Papers by Jelica Jovanovic
Život umjetnosti, 2020
Tijekom prvog desetljeća nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata stambeno pitanje bilo je goruće pitanje u s... more Tijekom prvog desetljeća nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata stambeno pitanje bilo je goruće pitanje u socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji, dodatno otežano izolacijom zemlje nakon krize Rezolucije Informbiroa 1948. godine. Planirana modernizacija i industrijalizacija cijelog građevinskog sektora odgođena je do sredine 1950-ih, kada su opće gospodarske i društvene prilike bile manje teške. Ova odgoda izravno se odrazila na uvođenje i provedbu inovacija u stambenoj arhitekturi, urbanističkom planiranju i tehnologiji građenja. Industrijalizacija proizvodnje stanova i izgradnja novih jedinica u stambenim naseljima smatrani su jedinim adekvatnim načinom ublažavanja sveprisutne stambene krize. Tijekom ovog razdoblja istodobno se, međutim, moralo primjenjivati drukčije pristupe pri aktualnoj izgradnji oslanjajući se uveliko na postojeće modele stanovanja i tradicionalne obrte. I jedni i drugi osuvremenjeni su organiziranim djelovanjem arhitektonske struke i unaprjeđenjem same izvedbe podignute na "lančanu" organizaciju rada, čime su povećani kapaciteti i konačni rezultat-veći broj stambenih jedinica. Razvoj i rast bazične industrije i upravnih središta rezultirao je izgradnjom brojnih radničkih naselja koja je povijest arhitekture 20. stoljeća gotovo u potpunosti zanemarila. Time je ujedno onemogućen cjelovit uvid u razvoj, skromne početke jugoslavenske masovne stambene arhitekture najpoznatije po svojim dostignućima ostvarenima u razdoblju od 1960-ih do 1980-ih. →
AGG+_Special issue "Architecture, Landscape and Territory in Yugoslav Modernism", 2024
Architect Nikola Dobrović is best known in Serbia for his only constructed building in Belgrade, ... more Architect Nikola Dobrović is best known in Serbia for his only constructed building in Belgrade, the complex of the State Secretariat of National Defense (DSNO), better known as the General Staff, today an endangered cultural heritage and a crumbling building with an uncertain future. However, his short-term engagement as the head of the Urban Planning Institute of the Republic of Serbia from 1946-1947, and his later professorship at the Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade, are equally significant for Belgrade and Serbia. Documents testifying to the post-war period of his work are scattered in several places: in the Urban Planning Institute of Belgrade, the Museum of Science and Technology, the Historical Archive of Belgrade, and the rare publications can only be found in a few libraries in Serbia. In the course of his short-term work on New Belgrade, Dobrović provided several conceptual projects and sketches for New Belgrade within the Urban Planning Institute: the perfomance square, road schemes and the urban planning solution of the zone between the Palace of the Federation and the Railway Station - today's Central Zone of New Belgrade. Finally, at different stages of his career, Dobrović also designed individual objects, such as the project for the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and the building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, which remained in the domain of 'paper architecture', unbuilt, and which provides an insight into the way he thought about the process of urban and spatial planning, through the positioning of builidings which would've generated the character of their immediate and distant surroundings.
European Middle-Class Mass Housing: Past and Present of the Modern Community, 2023
In many aspects MCMH development in Serbia/Yugoslavia was unprecedented, determined by a growing ... more In many aspects MCMH development in Serbia/Yugoslavia was unprecedented, determined by a growing and unacknowledged formation
of a middle class in the context of Yugoslav socialism, and a widely proclaimed but elusive social ideal of “housing for all”. Two types of
MCMH were the most prevalent in the period considered here (1945-1991): a multi-storey collective residential building, in or outside the
city centre, and the individual private house, built in formal and informal or so-cold “wild” settlements. The Yugoslav housing experiment emerged mostly within the collective residential estates. The appropriation, innovation and even invention of different industrial building methods was further enhanced by excellent standards in urban planning and architectural design, exemplified in this study by selected MCMH cases in New Belgrade, Novi Sad, Bor and Subotica. Due to aging, lack of maintenance and the impoverishment of its inhabitants, the present state of this large housing stock is poor, its future uncertain, and yet, its lessons are of vital importance today.
Ecology within the high tide of direct foreign investments: navigating deindustrialization and decommunalization in the Serbian mining city of Bor
As you go… the roads under your feet, towards the new future , 2022
The last time I visited Bor, just before leaving, from my hotel room I took a good look at the in... more The last time I visited Bor, just before leaving, from my hotel room I took a good look at the infamous smelter smoke, which is pretty much a daily occurrence in this mining community. While the smoke slowly drifted down the valley of the infamous world’s most polluted river, the Bor River, and towards the nearby village Slatina, I was trying to remember what the safety protocols were when/if the emergency sirens go off, which never do. I was also trying to remember what it was like many years ago when I was visiting Bor. I remember being told that the children as young as kindergarten age know that they must go inside when the smoke falls onto the city. I also remember being told that the smelter’s operations were, allegedly, scheduled around the forecast and the probability of the wind blowing the smoke further away from the city. This was not my first encounter with the smoke. During one of my visits to the local archive, I had to go to the building, which is situated in the city center, on the edge of the old mineshaft. My eyes teared up and I started coughing, quite fittingly, when I reached the roundabout where the statue of Đorđe Vajfert is placed, the industrialist who founded the mine in 1903.
