Lynda Goff

University of California, Santa Cruz, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty Member

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I served as a Professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz for 32 years, teaching and researching algal symbioses. I served as President of the Phycological Society of America, served on National Science Foundation Panels and taught and conducted collaborative research throughout the world. After several years of serving as Dean and Associate Provost and working at UC's office of the President, I retired and am now engaged in ornithological research and define myself as a "photo-naturalist" - photographing primarily birds throughout the world.

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Papers by Lynda Goff

Symbiosis and Parasitism: Another Viewpoint

BioScience, Apr 1, 1982

Differences in the usage of the terms symbiosis and parasitism continue to plague the biological ... more Differences in the usage of the terms symbiosis and parasitism continue to plague the biological literature. The meaning of the term symbiosis is traced etymologically and it is urged that this word be used in the broad context in which it was defined originally-as an intimate (implying physiological) interaction of two dissimilar organisms or parts of organisms. Extensive quantitative analyses of the physiological bases of the interaction of the symbionts must be given priority over semantic debates. (Accepted for publication 20 January 1982)

Elucidation of fertilization and development in a red alga by quantitative DNA microspectrofluorometry

Developmental Biology, Mar 1, 1984

Crucial nuclear events throughout the life histories of red algae have eluded researchers. Use of... more Crucial nuclear events throughout the life histories of red algae have eluded researchers. Use of the DNA fluorcchrome 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and microspectrofluorometry has now resolved the problems. In the parasitic red alga Choreowlux pdysiphaioe (= Leachi+& poc$ca), the amounts of nuclear DNA during the processes of meiesis and fertilization are documented as well as the transfer of the newly formed zygote nucleus to the adjacent accessory cell. In this organism, the Gs period predominates in the cell cycle of vegetative and reproductive cells; many nondividing vegetative cells become highly polyploid. The results indicate that the use of various fluorochromes combined with microspectrofluorometric measurements of individual nuclei is valuable for study of many developmental problems in lower eukaryotes where the relatively small nuclear DNA content has made study with conventional dyes impossible.

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Molecular Delineation of Species and Species Relationships in the Red Algal Agarophytes Gracilariopsis and Gracilaria (GRACILARIALES)1

Journal of Phycology, Jun 1, 1994

... Goff, LJ, Moon, DA and Coleman, AW (1994), MOLECULAR DELINEATION OF SPECIES AND SPECIES RELAT... more

Molecular Delineation of Species and Syngens in Volvocacean Green Algae (CHLOROPHYTA)1

Journal of Phycology, Feb 1, 1994

ABSTRACTTwo species of the colonial green flagellate family Volvocaceae are worldwide in distribu... more ABSTRACTTwo species of the colonial green flagellate family Volvocaceae are worldwide in distribution yet exhibit contrasting species structure. Geographically disparate isolates of Gonium pectorale Mueller can interbreed while isolates of Pandorina morum Bory behave quite differently. More than 20 sexually isolated subpopulations occur within this species; these have been termed “syngens” (sensu Sonneborn). Because prezygotic barriers to mating cause intersyngen pairings to fail, breeding analyses cannot be used to estimate genetic relatedness among the syngens of P. morum. DNA comparisons provide an alternative method of assessing genetic relatedness. We compared the nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal repeat among clones of P. morum and of G. pectorale. Members of syngens of P. morum with distribution restricted to one small geographical area show great similarity. Likewise, members of any syngen of worldwide distribution show near uniformity, even those from different continents. However, the ITS sequence of each syngen differs from that of other syngens. In contrast, G. pectorale, which has an ITS region that is remarkably uniform throughout the world, appears to consist of a single syngen within North America and Europe by mating tests. The molecular data are in complete conformity with previous syngen assignment. Because the latter is based on mating affinity, with two complementary mating types per syngen, the evolution of new mating type pairs appears to be the basis of microevolution in these algae. We infer that either P. morum is a more ancient species than G. pectorale or that P. morum has a less stable genome. In either case, the biogeographic distribution of certain syngens may reflect climatological changes of the past.

