Norte De Santander

Nombre: _____________________________________ Código: ________________ CUESTIONARIO EQUILIBRIO QUÍMICO 1. Cite tres definiciones (con sus fuentes) de EQUILIBRIO _______________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 2. ¿Qué es velocidad de reacción? ___________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 3. ¿Qué es una reacción irreversible) _________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 4. Defina EQUILIBRIO QUÍMICO ______________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

Siqueira JF Jr. Microbial causes of endodontic flare-ups. International Endodontic Journal, 36, 453^463, 2003. Literature review Inter-appointment £are-up is characterized by the development of pain, swelling or both, following endodontic intervention. The causative factors of £are-ups encompass mechanical, chemical and/or microbial injury to the pulp or periradicular tissues. Of these factors, microorganisms are arguably the major causative agents of £are-ups. Even though the host is usually unable to eliminate the root canal infection, mobilization and further concentration of defence components at the periradicular tissues impede spreading of infection, and a balance between microbial aggression and host defences is commonly achieved. There are some situations during endodontic therapy in which such a balance may be disrupted in favour of microbial aggression, and an acute periradicular in£am-mation can ensue. Situations include apical extrusion of infected debris, changes in the root canal microbiota and/or in environmental conditions caused by incomplete chemo-mechanical preparation, secondary intrar-adicular infections and perhaps the increase in the oxidation^reduction potential within the root canal favouring the overgrowth of the facultative bacteria. Based on these situations, preventive measures against infective £are-ups are proposed, including selection of instrumentation techniques that extrude lesser amounts of debris apically; completion of the chemo-mechanical procedures in a single visit; use of an antimi-crobial intracanal medicament between appointments in the treatment of infected cases; not leaving teeth open for drainage and maintenance of the aseptic chain throughout endodontic treatment. Knowledge about the microbial causes of £are-ups and adoption of appropriate preventive measures can signi¢cantly reduce the incidence of this highly distressing and undesirable clinical phenomenon.

A new technique for tongue brushing and halitosis reduction: the X technique The tongue is one of the primary sources of halitosis. The manual or mechanical removal of biofilm is known to decrease oral malodor. Objective: To evaluate a new tongue hygiene technique hereby referred to as "the X technique" and its effects on both halitosis and the number of microorganisms based on microbiological parameters and diagnostic features of the breath. Material and Methods: The study included thirty patients divided into a control group (patients without systematized guidelines of lingual hygiene, but who performed the mechanical cleaning of tongue dorsum, each in its own way), the 3R group (instructed to perform the movements of the X technique for 3 repetitions at each brushing), and the 6R group (instructed to perform 6 repetitions of the technique at each brushing). After two weeks, a new data collection was performed. Results: Patients in the 6R group presented the lowest score on the organoleptic assessment scale at the second consultation, followed by the 3R group and the controls. Regarding the self-perception of breath by the method of Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the control group did not perceive improvements in oral malodor; the results of the 3R group and the 6R group were similar. Conclusion: These results indicate that the X technique improves both measurements and perceptions of halitosis. Microbiological analyses revealed greatest reduction in the 6R group. The findings show that the X technique reduces both organoleptic scores and the number of bacterial colonies, and improves users' perceptions of their breath.