The problems of pollution and poisonous smoke are not a recent occurrence: there are historical records of locals putting in formal complaints as early as 1908. It took several years for the residents of Slatina, Krivelj, Oštrelj and Bor to understand that their plummeting harvests had something to do with the smoke coming out of the chimneys of the new mine. For thirty years their complaints have either been neglected, or some modest compensations have been paid. Eventually, in May 1935 the so-called Vlachian uprising happened, which is today often referred to as ‘the first ecological uprising of Europe’ by the ecological activists and journalists. This uprising is called Vlachian because the majority of the rebels were the residents of the nearby villages, which are predominantly resided by the Vlachs, the most numerous minority group of this region. This uprising ended violently, with various records stating that there were victims, both dead and wounded, on both sides – among farmers and among gendarmerie, which was sent to break the riots. This is just one episode in the long record of the industrial pollution in Serbia’s industrial towns, which does not differ from the similar cases abroad. To me however, it is interesting to observe how this uprising is utilized today, for quite rightful mobilizing of the residents of roughly 170 mining exploration fields, scattered all over Serbia . The narrative surrounding it today often serves to showcase the innate ecological awareness of the (Serbian) farmers, that existed well before the term became omnipresent in the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis.
Materializing the self-management: Tracking the commons in Yugoslav housing economy
Housing as Commons: Housing Alternatives as Response to the Current Urban Crisis, 2022
The housing economy of socialist Yugoslavia and the housing stock it produced have been a result ... more The housing economy of socialist Yugoslavia and the housing stock it produced have been a result of top-down housing policies, administered and implemented by the federal socialist government, which drew its legitimacy from the grassroots People’s Liberation Struggle and the Revolution during the Second World War. Deeply intertwined with the self-management practices, and influenced by the society’s economic and political circumstances, Yugoslav housing economy mirrored the processes unravelling in the country. Because of the severity of the housing crisis in post-war Yugoslavia, the system was rigid on material side, planning and controlling the land allocation, production and distribution of the construction material and expertise. However, due to the unfavorable conditions from which it emerged, the system was quite flexible on the organizational side, allowing many forms, scales and modalities for investment, development, and ownership. Furthermore, dwelling – especially in collective (multifamily) housing – was entangled with the communal policies of urban and rural development: housing communities as the lowest organizational unit of the municipalities, acted as legal entities representing all ‘housing councils’ of the corresponding territory. Practices of self-management, self-organizing, self-financing and embedded solidarity model of the housing distribution were integral part of the housing economy. The society relied mostly on its own resources to (re)build and develop, using whenever possible the youth and workers brigades, which were employed throughout the existence of socialist Yugoslavia, mostly engaged in building infrastructure like highways and railroads. Finally, the societal companies and enterprises, which were planning, designing and developing housing, were based on the principles of self-management and practically implementing the ‘agreement-based economy’, materializing the needs and aspirations of all the members of the society. There were many problems and mistakes that happened along the way, fuelling severe and unforgiving critique, but for decades this system worked and was delivering results. It constantly evolved, branching out and reshaping, thus further complicating its (present- day) research and understanding. Today, in retrospective, its results are resonating even stronger as the problems of our society multiply – – the need to reassess and potentially reintroduce and reuse some of the elements of the Yugoslav housing economy, at least in reconstruction of the existing stocks, is growing stronger and louder. We could argue that many aspects of this housing economy could be interpreted as a form of commons, as it produced the knowledge and the material conditions for housing the largest number of people, creating frameworks and infrastructures to achieve this goal.
During the first postwar decade, housing was a pressing issue in socialist Yugoslavia, further co... more During the first postwar decade, housing was a pressing issue in socialist Yugoslavia, further complicated by the isolation of the country in the aftermath of the Cominform Resolution crisis in 1948. Modernization and industrialization of the entire construction sector was planned, but it had to be postponed until the mid-1950s, when the circumstances were less dire. Because of this delay, innovations in housing architecture, urban planning, and technology came to a halt. Industrialization of the housing production and construction of new units in collective housing estates were considered the only credible path to alleviating the housing crisis. However, a different approach had to be taken during this period which was innovated through organized actions of the architectural and civil engineering profession. They relied extensively on the already existing housing types and on the traditional crafts, raised onto the industrial scale of operation and reorganized to enlarge the capaci...