The Use of Plastid Dna Restraction Endonuclease Patterns in Delineating Red Algal Species and Populations

Journal of Phycology, Sep 1, 1988

The role of bispores in the life history of the parasitic red alga, Gardneriella tuberifera (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales)

Phycologia, Dec 1, 1981

In culture and in situ the parasitic red alga Gardneriella tuberifera Kylin undergoes a life hist... more In culture and in situ the parasitic red alga Gardneriella tuberifera Kylin undergoes a life history in which gametes, c. arpospores, tetraspores and uninucleate and binucleate bispores are produced. In culture, carpospores infect the host Agardhiella gaudichaudii (Montagne) Silva et Papenfuss resulting in the formulation of pustules which produce binucleate bi spores and infrequently tetraspores. These spores infect additional host tissue resulting in the formation of gametes and carposporophytes. Infection by the uninucleate bispores results in the formation of binucleate bispores. The uninucleate bispores which are the dominant spore type in situ, provide an asexual alternative in this life history. In sexually reproducing individuals, the binucleate bispore carries two genotypes into a host. Culture studies reveal that both male and female gametophytes may develop within the tissues of a single host plant infected by a single binucleate bispore. The gametes are self-compatible. The capacity to establish both male and female gametophytes from a single spore infection may provide an important mechanism to insure the proximity of gametes in populations of this parasite.

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Molecular characterization of two large DNA plasmids in the red alga Porphyra pulchra

Current Genetics, Sep 15, 1997

Five plasmids occur in the red alga Porphyra pulchra. The two larger ones (6859 and 6427 bp) diff... more Five plasmids occur in the red alga Porphyra pulchra. The two larger ones (6859 and 6427 bp) differ in their sequences. The three smaller (1896, 2100, and 2102 bp) have sequences that are similar to one another. These plasmids are circular, double-stranded DNA, present in high copy number, and maintained in this organism through successive generations of laboratory culture. Sequence analysis of the two larger plasmids reveals few prominent structural features, but several potential open reading frames (ORFs) occur, some of which are transcriptionally active. Sequence database comparisons find significant sequence similarity between ORF3 or PP6427 and a 411 amino-acid polypeptide previously characterized in plasmid GC2 from the red alga Gracilaria chilensis. These data support the presence of at least one conserved plasmid coding region in distant orders of red algae. Southern blots of total genomic DNA from other red algae probed with plasmids from P. pulchra demonstrate no hybridization to previously studied Gracilariales species but notable hybridization to several species within the genus Porphyra, although the sizes of detected bands vary.

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Reproductive Development of the Parasitic Red Alga Gardneriella Tuberifera (Solieriaceae, GIGARTINALES)1

Journal of Phycology, Jun 1, 1982

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Isolation and characterization of phase-specific cDNAs from carposporophytes ofGracilariopsis andersonii(Gracilariales, Rhodophyta)

European Journal of Phycology, Feb 1, 2011

... Kawai b , Debra Moon c & Lynda J. Goff c pages 27-35. ... Methods Mol. Biol. , 258: 1071... more

The biology of Harveyella mirabilis (Cryptonemiales, Rhodophyceae). IV. Life history and phenology

Canadian journal of botany, Feb 1, 1976

A 20-month field study of the reproductive biology of the parasitic red alga Harveyella mirabilis... more A 20-month field study of the reproductive biology of the parasitic red alga Harveyella mirabilis was undertaken to investigate the effects of environmental parameters on the reproductive periodicity of Harveyella in the intertidal habitat. In the northeast Pacific, tetraspores have been observed in the late winter - early spring; apparently they are produced in response to increased available sunlight and water temperature. Gametogenesis appears to be temperature sensitive; it occurs between a narrow temperature range (9–11 °C). Carpospores are produced in the late summer when both water temperature and day length reach a peak. The phenology of H. mirabilis in the North Atlantic differs from that which is observed in the North Pacific in the timing of gametogenesis and carposporogenesis. The significance of this is discussed in relation to the possible effects of differences in seawater temperature on gametogenesis.

