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Santosh Kumar

Thapar University, Patiala, School of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty Member

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I am a research scholar specialising in material manufacturing and various characterisation techniques. My expertise is in the melt-quench technique, sol-gel method, solid-state reaction method, crystallisation kinetics, XRD, FESEM-EDS, FTIR, Raman, UV-visible spectroscopy, VSM, DSC-TGA, XPS, photoluminescence, Vicker's microhardness, and dilatometry. I am dedicated to developing a glass for automotive windscreens that is highly transparent and mechanically stronger compared to currently available windscreen glasses.
Supervisors: K. Singh and Devender Kumar
Phone: +91-9877763978
Address: G- Block, Thapar institute of engineering and technology
Bhadson Road, Adarsh Nagar, Prem Nagar

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Papers by Santosh Kumar

Luminescence, mechanical and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics properties of MnO-doped borosilicate glasses for photonics applications

Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 2025

This study explores the MnO doping effects on mechanical, non-isothermal crystallization kinetics... more This study explores the MnO doping effects on mechanical, non-isothermal crystallization kinetics and luminescence properties of 30SiO 2-50B 2 O 3-(20-x)Li 2 O-xMnO (where, x = 4, 6, 8, and 10 mol%) glasses produced by melting and quenching method. Makishima-Mackenzie (M MR) and Rocherulle (R M) models are used to study the mechanical properties of the prepared glass samples. The FTIR spectra confirm the presence of different structural units of borate and silicate in the prepared glass samples. The Kissinger and Augis-Bennett models are used to study the activation energies (E g , E r , and E c) of the prepared glasses. The substitution of Li 2 O with MnO is responsible for weakening the glass network, and, consequently, glass with the highest doping of MnO (LM-10, 10 mol%) exhibits lowest network rigidity. Glass with the lowest doping of MnO (LM-4, 4 mol%) exhibits the highest activation energy (E g) for crystallization. While glass with the highest doping of MnO (LM-10, 10 mol%) exhibits the lowest activation energy (E g) of crystallization. The fragility index shows a decreasing trend with MnO doping and heating rates, while thermal stability shows an increasing trend with increasing MnO doping. The value of correlated colour temperature lies between 1692 and 1712 K and confirms that the MnO-doped borosilicate glasses predominantly emit in the bluish-pink region, highlighting their potential utility in photonics applications.

Tuning Crystallization, Strength, and Luminescence Property of CuO Modified Sodium-Phosphate Glasses

ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 2025

This study investigates the impact of CuO doping on the non-isothermal crystallisation, mechanica... more This study investigates the impact of CuO doping on the non-isothermal crystallisation, mechanical, and luminescence properties of 45P2O5 − (55 − x)Na2O − xCuO (where x = 0, 1, 3, and 5 mol%), prepared via a melt-quench technique. Mechanical properties are evaluated using the Makishima-Mackenzie and Rocherulle models, while crystallization kinetics are analyzed with the Kissinger and Augis-Bennett models. The substitution of Na2O with CuO weakens the glass network, with the
5 mol% CuO-doped glass (NC-5) exhibiting the lowest rigidity. Consequently, the activation energy for crystallization (Ec) decreased as CuO content increased. This is accompanied by an increase in thermal stability and a decrease in the fragility index. Furthermore, the glasses exhibited a strong greenish-blue luminescence, having the values of correlated color temperature in the range of 9404-9332 K, which makes them suitable for photonic applications.

Functionalization of optical and photoluminescence properties using Li2O/Na2O in magnesium phosphate glasses

Ceramics International, 2025

This study focuses on the effect of the field strength of two alkali modifiers (𝑁𝑎 2 𝑂/𝐿𝑖 2 𝑂) on... more This study focuses on the effect of the field strength of two alkali modifiers (𝑁𝑎 2 𝑂/𝐿𝑖 2 𝑂) on the physical, structural, and optical properties of 40𝑃 2 𝑂 5 + 20𝑀𝑔𝑂 + (40-𝑥)𝑁𝑎 2 𝑂 + 𝑥𝐿𝑖 2 𝑂+1 mol% of 𝑇 𝑖𝑂 2 (x = 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mol%). The melt-quenched samples are analysed using various experimental techniques such as Xray diffraction, Raman, UV-visible and photoluminescence spectroscopy to assess their potential for solid-state laser application. As 𝐿𝑖 2 𝑂 replaces 𝑁𝑎 2 𝑂, the density and molar volume decrease of all the glass samples. X-ray diffraction confirms the amorphous nature of the phase-separated sample. Raman spectra reveal the presence of metaphosphate (𝑃 2), pyrophosphate (𝑃 1) and orthophosphate (𝑃 0) structural units, indicating that the glass network becomes more polymerised as 𝐿𝑖 2 𝑂 is added from 10 to 40 mol% in place of 𝑁𝑎 2 𝑂. The optical band gap is in the wide band gap semiconductor range, i.e., 3.85 to 4.40 eV. The correlated colour temperature value varies from 2325 to 3813 K, which indicates a warm colour temperature. These findings also suggest that the present sample exhibits good potential to be used in electronic and optoelectronic devices.

