green roof run-off, and the runoff quality ranged between class I and II under Malaysia National Water Quality Index (WQI). High concentrations of phosphate were observed in the
run-off samples, which showed that substrates (fertilized planting soil) might be the potential contributor. Findings indicated that there was a reduction
up to around 5% for indoor temperature of the building after installation of the extensive green roof system.
contaminant degradation. In this work, several attached growth biological reactors were operated in parallel to treat river water in laboratory-scale
experiment. Seven biological reactors were filled with different types of plastic biomedia, one was filled with assorted gravel and one left blank as
a control. Monitoring of reactors’ performance was carried out to evaluate their performance. Parameters were tested throughout the steady-state
period after acclimatization. The results were used to compute the Malaysian water quality index. The targeted removal efficiency was to achieve
Class II in the National Water Quality Standard for Malaysian River and Lake Water quality, which was not attained. The treated effluent from the
reactors ranged between Class III and IV
flowing into the reservoir are of cohesive type and 20% are non-cohesive type. In light of the findings, the
removal of such fine sediments proves to be another engineering feat as the cohesive sediments tends to remain
in suspension for longer period of time and the retention period are much longer during the dredging exercise.
The grain size distribution obtained from suspended sediment sampling carried out in both rivers revealed
Habu & Bertam River having Clay 25%, Silt 63% and Sand 12%, while Ringlet River Clay 16%, Silt 44% and
Sand 43%. Due to the very fine nature of the sediments, conventional excavation methods, such as, hydraulic
dredging and mechanical dredging with clamshells or draglines typically suffer from several serious limitations.
The new technique using the geo bags as the containment facility for the dredged fine sediments serves as an
alternative method to contain and dry the sediment within a specific period of time thus increasing the
efficiency of the dredging works. From the test conducted, the geo - bag proved that it could be used as a good
alternative disposal method with specific advantage in removal of fine particles and being able to be conducted
without process interruption to dam operations. At a feeding rate of 6-8 ton/hr, with chemical injection of 30-50
ppm, the geo - bag process runs very effectively. Permeate turbidity achieved at as low as 100 NTU;
representing a 65% removal in turbidity. This paper highlights the equipments and methodology used and
findings of a research study to determine the feasibility of using new technologies such as the application geo
tubes combined with the use of chemical flocculants to assist in the consolidation process to serves as an
alternative and efficient containment method to the current reservoir dredging practices.
sedimentation problems in Malaysia. Uncontrolled deforestation and indiscriminate land clearing for agricultural,
housing development and road construction resulted in widespread soil erosion over the land surface of Cameron
Highlands leading to sedimentation of the rivers and of the Ringlet Reservoir. The increasing rate of sedimentation
in the reservoir is adversely impacting the hydropower production scheme. The objective of this article is to present
the results of a GIS-based analysis of the mean annual soil loss rate using the RUSLE model for the Upper
Catchment of Cameron Highlands for the years 1997 and 2006. Data such as rainfall pattern, soil type, topography,
cover management and support practice were integrated for soil erosion modeling using RUSLE and ArcGIS. The
sub-catchments of Telom, Kial and Kodol, Upper Bertam, Middle Bertam, Lower Bertam, Habu, Ringlet and
Reservoir catchments were studied. Sediments were detached and transported from the upper catchment and were
eventually deposited in the Ringlet Reservoir. The soil loss of Cameron Highlands catchment was computed to be
282,465.5 m3/ year in 1997 and 334,853.5 m3/ year in 2006. The sediment yield for the Ringlet Reservoir was
therefore computed to be 1564 m3/km2/yr or 15.64 tons/km2/yr for 1997 and 1854 m3/km2/yr or 18.54 tons/km2/yr
in 2006 or an increase of 18.5% since 1997. Hence, the storage capacity of the reservoir is decreasing faster than
anticipated because of the increasing sediment yield with time. Consequently, the reservoir life expectancy has also
decreased considerable as compared to the design life expectancy.