The Biology of Harveyella Mirabilis (Cryptonemiales, Rhodophyceae). VII. Structure and Proposed Function of Host-Penetrating CELLS1

Journal of Phycology, Mar 1, 1979

Pulse‐chase labelling experiments demonstrate that photoassimilated 14C‐bicarbonate is translocat... more Pulse‐chase labelling experiments demonstrate that photoassimilated 14C‐bicarbonate is translocated from the host red alga Odonthalia floccosa (Esper) Falkenberg to the parasite Harveyella mirabilis (Reinsch) Schmitz & Reinke. The primary path of translocation is from host cortical cells (the site of photoassimilation) to the erumpent parasite pustule via the zone of interdigitation. The latter is a tissue region in which rhizoidal cells of Harveyella grow between, and establish secondary pit plugs with medullary cells of Odonthalia. A secondary translocation pathway occurs from isolated host cells dispersed in the pustule of Harveyella to adjacent parasite cells.

Fate of Parasite and Host Organelle DNA during Cellular Transformation of Red Algae by Their Parasites

The Plant Cell, Nov 1, 1995

The transfer of a nucleus into a cytoplasm of a genetically foreign cell and its subsequent multi... more The transfer of a nucleus into a cytoplasm of a genetically foreign cell and its subsequent multiplication in the cytoplasm of this cell characterize most parasitic red algal species and their interactions with specific red algal hosts. Nuclei enter the host's cytoplasm upon cell fusion of parasite and host cell; here, they replicate, are spread to contiguous host cells, and ultimately are packaged into spores that reinfect other host thalli. In this study, we examined whether the proplastids and mitochondria that occur in these red algal adelphoparasites are acquired from their host or whether they are unique to the parasite and are brought into the host along with the parasite nucleus. To establish their origins and fates, plastid and mitochondrial restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of parasite cells were compared with those of their host plastid and mitochondrial DNA in three host and parasite pairs. For plastids, no RFLP differences were found between hosts and parasites, supporting an earlier conclusion, based on microscopic studies, that the proplastids of parasites are acquired from their hosts. For mitochondria, characteristic RFLP differences were detected between host and parasite for two of the pairs of species but not for the third. Evidence of the evolutionary difference between hosts and their parasites was shown by RFLP differences between nuclear ribosomal repeat regions.

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A Phylogenetic Study of Parasitic Genera Placed in the Family Choreocolacaceae (RHODOPHYTA)1

Journal of Phycology, Oct 1, 2004

Red algal parasites are common and have a unique type of development in which parasite nuclei are... more Red algal parasites are common and have a unique type of development in which parasite nuclei are transferred to host cells and ''control'' host cell development. Previous phylogenetic studies have concentrated on parasites closely related to their hosts, termed adelphoparasites. A second set of parasites, usually classified in a different family or tribe from their host, termed alloparasites, have not been studied phylogenetically. This study concentrates on the wholly parasitic family, the Choreocolacaceae (Gigartinales). Using small subunit rDNA sequence data, we found that all the parasites studied are within the same family as their host. Our data support the placement of Holmsella, species of which parasitize Gracilaria and Gracilariopsis, in the order Gracilariales and suggest that Holmsella is an old parasitic genus. Most other species of the Choreocolacaceae parasitize species of the Rhodomelaceae. The one exception is the hyperparasitism between Harveyella mirabilis (Reinsch) F. Schmitz et Reinke (Rhodomelaceae) and the parasite Gonimophyllum skottsbergii Setchell (Delesseriaceae). The parasites Bostrychiocolax australis Zuccarello et West and Dawsoniocolax bostrychiae (Joly et Yamaguishi-Tomita) Joly et Yamaguishi-Tomita are placed within the tribe Bostrychiae as are their hosts. Harveyella mirabilis has a single origin and has switched hosts several times during its passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Evidence does not support the continued recognition of the family Choreocolacaceae. Our results also indicate that the distinction between adelphoparasites and alloparasites is unwarranted, with a continuum between newly evolved parasites closely related to their hosts and parasites less closely related to their hosts.