Prefabricating non-alignment: The IMS Žeželj system across the decolonized world
The IMS Žeželj system was arguably one of the most successful prefabricated housing systems of th... more The IMS Žeželj system was arguably one of the most successful prefabricated housing systems of the post-war period. However, it remains mostly unknown within construction history, because of its “peripheral” origins and distribution, which circumvented the imperial centers of the ColdWar. Invented in socialist Yugoslavia in 1957, it was widely exported across Cold War divisions, especially to member states of the Non-Aligned Movement. A technology with deep colonial roots, prefabrication was recast as a tool of anticolonial solidarity, linking Europe’s semi-periphery, with its own history of imperial subjugation, and the recently decolonized countries in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. Created by the Yugoslav constructor Branko Žeželj, the IMS Žeželj system was reminiscent of Le Corbusier’s Maison Domino: a skeleton consisting of prestressed pillars and slabs. Prestressing technology, widely applied in the construction of large-span structures, was the system’s key feature, one that had been rarely used in mass housing.
New Belgrade: past-present-future, and the future that never came
An Eastern Europe Vision
It was an event that rarely happens in this part of the world: the construction of a brand-new ca... more It was an event that rarely happens in this part of the world: the construction of a brand-new capital city in a country which was not famous for its achievements in city building. Furthermore, it was in a country ravaged by WWII, rural and mostly agricultural, with modest industrial capacities. Today, 70 years after the beginning of its construction, New Belgrade is still one of the most contentious topics of architecture and urban planning in Serbia. It is the most beloved and the most hated, biggest success story and biggest failure, most beautiful and ugliest architecture of the city — all at the same time. It is not just a question of contested beauty: like many other post-war cities based on the Athens Charter, New Belgrade is a vast infrastructurally equipped urban territory, soaked in conflicted interests and interpretations of its past and its future. As we approach the saturation point of its available construction land — at least per original and many consecutive plans — ...
The paper aims to map out the numerous projects in Czechoslovakia realized by Yugoslav constructi... more The paper aims to map out the numerous projects in Czechoslovakia realized by Yugoslav construction companies from the 1960s to the 1980s and offers the preliminary insights into their modes of operation. Due to insufficient archival records, the paper offers a preliminary insight into the matter. However, with the extensive coverage of these projects in the Czechoslovak professional periodicals, it was possible to trace down fifty projects, done by companies from Serbia, Croatia and Macedonia. Interviews with the surviving protagonists and contemporaries of these collaborations provided detailed introspect into the mechanisms of the processes, with local architects typically responsible for the overall design, while Yugoslav companies provided the design development, technological know-how, construction services, and materials. These insights contribute to a growing body of knowledge about the exports of architecture from Europe’s socialist half during the Cold War and broadens the...
Among the large construction companies that characterized Yugoslav modernization after WWII, the ... more Among the large construction companies that characterized Yugoslav modernization after WWII, the Belgrade-based “Mostogradnja” occupies a central role in the country’s international success in the nonaligned sphere. Unlike the better known “Energoprojekt”, it was primarily an engineering company, highly qualified and economically competitive, specialized in large-span structures. Its organization, international success and specialization are discussed in the paper through the case study of a prestressed concrete bridge over the Euphrates (Fallujah, 1964–1967).
Bioclimatic Sanitation of the Protected Residential Areascase Study on Possible Renewal of Bač Fortress Suburbium
an-patrimoine-echanges.org
Page 1. BIOCLIMATIC SANITATION OF THE PROTECTED RESIDENTIAL AREAS CASE STUDY ON POSSIBLE RENEWA... more Page 1. BIOCLIMATIC SANITATION OF THE PROTECTED RESIDENTIAL AREAS CASE STUDY ON POSSIBLE RENEWAL OF BAČ FORTRESS SUBURBIUM DRAGANA PETROVIĆ*, MILA PUCAR**, JELICA JOVANOVIĆ ...
Periodica Polytechnica Architecture
The central zone of New Belgrade has been under tentative protection by the law of the Republic o... more The central zone of New Belgrade has been under tentative protection by the law of the Republic of Serbia; it is slowly gaining the long-awaited canonical status of cultural property. However, this good news has often been overshadowed by the desperation among the professionals, the fear among flat owners and the fury among politicians: the first because they grasp the scale of the job-to-be-done, the last because it interferes with their hopes and wishes, and the second because they are stuck between the first and the third group. This whirlpool of interests shows many properties of New Belgrade, that stretch far beyond the oversimplified narratives of ‘the unbuilt capital of Yugoslavia’, ‘the largest dormitory of Belgrade’ and ‘the unrestrained modernist playground’. This paper attempts to offer other points and value nods to those that are the most frequently used, from the complexity of the integrative efforts to the emergence of this new city, as well as the omitted and overlo...
SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON CONSTRUCTION HISTORY (7ICCH): History of Construction Cultures, 2021
The IMS Žeželj system was arguably one of the most successful prefabricated housing systems of th... more The IMS Žeželj system was arguably one of the most successful prefabricated housing systems of the post-war period. However, it remains mostly unknown within construction history, because of its “peripheral” origins and distribution, which circumvented the imperial centers of the ColdWar. Invented in socialist Yugoslavia in 1957, it was widely exported across Cold War divisions, especially to member states of the Non-Aligned Movement. A technology with deep colonial roots, prefabrication was recast as a tool of anticolonial solidarity, linking Europe’s semi-periphery, with its own history of imperial subjugation, and the recently decolonized countries in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. Created by the Yugoslav constructor Branko Žeželj, the IMS Žeželj system was reminiscent of Le Corbusier’s Maison Domino: a skeleton consisting of prestressed pillars and slabs. Prestressing technology, widely applied in the construction of large-span structures, was the system’s key feature, one that had been rarely used in mass housing.
