Surface Actuation of Lightweight Mirrors with Shape Memory Alloy
Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Apr 1, 2004
[Journal of Aerospace Engineering 17, 83 (2004)]. Arup K. Maji PE, Peter Wegner, Refugio Rochin. ... more [Journal of Aerospace Engineering 17, 83 (2004)]. Arup K. Maji PE, Peter Wegner, Refugio Rochin. Abstract. ... Sci., 23, 4273–4281. Liang, C., and Rogers, CA (1990). “One-dimensional thermomechanical constitutive relations for shape memory materials.” J. Intell. Mater. Syst. ...
Farm Credit and the Response of Reform Beneficiaries: The Case of Agrarian Reform in El Salvador
El Salvador's agrarian reform cooperatives, which were created in March 1980, have received s... more El Salvador's agrarian reform cooperatives, which were created in March 1980, have received substantial credit through the Revolutionary Junta Government's nationalized banking system and its Institute for Agrarian Transformation (ISTA). Some 43 million was extended on an "emergency" basis in the first months of the reform in 1980, and it is still unclear what some of the money was used for. Much of it is still unpaid and accumulating penalty interest each year it is refinanced. Some 251 Phase I cooperatives currently receive production credit from banks; the Banco de Fomento Agropecuario (BFA) serves the largest number and is the bank responsible for lending to cooperatives that have severe problems. In general, the commercial banks lend to cooperatives that farm land whose former owner dealt with those banks, and they report generally good repayment by these cooperatives. Overall, about 76 percent of the production loans made to Phase I cooperatives in 1980 and 1981 were repaid, which is better than the record of other Latin American land reforms and also better than the repayment record of non-reform private landowner borrowers in El Salvador. As world interest rates have fallen, these production loans do not appear subsidized, at interest rates around 13 percent. An important link in the loan collection process is the marketing agency, and cooperatives generally sell export crops and basic grains to government marketing intermediaries. The loan repayment is deducted automatically in these cases. However, coffee growers (reform and others alike) are quite unhappy that the coffee marketing institute (INCAFE) makes them wait for payment for more than a year after they harvest the coffee. Detailed studies of the ability of a sample of Phase I cooperatives to pay their debts, including the land debt which they owe (like a mortgage), indicate that many cooperatives can make a profit on current production. They often have problems covering the interest, let alone prinicpal, of the 1980 "emergency" initial loans. On the other hand, several cooperatives cannot realistically expect to cover principal and 7.5 percent annual interest on the value of the land established by ISTA when it compensated the ex-owner. In some cases, it appears that land values declared by owners in 1976 and 1977 were greater than the true value of the land for production purposes. But further study is needed in this area. Management appears to be a limiting factor in the ability of Phase I cooperatives to earn profits in the future.
This booklet, the first in the Julian Samora Research Institute's E-Book Series, seeks to inform ... more This booklet, the first in the Julian Samora Research Institute's E-Book Series, seeks to inform a popular audience that there have been Latino Patriots in all major wars in United States history. Thus investigators interest in the history of patriots must consider the roles that Latinos have played. Professors Refugio RochÃn and Lionel Fernández consider theirs an exploratory work, for the topic has not been investigated in great depth. RochÃn and Fernández emphasize the need for additional research and the creation of more archival and oral collections that document Latino participation in war, valor, and even the term "Latino Patriot" itself. U.S. Latino Patriots complicates our understanding of Latino identity, evident in many of the stories related in this book. The "Latino Patriots" who receive attention in this work express a particularly strong identification with the nation. They include Brig. General Christopher Cortez, a hero of World War II, who asserted: "Heritage is very important, to know where we came from and the pride associated with that. But first and foremost, we are Marines." Furthermore, Latino Patriots have been proud to identify themselves as tough, including a soldier of more recent vintage, Master Sgt. Roy P. BenavÃdes, who adopted the code name "Tango Mike/Mike," which stood for "That Mean Mexican." The authors wish to thank the support of the Julian Samora Research Institute, and particularly Danny Layne, a former Marine Corps journalist who contributed photographs and artwork, along with editing and layout work for the project. A book on Latino Patriots is complicated by a strong current among Latinos, past and present, about limits to a perspective that emphasizes patriotism above all other factors. As this e-book goes online, more than 1,921 soldiers from the United States --along with more than 150,000 Iraqis, mostly civilian --have died since March 2003. Citizens of the U.S. must respect all the people whose lives have been been lost in this war.
Data from the 1969-1982 issues of the Annual Report: Financial Transactions Concerning Cities of ... more Data from the 1969-1982 issues of the Annual Report: Financial Transactions Concerning Cities of California have been computerized to provide detailed records of revenues andexpenditures of 57 "rural" incorporated cities in California with populations under 10,000. In addition to examining this data, we provide a comprehensive literature review and statement of California's property tax law, which was passed by the state's voters on June 6, 1978. Three aspects of Proposition 13 are examined: (1) The changing composition of revenues and expenditures, both before (1969-1978) and after (1978-1982), Proposition 13. (2) The degree to which revenues and expenditures have changed as a result of Proposition 13 (in terms of real and nominal dollars per capita). (3) The current trends and prospects facing small cities in providing public services in light of Proposition 13. With regard to the composition of funds, we show a greater reliance on "own-source revenues" and a declining dependence on federal revenue sharing and state and federal grants. Local governments have been quick to augment ''current service charges" which now represent the largest source of revenues for small communities. Despite these efforts, equally hurtful to these communities (in addition to the loss in property tax funds) has been the concomitant decline in state and federal grants. In fact, state and federal grants have remained low while the revenue from property taxes has rebounded since 1978. Extrapolations from our model indicated that substantial deficits can be expected in the local government financial picture for numerous small cities. Although local governments have raised "current service changes", enough to compensate for the loss in property tax revenues (and although the tax revenues have increased in recent years as a share of total revenues), the expenditure pattern continues unabatted. Without remedial measures to cover public service expenses, community deficits will mount in coming years.
Farm mechanization research: Assessing the consequences
California Agriculture, Aug 1, 1978
... Refugio I. Rochin is Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics, University of California,... more ... Refugio I. Rochin is Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics, University of California, Davis and is a member of the Giannini ... Tie author ratefully acknow ledges the helpful suggestions of colleagues Philip Martin, Stanley S. Johnson, B. Delworth Gardner, and Roger Garrett. ...
Agriculture and the Rural Economy in Pakistan . 2016. Edited by David J. Spielman, Sohail J. Malik, Paul Dorosh, and Nuzhat Ahmad. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press
American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Dec 22, 2017
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