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The Role of Secondary Pit Connections in Red Algal PARASITISM1

Journal of Phycology, Oct 29, 2004

Secondary pit connections are common between cells of hosts and parasites in the widespread pheno... more Secondary pit connections are common between cells of hosts and parasites in the widespread phenomenon of red algal parasitism. The DNA‐specific fluorochrome 4′,‐6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) reveals that in host‐parasite secondary pit connection (SPC) formation between the parasitic red alga Choreocolax polysiphoniae and its host Polysiphonia confusa, a nucleus and other cytoplasmic components of the parasite are delivered into the cytoplasm of a host cell. Host cells receive large numbers of parasite nuclei and these, apparently arrested in G1, are maintained intact in host cells for periods of several weeks. Within these enlarged, differentiated cells, starch accumulates and cytoplasmic organelles proliferate as the central vacuole decreases in size. Host nuclear DNA synthesis is stimulated in the infected host cell, resulting in an increase in the number of host nuclei, or an increase in DNA in each of the existing host nuclei (i.e. somatic polyploidy). Occasionally, infected host cells will recommence division and engender a new host branch. Microspectrofluorometry of nuclear DNA quantitatively confirms not only the identity and transfer of parasite nuclei to host cells, but also the transfer of parasite nuclei to other parasite cells. Measurements also reveal that the single nucleus of Choreocolax becomes progressively more polyploid as cells become larger and more highly differentiated. Secondary pit connection formation between Choreocolax and Polysiphonia provides the mechanism for the transfer of parasite genetic information (via the parasite nucleus and cytoplasm) into the host. The parasite nuclei may thereby control and redirect the physiology of the host for the benefit of the parasite.

The Evolution of Parasitism in Red Algae: Cellular Interactions of Adelphoparasites and Their HOSTS1

Journal of Phycology, Aug 1, 1994

ABSTRACT

Transfer of nuclei from a parasite to its host

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Sep 1, 1984

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The solution to the cytological paradox of isomorphy

Journal of Cell Biology, Mar 1, 1987

Cells with polyploid nuclei are generally larger than cells of the same organism or species with ... more Cells with polyploid nuclei are generally larger than cells of the same organism or species with nonpolyploid nuclei. However, no such change of cell size with ploidy level is observed in those red algae which alternate isomorphic haploid with diploid generations. The results of this investigation reveal the explanation. Nuclear DNA content and other parameters were measured in cells of the filamentous red alga GriJfithsia pacifica. Nuclei of the diploid generation