Бележница - Часопис за библиотекарство, књижевност и културу, бр. 41, 2021
Године 2018, када је кинеска компанија Зиђин преузела РТБ Бор, многи су остали без одговора на пи... more Године 2018, када је кинеска компанија Зиђин преузела РТБ Бор, многи су остали без одговора на питање у којем ће се правцу басен даље развијати и шта ће тај развој значити за Бор и околину, као и за целу државу. Имајући у виду улогу коју је РТБ Бор одиграо у развоју града Бора, нарочито током периода социјалистичке Југославије, пажња посвећена овом питању је сасвим оправдана. Штавише, пошто је иницијатива Појас и пут објављена пар година пре овог преузимања, тако да су разни инфраструктурни пројекти кинеских компанија или најављени или се у Србији већ спроводе, концесија РТБ-а Бор постаје још интересантнија у ширем контексту кинеског глобалног ширења на плану пословања, извоза и економије.
Како ће текућа изградња пруге Београд–Будимпешта и најављена реконструкција деонице од Београда до Ниша (с великом вероватноћом да се настави ка Грчкој, до Атине) утицати на исток Србије и шире, на дунавски басен, где се управо реализује неколико врло значајних улагања кинеске владе? Шта све стоји иза ових великих подухвата, ако ишта, и како ће то утицати на свакодневицу грађана Србије?
Развој и одговарајућа популарност железница у Србији, као једног од назначајнијих делова инфраструктуре у земљи, били су прилично неравномерни. У зависности од подручја, фазе изградње, опреме и одржавања, њима би (а некада и не би) саобраћали путници, а понекад су могле и да се преоријентишу на претежно теретни транспорт. Када је реч о деловима мреже који воде ка планинским подручјима, какво је и Бор с околином, ситуација је још компликованија. Ту су се прво постављале ускотрачне пруге, које би се касније или адаптирале у широкотрачне или растављале и односиле на друга места. Преостало је свега неколико кратких деоница ускотрачних пруга намењених туристичким посетама, по којима je возиo популарни „Ћира”, воз са парном локомотивом. Како деиндустријализација одмиче, често се чују предлози да се старе и застареле деонице прилагоде туризму, уместо да се само размонтирају, одржавајући на тај начин и зрачак наде да ће се индустрија једног дана обновити.
На мапи тада новоосноване Краљевине СХС, касније Краљевине Југославије, из 1922. године1, види се један мали, у плаво обојени крак пруге који код Зајечара савија ка западу и, изгледа, завршава у неком пустом пољу. Заправо, место завршетка те пруге је борски рудник, који је постојао најмање 15 година када је ова мапа израђена (бакар је, после доста година истраживања, откривен 1903).
Историја изградње железнице у Тимочкој Крајини чврсто је испреплетена са развојем рударства у некадашњем селу Бору: у другој половини 19. века, династија Обреновић се залагала за развој индустријског рударства, а на основу уверења да једна сиромашна земља, каква је била тадашња Краљевина Србија, треба да развија рударски сектор и да, последично, своју економију изграђује на сировинама које поседује.
Пруга Бор–Црни Врх довршена је 1946. Чињеница да је то прва пруга коју су изградиле југословенске омладинске бригаде много говори о значају ове области за нову социјалистичку власт. Иако су одмах после раскида са Коминформом 1948. претње земљи стизале с истока, па су провокације на граници са Румунијом биле готово свакодневне, производња се у Бору наставила јер је планирана електрификација земље зависила од борске руде. Захваљујући стратешком значају РТБ-а Бор за спровођење државних развојних планова, убрзо је почела и изградња ауто-пута. Упркос томе што је изградња тог пута била технички прилично захтевна и што је (по анегдотама), гледајући цену по километру, реч о најскупљем путу направљеном у социјалистичкој Југославији, ауто-пут је довршен и отворен током седамдесетих година 20. века. Значајни део транспорта се са железнице пребацио на овај ауто-пут, што је био почетак декада пропадања железнице све до деведесетих година 20. века и лошег управљања овом инфраструктуром све до друге деценије 21. века.
До почетка двехиљадитих, Бор и читава околина су сасвим пропали због дугова који су нарастали током година и година криза у СФРЈ. Регионална инфраструктура запуштена је и оронула, само што није демонтирана, док су се проблеми гомилали, а делови железничких структура на којима је саобраћај обустављен дословно падали у кућна дворишта. Оронулост је искоришћена као изговор да се најави уклањање пруга, што је заустављено чим је продаја РТБ-а објављена и Зиђин ушао у кадар. С том појавом, регион је добио на значају, а сада се повезује и са развојем луке Пиреј и са реконструкцијом трансбалканске железничке мреже.
