History

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Paleontologists typically treat major episodes of extinction as single and distinct events in which a major environmental perturbation results in a synchronous evolutionary response. Alternatively, the causes of biotic change may be multifaceted and extinction may lag behind the changes ultimately responsible because of nonlinear ecological dynamics. We examined these alternatives for the major episode of Caribbean extinction 2 million years ago (Ma). Isolation of the Caribbean from the Eastern Pacific by uplift of the Panamanian Isthmus was associated with synchronous changes in Caribbean near shore environments and community composition between 4.25 and 3.45 Ma. Seasonal fluctuations in Caribbean seawater temperature decreased 3-fold, carbonate deposition increased, and there was a striking, albeit patchy, shift in dominance of benthic ecosystems from heterotrophic mollusks to mixotrophic reef corals and calcareous algae. All of these changes correspond well with a simple model of...

Auschwitz, Belsen, Dachau. Three generations later, these names still evoke the horrors of Nazi Germany around the world. What should be done with sites where hundreds of thousands of people were murdered and cremated? Punish Nazis? Tear down the buildings and plant trees? Build stores and apartments? Educate teenagers? All of these things happened at former concentration camps after 1945.

Marcuse's insightful narrative takes one of these sites, Dachau, and traces its history from the beginning of the twentieth century, through its twelve years as Nazi Germany's premier concentration camp, to the camp's postwar uses as a prison, residential neighborhood, and, finally, museum and memorial site.

With superbly chosen examples and an eye for telling detail, this absorbing book documents how Nazi perpetrators were quietly rehabilitated to become powerful elites, while survivors of the concentration camps were once again marginalized, criminalized, and silenced. The early postwar dodge "We didn't know!" became "We don't want to know," and German officials first rebuilt the camp as a huge housing project, then attempted to bulldoze it and the crematorium into oblivion. However, by 1965 camp survivors were able to ensure the preservation of some remains as a memorial site.

Always situating Dachau within the broader context of German history, Marcuse reveals the underlying dynamic of German memory debates from the 1968 rebellion to the "Holocaust" mini series in the 1970s, to Bitburg in the 1980s, to the Goldhagen and Berlin "murdered Jews" memorial controversies of the 1990s.

Combining meticulous archival research with an encyclopedic knowledge of the extensive literatures on Germany, the Holocaust, and historical memory, Legacies of Dachau unravels the intriguing relationship between historical events, individual memory, and political culture, enabling it to offer the first unifying interpretation of their interaction over the entire sweep of German history from the Nazi era into the twenty-first century.

Even though. since the 1970s,Auschwitl has eclipsed Dachau as the most widely recognized symbol of Nazi atrocities, the Dachau concentration camp museum remains by far the most visited original site associated with Nazi Germany. With the annual number of visitors rising from ca. 100,000 in the early 19505 to peak at just under 1 million in the late 19805. the Dachau memorial site museum ranks among the top five most-viSited museums in Germany. With foreign tourists consistently comprising well over 50% of those visitors. state and local officials have long been concerned about the impressions Visitors gain at the site.As this chapter will show, their attempts to shape visitors' experiences by reshaping the site were misguided more often than they were successful. From the early] 950s until the mid-1980s the Dachau site was repeatedly sanitized of authentic historical substance, but those red uctions proved ineffectual in modifying visitors' preconceptions and expectations. As the site once again undergoes extensive modification at the tum of the millennium. the redesigners' failure to consider their predominantly young audiences' relationships to the historical events appears to be leading to yet another ineffectual. top-down form for the memorial site.

Even though, since the 1970s,Auschwitz has eclipsed Dachau as the most widely recognized symbol of Nazi atrocities, the Dachau concentration camp museum remains by far the most visited original site associated with Nazi Germany. With the annual number of visitors rising from ca. 100,000 in the early 1950s to peak at just under 1 million in the late 1980s, the Dachau memorial site museum ranks among the top five most-visited museums in Germany. With foreign tourists consistently comprising well over 50% of those visitors, state and local officials have long been concerned about the impressions visitors gain at the site.As this chapter will show, their attempts to shape visitors' experiences by reshaping the site were misguided more often than they were successful. From the early 1950s until the mid-1980s the Dachau site was repeatedly sanitized of authentic historical substance, but those reductions proved ineffectual in modifying visitors' preconceptions and expectations. As the site once again undergoes extensive modification at the turn of the millennium, the redesigners' failure to consider their predominantly young audiences' relationships to the historical events appears to be leading to yet another ineffectual, top-down form for the memorial site.

Marcuse, UCSB [UC Irvine symposium "Lessons of the Holocaust," April 13, 2010] 1. Assessment: What lessons can be learned (and taught)? 2. Actual lessons in Germany, 1945-today 3. What lessons should be taught? [note: this pdf version includes "hidden" slides that were not shown to the audience, which have my notes for the oral remarks-the titles of these slides are [in brackets], as is other commentary not used or added for this pdf version]