sustainability of mankind since millennia. However, the huge amount of water stored behind the dam can seriously pose adverse
impacts to the downstream community should it be released due to unwanted dam break event. Possible loss of lives and damages
to properties due to dam failure are great that a proper Emergency Response Plan (ERP) and quantification of impacts become
important requirement for a dam owner and operators. A study was conducted to specifically model the dam break for the Saddle
Dam A located in Kenyir reservoir. The main purpose of the study was to establish dam breach characteristics in prediction of
Saddle Dam A outflow hydrograph. Dam break modelling due to a breach were performed under two scenarios namely Probable
Maximum Flood (PMF) scenario and Clear Day scenario. Prediction of dam breach parameters was conducted using Froehlich
and Macdonald – Langridge-Monopolis (MDLM) predictor equations. The modeling was done via MIKE 11 1-D Hydrodynamic
Model developed by Danish Hydraulics Institute (DHI). The peak outflow simulated due to Clear Day failure (CDF) was
152,130m 3 /s whilst Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) yielded peak outflow of 208,543 m 3 /s.
protection, and for making water available for agriculture and human needs. However, the huge amount of energy
stored behind the dam results in serious danger to society in case of dam failure. When a dam is breached,
catastrophic flooding will occur as the impounded water escapes through the breach and flows into the downstream
valley which may cause great devastation in terms of lives lost as well as property damages. The main purpose of
the study was to establish dam breach characteristics in prediction of Kenyir outflow hydrograph. Kenyir dam break
modelling due to a breach were performed under two scenarios namely Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) scenario
and Clear Day scenario. Froehlich and MacDonald & Langridge-Monopolis equations were used in the
determination of the dam breach parameters. With the obtained outflow hydrograph, it is possible to see the negative
effects by routing it at the downstream. MIKE 11, a very powerful and comprehensive one dimensional model was
used. The hydrodynamic module solves the complete nonlinear St. Venant equations for open channel flow. Results
obtained from the study indicated that PMF scenario yields higher peak discharge of 412,962 m 3 /s compared to the
Clear Day scenario, 380,336 m 3 /s. The results are reliable since the breach outflow results vary between 24% and
25% for both scenarios compared using Froehlich peak discharge equations.
flow model; MIKE 21 was used which incorporates high resolution terrain data (LiDAR). LiDAR data has a contour
resolution of 0.2 m in the vertical axis covered around 650 km 2 of Kuala Terengganu town. With the obtained
results, it is possible to develop inundation maps depicting the water depth, velocity and affected zones, which will
be very useful in development of Emergency Action Plan (EAP) as well as predicting both life and property loss in a
case of dam failure. From results of the dam failure performed in different scenarios indicate that some parts of the
downstream may be affected adversely with a maximum average depth of 8 m to 12 m and average flood flow
velocity of 1 m/s to 1.5 m/s. Result from this study can also be applied to land use planning. Relevant organizations
in public sectors can also prepare EAP to protect and reduce the impacts on the life, assets of government and local
people in the downstream area.
of soil disturbance during construction activities, thus, will pollute the adjacent water bodies and make it
unfeasible for different uses. This paper aimed to develop and create the main features of an expert
system prototype (ESCES) for minimising erosion and sedimentation due to stormwater generated from
the construction activities by recommending a feasible BMPs. Multi criteria Analysis (MCA) technique
has been integrated so as to select the best control measure among many stormwater control alternatives.
A questionnaire has been distributed to the relevant experts so as to rank the stormwater control
measures to be used in the MCA technique. Using Visual Basic 6, Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) were
developed. The knowledge and experience were acquired from various textural sources (i.e. guidelines,
manuals, literature, and human expert). Results from this study showed that the Best Management
Practices (BMPs) reommended have good suited the site characteristics. As a conclusion from this study,
the ESCES can be considered as part of the “Green Technology Tool” since it helps in protecting the
environment and preserve good quality of water adjacent to the construction sites in Malaysia.