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Long-Range Academic Plan

This proposal puts forth a number of recommendations to strengthen existing campuswide undergradu... more This proposal puts forth a number of recommendations to strengthen existing campuswide undergraduate programs over the next ten years. Although the overall costs of programs described will be about $800,000 over six years, many of the recommendations put forth in this proposal will not require additional resources. They will, however, require some reorganization of programs and improved coordination and integration between programs. The faculty must address issues of governance of the colleges and determine precisely what are the roles and responsibilities of faculty to the colleges. A joint Senate-Administrative Task Force should be appointed to both examine the issues outlined in this proposal and make recommendations to the campus community. Issues to be addressed are: 1) Faculty: Who are the faculty of the colleges, how are they appointed, what are their responsibilities, and how is their service acknowledged? 2) Curriculum: Should colleges continue to offer courses and curricula? Should colleges continue to determine graduation requirements and confer degrees, and should they also then set their own general education requirements of students? 3) Infrastructure: How many colleges will be required at the completion of enrollment growth, and how might they best be organized? How will the increase in the size of faculty be accommodated within our current colleges? 4) University Development: Funding is being requested to support 50 percent of a development officer who would focus on fund-raising activities for the colleges. 4) First Year experience: Is our existing model of college core courses the best that we can provide for our students? What other models can be considered? How might these courses be more complimentary to the needs of Divisions and Departments? Might other models be used to deliver Subject A? How can we expand the capacity of Writing in the Disciplines? The proposal concludes that we need to provide additional staff support for student academic advising, rather than expect faculty to provide course and curricular advice to students. The time of faculty can be better used to work with students academically and provide career mentoring and guidance. Currently 51 staff FTE are deployed in advising campuswide. Classification of staff advisors varies from Administrative Assistants to senior SAOs. The proposal suggests a model for reorganizing staff advising and providing more professional opportunities for staff advisors. It also outlines a "cluster advising program" that will require all incoming students to provide the campus with a general idea of a their academic interests. Divisions and Departments will therefore be able to obtain contact information for all students who might be interested in a particular field of study, allowing the Departments to develop specific advising programs for these students. Additional funds are requested to support the expansion of services provided by the Office of International Education (OIE). In response to the growing interest in having students be more globally educated, and in response to the campus's plan to accommodate 1900 additional students in off-campus and summer programs, the OIE program plans to increase their student participate by four-fold over the next six years. Funds are requested to support the growth of the staff advisors required to process and oversee students participating in this program. The proposal also requests funds to support a new Academic Internship Coordinator position. This person will be the main contact for students seeking information on academic VPDUE Goff Long-Range Planning Document 12/2001 Office of the Vice Provost and Dean, Undergraduate Education Long-Range Academic Plan Submitted by Lynda J. Goff Vice Provost and Dean, Undergraduate Education December 3, 2001 OVERVIEW The Office of Vice Provost and Dean of Undergraduate Education was established on the UC Santa Cruz campus on July 1, 1999. The creation of this position provided the campus with a structure to help coordinate and integrate cross-divisional and cross-campus (i.e., academic and student affairs divisions) undergraduate programs. As such, this position was superimposed upon an existing structure where programs were coordinated, assessed and funded at a local level (i.e., individual college , department, program, etc.). But because of the decentralized evolution of these programs, synergies were often lost, as were opportunities for extramural funding. Since this office was created, I have worked with staff, faculty, administrators, students and alumni to determine how to use the office most effectively to provide for greater coherence of, and synergies between, existing and proposed undergraduate programs. As my office was evolving, so were those of all the other general UC campuses 1 . I have benefited from analyzing how their offices have been or are being organized 2 and my proposed plans reflects "best-practices" garnered from these and other institutions.

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Algal symbiosis : a continuum of interaction strategies

... A. Peters and Harry E. Calvert 8 Algal-fungal relationships in lichens: recognition, synthesi... more

Solitary bodies (S-bodies) in the parasitic red algaHarveyella mirabilis (Choreocolaceae, Cryptonemiales)

Protoplasma, Mar 1, 1976

Summary Unusual spherical cytoplasmic inclusions identical to S-bodies described previously in th... more Summary Unusual spherical cytoplasmic inclusions identical to S-bodies described previously in three angiosperms were found in all cells of the parasitic red algaHarveyella mirabilis collected from several locations in the northeast Pacific. The inclusions are ca. 60–80 nm and consist of an outer double membrane bounding a granular mantle and a DNase sensitive central core. S-bodies are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm and are associated occasionally with nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, ER, and vacuoles. They have not been observed in any other alga except in host algal cells, connected to parasite cells by cellular pit connections. The possible function of these inclusions is considered with respect to the parasitic nature ofHarveyella mirabilis.

Lynda Goff

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