Role of NaCl on structural, optical and mechanical properties of recycled photovoltaic glasses

Ceramics International, 2025

Solar photovoltaic glasses are waste materials after prolonged use and broken during the operatio... more Solar photovoltaic glasses are waste materials after prolonged use and broken during the operations of solar cells. These waste glasses are recycled and have properties comparable to solar photovoltaic glasses. A comparative study of the composition, structure, optical, and mechanical properties of the recycled glass with the waste glass are performed using energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and Vicker's microhardness tester, respectively. The re-melting process with the addition of NaCl has modified the glass network, exhibiting a reduction in density and an increase in molar volume compared to the waste glass, with an increase in 𝑄 2 units and a decrease in 𝑄 3 units. The optical band gap of the recycled and waste glass lies in the insulating 4.24-4.26 eV and hardness 4.8-5.2 GPa range. The recycled glass has better transparency than waste glass obtained from transmittance spectra.

A comprehensive study on tunable structural, optical and mechanical properties of recycled windscreen glasses

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2025

Waste front windscreen glasses of cars are recycled to study their feasibility for reuse in autom... more Waste front windscreen glasses of cars are recycled to study their feasibility for reuse in automobiles. The waste glasses are remelted at 1550 C using 1 mol% of B2O3, NaCl, KCl, and P2O5 as additives. The remelted glasses are characterised and tested using the Fourier transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and Vicker’s microhardness tester, respectively. The addition of additives modified the glasses by changing the silicate structural units. These modifications lead to an increase in density and a decrease in molar volume compared to the glass without the above additives, recycled glass (RB7). The optical band gap of all the recycled glass falls within the insulating range of 3.43-3.54 eV, with a hardness range of 4.29-5.74 GPa. The P2O5 contained recycled glasses that exhibited similar properties to those observed for pristine windscreen glasses. This approach finds a way to reuse windscreen glasses for automobiles with a decreased carbon footprint.

Tunable green-blue luminescence of Dy2O3 doped borosilicate glasses for optoelectronic devices

Journal of Molecular Structure, 2025

The optical-structural correlated properties of the 40B2O3 − 40SiO2 − 10V2O5 − (10 −x)F e2O3 − xD... more The optical-structural correlated properties of the 40B2O3 − 40SiO2 − 10V2O5 − (10 −x)F e2O3 − xDy2O3 system, where 2, 4, and 6 mol%, were studied. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the glassy and amorphous nature of the samples. Adding
promoted the formation of bridging oxygens (upto 4 mol%) by converting
into units, however, above 4 mol% act as a modifier. The optical band gap increased from 3.70 to 4.01 eV, while the refractive index decreased from 2.23 to 2.16. The CIE coordinates indicated that the emission spectra fall within the green-blue region. The as-prepared sample exhibited the highest correlated colour temperature value above 5000 K, suggesting its suitability for cool light-emitting diodes sensitive to human vision. These glasses have potential applications in light-emitting diodes and optoelectronic devices.

The network former/modifier behavior of CuO in Na 2 O-P 2 O 5 glasses

Ceramics International, 2024

This present study focus on the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of the role of CuO in... more This present study focus on the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of the role of CuO in the physical, structural, and optical properties of 50P 2 O 5-(55-x)Na 2 O-xCuO (x = 0, 1, 3, and 5 mol%) compositions. The synthesized samples are analysed using various techniques such as XRD, FTIR, Raman, and UV-Visible spectroscopy to check their potential for laser and nonlinear optical applications. The addition of CuO in place of Na 2 O, increases the density of the glasses, while the molar volume decreases except for the PNC-5 (5 mol%) samples. X-ray diffraction confirms the amorphous nature of the samples. FTIR and Raman spectra reveal the presence of metaphosphate (Q 2) and pyrophosphate (Q 1) structural units, indicating that the glass network becomes more polymerized as CuO is added up to 3 mol%. The optical band gap increases from 3.52 to 4.27 eV, while the refractive index decreases from 2.54 to 2.12 as the concentration of CuO increases up to 3 mol%. These observations, shows the dual behaviour of CuO i.e., network former (up to 3 mol%) and network modifier (above 3 mol%). These findings also suggest that the present glass material holds significant promises for applications in nonlinear optics.