Међутим, изгледа да ипак неће остати сва инфраструктура – због планова за проширење рудника Ново Церово, пруга до Мајданпека ће се изместити (можда је она само прва од многих).
Циљ истраживања „Инфраструктурирање региона” јесте мапирање развоја и постављања или измештања регионалне железничке инфраструктуре, а у контексту историјских и текућих околности и услова за развој региона. Поред тога, истраживање ће покушати да дâ и преглед материјалних и симболичких вредности ове инфраструктуре, како у садашњим условима, тако и у периоду њене најинтензивније употребе, и да их упореди с обећањима која су с њом дошла (и отишла?). Истраживање ће се одвијати у више фаза: архивска, музејска и библиотечка грађа; медијски извори (штампа, интернет, телевизијске емисије итд.); теренска истраживања; на крају и интервјуи са релевантним актерима.
Život umjetnosti, 2020
During the first postwar decade, housing was a pressing issue in socialist Yugoslavia, further co... more During the first postwar decade, housing was a pressing issue in socialist Yugoslavia, further complicated by the isolation of the country in the aftermath of the Cominform Resolution crisis in 1948. Modernization and industrialization of the entire construction sector was planned, but it had to be postponed until the mid-1950s, when the circumstances were less dire. Because of this delay, innovations in housing architecture, urban planning, and technology came to a halt. Industrialization of the housing production and construction of new units in collective housing estates
were considered the only credible path to alleviating the housing crisis. However, a different approach had to be taken during this period which was innovated through organized actions of the architectural and civil engineering profession. They relied extensively on the already existing housing types and on the traditional crafts, raised onto the industrial scale of operation and reorganized to enlarge the capacities and output. Their results achieved in the workers’ collective housing estates around the core industries and administrative centers, which have been almost completely neglected by architectural historiography, provide an invaluable insight into the humble origins of Yugoslav mass-housing architecture, most known for its achievements from the 1960s to the 1980s.
-----------------------------------
Tijekom prvog desetljeća nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata stambeno pitanje bilo je goruće pitanje u socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji, dodatno otežano izolacijom zemlje nakon krize Rezolucije Informbiroa 1948. godine. Planirana modernizacija i industrijalizacija cijelog građevinskog sektora odgođena je do sredine 1950-ih, kada su opće gospodarske i društvene prilike bile manje teške. Ova odgoda izravno se odrazila na uvođenje i provedbu inovacija u stambenoj arhitekturi, urbanističkom planiranju i tehnologiji građenja. Industrijalizacija proizvodnje stanova i izgradnja novih jedinica u stambenim naseljima smatrani su jedinim adekvatnim načinom ublažavanja sveprisutne stambene krize. Tijekom ovog razdoblja istodobno se, međutim, moralo primjenjivati drukčije pristupe pri aktualnoj izgradnji oslanjajući se uveliko na postojeće modele stanovanja i tradicionalne obrte. I jedni i drugi osuvremenjeni su organiziranim djelovanjem arhitektonske struke i unaprjeđenjem same izvedbe podignute na „lančanu” organizaciju rada, čime su povećani kapaciteti i konačni rezultat—veći broj stambenih jedinica. Razvoj i rast bazične industrije i upravnih središta rezultirao je izgradnjom brojnih radničkih naselja koja je povijest arhitekture 20. stoljeća gotovo u potpunosti zanemarila. Time je ujedno onemogućen cjelovit uvid u razvoj, skromne početke jugoslavenske masovne stambene arhitekture najpoznatije po svojim dostignućima ostvarenima u razdoblju od 1960-ih do 1980-ih.
SYKHIV: SPACES, MEMORIES, PRACTICES, 2018
Just a small stroll down Sykhiv’s main streets provides an insight into the business landscape of... more Just a small stroll down Sykhiv’s main streets provides an insight into the business landscape of the area and the obvious demand for a variety of services, all well known to any resident of the new housing estates, that spill into the public space. However, the modalities are not the same. Depending on the opportunity, ambition, and connections of the owner/entrepreneur, some get
the possibility to build on the previously empty lots, aimed for central functions. Others apparently had to think of something else: buy or rent a ground floor flat
and refurbish it, build a MAF [“small architectural form,” such as a kiosk, see below— Ed.] or just sit on the street and sell products. This inspired me to look a bit more
into this phenomenon. Coming from Serbia, I am all too familiar and “adjusted” to these kind of practices and structures. I wanted to see the differences, or perhaps
better called local varieties, by interviewing actors and observing the area and occupants’ behavior.
Nasledje
Aрхитектонско-урбанистичка анализа првих стамбених блокова 21, 22 и 23 Централне зоне Новог Беогр... more Aрхитектонско-урбанистичка анализа првих стамбених блокова 21, 22 и 23 Централне зоне Новог Београда, представља сложен процес истраживања и сагледавања историјских, политичких и градитељских услова за формирање новог града на простору без наслеђених урбанистичких слојева. Реч је о макроамбијенту грађеном током друге половине XX века према Регулационом плану Новог Београда из 1962. године. Данас су новобеоградски блокови симболи политике социјалног старања у време СФРЈ, масовне индустријализације у грађевинарству иза које је стајала држава -економски, политички и логистички, као и конкурсне политике која је била заснована на постепеној изградњи процедуралног, институционалног и научно-технолошког оквира у циљу позитивне репрезентације државе. Архитектура Централне зоне, иако базирана на интернационалним узорима и совјетском соцреализму у почецима настајања, репрезентује сопстевни градитељски и ликовни идентитет због чега у оквиру непокретног културног наслеђа ужива статус целине под претходном заштитом. кључне речи: СФРЈ, Нови Београд, стамбени блок, интернационални стил, социјалистички реализам, бетон, префабрикација, индустријализација, културно наслеђе abstract:
Nasledje
Aрхитектонско-урбанистичка анализа првих стамбених блокова 21, 22 и 23 Централне зоне Новог Беогр... more Aрхитектонско-урбанистичка анализа првих стамбених блокова 21, 22 и 23 Централне зоне Новог Београда, представља сложен процес истраживања и сагледавања историјских, политичких и градитељских услова за формирање новог града на простору без наслеђених урбанистичких слојева. Реч је о макроамбијенту грађеном током друге половине XX века према Регулационом плану Новог Београда из 1962. године. Данас су новобеоградски блокови симболи политике социјалног старања у време СФРЈ, масовне индустријализације у грађевинарству иза које је стајала држава -економски, политички и логистички, као и конкурсне политике која је била заснована на постепеној изградњи процедуралног, институционалног и научно-технолошког оквира у циљу позитивне репрезентације државе. Архитектура Централне зоне, иако базирана на интернационалним узорима и совјетском соцреализму у почецима настајања, репрезентује сопстевни градитељски и ликовни идентитет због чега у оквиру непокретног културног наслеђа ужива статус целине под претходном заштитом. кључне речи: СФРЈ, Нови Београд, стамбени блок, интернационални стил, социјалистички реализам, бетон, префабрикација, индустријализација, културно наслеђе abstract:
As you go . . . the roads under your feet, towards a new future, 2020
Infrastructure is often described in terms of the (non)presence and the physicality of the pipes ... more Infrastructure is often described in terms of the (non)presence and the physicality of the pipes and routes, those grand linear structures of spatial and resource connectivity: highways, railways, sewage, heating, aqueducts. These structures often go either below, or along the very surface of the ground. But to look beyond the narrow, technical definition of infrastructure thought in engineering classes, infrastructure can also be a network of buildings such as health centers, schools, green markets, and similar amenities which make everyday life possible and are often the embodiment of (what should be) the social policy and/or safety net. However, the relational and temporal aspects of the infrastructure are much more interesting, especially in case of Serbia, whose economy is going through its third decade of restructuring and shrinking, rooted in a transition from a socialist to capitalist economy. It goes hand in hand with privatization of most of the industry, public property, and services. Infrastructure(s) are the latest large-size serving on the privatization plate of Serbia, with many concessions given and many foreign loans taken for the reconstruction of existing [infrastructure], and the construction of the new ones. Furthermore, most of the viable state-owned companies have been sold, leaving the [country's] resources as the next huge step in privatization-there are many foreign companies currently taking over the mines and quarries, or undertaking explorations of potential mines all over the country. The next step of the research will further expand why these resources and companies are important for the economy of Serbia, and their historical role in the 20 th and 21 st century. But for now, let's focus onto the recent concessions and privatizations in Serbia that involve the partners from PR China. Within last three years, as the Belt and Road initiative was announced and has already begun to materialise. Chinese companies have appeared to be quite interested in the country's greatest pieces of industry and traffic infrastructure, which-due to their size-have also accumulated significant debt and lagging behind the contemporary practices 1. However, it is interesting to compare the present-day strategy of Chinese companies with the historical strategies and goals of the postwar renewal and reorganization of Yugoslav economy, since the same companies are at the center of both of those processes.
http://wcscd.com/index.php/wcscd-curatorial-inquiries/as-you-go-journal/infrastructuring-the-region-fieldnotes-of-an-ongoing-research/
Histories of Postwar Architecture: Thick Descriptions: Socialist Yugoslavia in Construction, 2020
The paper aims to map out the numerous projects in Czechoslova-kia realized by Yugoslav construct... more The paper aims to map out the numerous projects in Czechoslova-kia realized by Yugoslav construction companies from the 1960s to the 1980s and offers the preliminary insights into their modes of operation. Due to insufficient archival records, the paper offers a preliminary insight into the matter. However, with the extensive coverage of these projects in the Czechoslovak professional periodicals, it was possible to trace down fifty projects, done by companies from Serbia, Croatia and Macedonia. Interviews with the surviving protagonists and contemporaries of these collaborations provided detailed introspect into the mechanisms of the processes, with local architects typically responsible for the overall design, while Yugoslav companies provided the design development, technological know-how, construction services, and materials. These insights contribute to a growing body of knowledge about the exports of architecture from Europe's socialist half during the Cold War and broadens the narrative of international architectural circulation, while unpacking the usual presumptions on "developed" and "und(er)developed". The paper points to other routes of exchange, based on the cooperation within the socialist world, but nevertheless across a geopolitical division, the one that separated the non-aligned Yugoslavia and the Warsaw Pact-member Czechoslovakia.
Uploads
Papers by Jelica Jovanovic
of a middle class in the context of Yugoslav socialism, and a widely proclaimed but elusive social ideal of “housing for all”. Two types of
MCMH were the most prevalent in the period considered here (1945-1991): a multi-storey collective residential building, in or outside the
city centre, and the individual private house, built in formal and informal or so-cold “wild” settlements. The Yugoslav housing experiment emerged mostly within the collective residential estates. The appropriation, innovation and even invention of different industrial building methods was further enhanced by excellent standards in urban planning and architectural design, exemplified in this study by selected MCMH cases in New Belgrade, Novi Sad, Bor and Subotica. Due to aging, lack of maintenance and the impoverishment of its inhabitants, the present state of this large housing stock is poor, its future uncertain, and yet, its lessons are of vital importance today.
The problems of pollution and poisonous smoke are not a recent occurrence: there are historical records of locals putting in formal complaints as early as 1908. It took several years for the residents of Slatina, Krivelj, Oštrelj and Bor to understand that their plummeting harvests had something to do with the smoke coming out of the chimneys of the new mine. For thirty years their complaints have either been neglected, or some modest compensations have been paid. Eventually, in May 1935 the so-called Vlachian uprising happened, which is today often referred to as ‘the first ecological uprising of Europe’ by the ecological activists and journalists. This uprising is called Vlachian because the majority of the rebels were the residents of the nearby villages, which are predominantly resided by the Vlachs, the most numerous minority group of this region. This uprising ended violently, with various records stating that there were victims, both dead and wounded, on both sides – among farmers and among gendarmerie, which was sent to break the riots. This is just one episode in the long record of the industrial pollution in Serbia’s industrial towns, which does not differ from the similar cases abroad. To me however, it is interesting to observe how this uprising is utilized today, for quite rightful mobilizing of the residents of roughly 170 mining exploration fields, scattered all over Serbia . The narrative surrounding it today often serves to showcase the innate ecological awareness of the (Serbian) farmers, that existed well before the term became omnipresent in the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis.
Како ће текућа изградња пруге Београд–Будимпешта и најављена реконструкција деонице од Београда до Ниша (с великом вероватноћом да се настави ка Грчкој, до Атине) утицати на исток Србије и шире, на дунавски басен, где се управо реализује неколико врло значајних улагања кинеске владе? Шта све стоји иза ових великих подухвата, ако ишта, и како ће то утицати на свакодневицу грађана Србије?
Развој и одговарајућа популарност железница у Србији, као једног од назначајнијих делова инфраструктуре у земљи, били су прилично неравномерни. У зависности од подручја, фазе изградње, опреме и одржавања, њима би (а некада и не би) саобраћали путници, а понекад су могле и да се преоријентишу на претежно теретни транспорт. Када је реч о деловима мреже који воде ка планинским подручјима, какво је и Бор с околином, ситуација је још компликованија. Ту су се прво постављале ускотрачне пруге, које би се касније или адаптирале у широкотрачне или растављале и односиле на друга места. Преостало је свега неколико кратких деоница ускотрачних пруга намењених туристичким посетама, по којима je возиo популарни „Ћира”, воз са парном локомотивом. Како деиндустријализација одмиче, често се чују предлози да се старе и застареле деонице прилагоде туризму, уместо да се само размонтирају, одржавајући на тај начин и зрачак наде да ће се индустрија једног дана обновити.
На мапи тада новоосноване Краљевине СХС, касније Краљевине Југославије, из 1922. године1, види се један мали, у плаво обојени крак пруге који код Зајечара савија ка западу и, изгледа, завршава у неком пустом пољу. Заправо, место завршетка те пруге је борски рудник, који је постојао најмање 15 година када је ова мапа израђена (бакар је, после доста година истраживања, откривен 1903).
Историја изградње железнице у Тимочкој Крајини чврсто је испреплетена са развојем рударства у некадашњем селу Бору: у другој половини 19. века, династија Обреновић се залагала за развој индустријског рударства, а на основу уверења да једна сиромашна земља, каква је била тадашња Краљевина Србија, треба да развија рударски сектор и да, последично, своју економију изграђује на сировинама које поседује.
Пруга Бор–Црни Врх довршена је 1946. Чињеница да је то прва пруга коју су изградиле југословенске омладинске бригаде много говори о значају ове области за нову социјалистичку власт. Иако су одмах после раскида са Коминформом 1948. претње земљи стизале с истока, па су провокације на граници са Румунијом биле готово свакодневне, производња се у Бору наставила јер је планирана електрификација земље зависила од борске руде. Захваљујући стратешком значају РТБ-а Бор за спровођење државних развојних планова, убрзо је почела и изградња ауто-пута. Упркос томе што је изградња тог пута била технички прилично захтевна и што је (по анегдотама), гледајући цену по километру, реч о најскупљем путу направљеном у социјалистичкој Југославији, ауто-пут је довршен и отворен током седамдесетих година 20. века. Значајни део транспорта се са железнице пребацио на овај ауто-пут, што је био почетак декада пропадања железнице све до деведесетих година 20. века и лошег управљања овом инфраструктуром све до друге деценије 21. века.
До почетка двехиљадитих, Бор и читава околина су сасвим пропали због дугова који су нарастали током година и година криза у СФРЈ. Регионална инфраструктура запуштена је и оронула, само што није демонтирана, док су се проблеми гомилали, а делови железничких структура на којима је саобраћај обустављен дословно падали у кућна дворишта. Оронулост је искоришћена као изговор да се најави уклањање пруга, што је заустављено чим је продаја РТБ-а објављена и Зиђин ушао у кадар. С том појавом, регион је добио на значају, а сада се повезује и са развојем луке Пиреј и са реконструкцијом трансбалканске железничке мреже.
Међутим, изгледа да ипак неће остати сва инфраструктура – због планова за проширење рудника Ново Церово, пруга до Мајданпека ће се изместити (можда је она само прва од многих).
Циљ истраживања „Инфраструктурирање региона” јесте мапирање развоја и постављања или измештања регионалне железничке инфраструктуре, а у контексту историјских и текућих околности и услова за развој региона. Поред тога, истраживање ће покушати да дâ и преглед материјалних и симболичких вредности ове инфраструктуре, како у садашњим условима, тако и у периоду њене најинтензивније употребе, и да их упореди с обећањима која су с њом дошла (и отишла?). Истраживање ће се одвијати у више фаза: архивска, музејска и библиотечка грађа; медијски извори (штампа, интернет, телевизијске емисије итд.); теренска истраживања; на крају и интервјуи са релевантним актерима.
were considered the only credible path to alleviating the housing crisis. However, a different approach had to be taken during this period which was innovated through organized actions of the architectural and civil engineering profession. They relied extensively on the already existing housing types and on the traditional crafts, raised onto the industrial scale of operation and reorganized to enlarge the capacities and output. Their results achieved in the workers’ collective housing estates around the core industries and administrative centers, which have been almost completely neglected by architectural historiography, provide an invaluable insight into the humble origins of Yugoslav mass-housing architecture, most known for its achievements from the 1960s to the 1980s.
-----------------------------------
Tijekom prvog desetljeća nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata stambeno pitanje bilo je goruće pitanje u socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji, dodatno otežano izolacijom zemlje nakon krize Rezolucije Informbiroa 1948. godine. Planirana modernizacija i industrijalizacija cijelog građevinskog sektora odgođena je do sredine 1950-ih, kada su opće gospodarske i društvene prilike bile manje teške. Ova odgoda izravno se odrazila na uvođenje i provedbu inovacija u stambenoj arhitekturi, urbanističkom planiranju i tehnologiji građenja. Industrijalizacija proizvodnje stanova i izgradnja novih jedinica u stambenim naseljima smatrani su jedinim adekvatnim načinom ublažavanja sveprisutne stambene krize. Tijekom ovog razdoblja istodobno se, međutim, moralo primjenjivati drukčije pristupe pri aktualnoj izgradnji oslanjajući se uveliko na postojeće modele stanovanja i tradicionalne obrte. I jedni i drugi osuvremenjeni su organiziranim djelovanjem arhitektonske struke i unaprjeđenjem same izvedbe podignute na „lančanu” organizaciju rada, čime su povećani kapaciteti i konačni rezultat—veći broj stambenih jedinica. Razvoj i rast bazične industrije i upravnih središta rezultirao je izgradnjom brojnih radničkih naselja koja je povijest arhitekture 20. stoljeća gotovo u potpunosti zanemarila. Time je ujedno onemogućen cjelovit uvid u razvoj, skromne početke jugoslavenske masovne stambene arhitekture najpoznatije po svojim dostignućima ostvarenima u razdoblju od 1960-ih do 1980-ih.
the possibility to build on the previously empty lots, aimed for central functions. Others apparently had to think of something else: buy or rent a ground floor flat
and refurbish it, build a MAF [“small architectural form,” such as a kiosk, see below— Ed.] or just sit on the street and sell products. This inspired me to look a bit more
into this phenomenon. Coming from Serbia, I am all too familiar and “adjusted” to these kind of practices and structures. I wanted to see the differences, or perhaps
better called local varieties, by interviewing actors and observing the area and occupants’ behavior.
http://wcscd.com/index.php/wcscd-curatorial-inquiries/as-you-go-journal/infrastructuring-the-region-fieldnotes-of-an-ongoing-research/