Conversion of cool-to-warm orange-reddish light emitting diode by Sm2O3 addition in magnesium borosilicate glasses

by Santosh Kumar and SUNYANA Thakur

Journal of molecular structure, Apr 1, 2024

The composition of 50 2 − 40 2 3 − (10 −) − 2 3 (x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5) was synthesized using ... more The composition of 50 2 − 40 2 3 − (10 −) − 2 3 (x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5) was synthesized using the melt quench technique. All samples are formed the glasses as confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The density and optical band gap are found to be increased with the addition of 2 3 (intermediate oxide) in place of MgO (modifier). On the other hand, the refractive index and oxide ion polarizability of the glasses are decreased due to the conversion of non-bridging oxygens into bridging oxygens with higher covalent bonded glasses. Interestingly, the symmetric structural units of 2 (2 and 4) increased instead of (3 and 1) with the replacement of MgO by 2 3. The CIE coordinates show the emission spectra lie in the reddish-orange region and the SBS-1.5 sample has the lowest CCT value (1858 K), which suggests that this glass can be used for light emitting diode which is sensitive for the human eye.

Comprehensive analysis of physical, mechanical, thermal and attenuation characteristics of NaF -B 2 O 3 -Bi 2 O 3 -Sm 2 O 3 glasses for gamma radiation shielding applications

by Santosh Kumar and Sukhpal Singh

Ceramics International, 2024

A glass system with the nominal composition 10NaF-(89-x)B 2 O 3-xBi 2 O 3-1Sm 2 O 3 (where x = 15... more A glass system with the nominal composition 10NaF-(89-x)B 2 O 3-xBi 2 O 3-1Sm 2 O 3 (where x = 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 mol%) has been fabricated by the melt quenching technique. Densities increased from 3.598 to 4.726 g/ cm 3 and a corresponding rise in molar volume from 35.880 to 44.089 cm 3 /mol. The decrement in oxygen packing density (OPD = 75.250-61.239 mol/cm 3) and increment in oxygen molar volume (13.289-16.329 cm 3 / mol) indicate an expansion of the glass structure with the Bi 3+ ions. Young's modulus decreases from 58.974 to 41.685 GPa as the concentration of Bi 2 O 3 increases from 15 to 35 mol%. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) shows an increasing trend, demonstrating improved attenuation ability with a higher molar concentration of Bi₂O₃. As the Bi₂O₃ concentration increases in the glass matrix, the effective atomic number (Z eff) increases from 61.214 to 72.116 at 59.54 keV, and from 15.829 to 25.988 at 662 keV. The half-value layer (HVL) decreases as bismuth oxide is introduced into the glass matrix, and prepared glasses exhibit lower values than Hematite-Serpentine Concrete, Ilmenite-Limonite Concrete, Basalt-Magnetite Concrete, Ilmenite Concrete, RS253, 55B 2 O 3 :20BaCO 3 :19.5ZnO:5Bi 2 O 3 :0.5Dy 2 O 3 , RS 323, LSGB1, and LSGB2 shielding materials. The mean free path (MFP) values reduced from 0.094 to 0.053 cm at 59.54 keV, and from 2.958 to 2.073 cm at 662 keV with the Bi 2 O 3 concentration. Consequently, the prepared glass can be reliable for gamma radiation shielding applications.

Impact of CuO on physical, structural and optical properties of sodium-phosphate glasses

by Santosh Kumar and K. Singh

Ceramics International, 2024

The present work is involved in the synthesize, characterization and evaluating the role of CuO o... more The present work is involved in the synthesize, characterization and evaluating the role of CuO on physical, structural and optical properties of 45P 2 O 5-(55-x)Na 2 O-xCuO (x = 0, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 mol%) compositions. The as-synthesized samples are characterized by various experimental techniques such as XRD, FTIR, Raman and UV visible spectroscopy to study their suitability for laser and non-linear optical applications. The density of glasses increases whereas molar volume decreases from with the doping of CuO in place of Na 2 O. The amorphous nature of the prepared samples is confirmed by X-ray pattern. FTIR and Raman spectra confirm the presence of metaphosphate (Q 2) and orthophosphate (Q 0) structural units in the prepared glass samples which confirms that the glass network become more polymerised with the addition of CuO in place of Na 2 O. The optical band gap increases from 1.94 to 4.11 eV whereas refractive index decreases from 2.76 to 2.14 with increasing doping of CuO. The molar refraction decreases while metallization criteria increase with CuO doping. This glass material demonstrates promising potential for applications in non-linear optics.

Evaluating the role of Er 3+ ion on the structural, optical and thermal properties of CaO-ZrO 2 -Y 2 O 3 -B 2 O 3 -SiO 2 glasses

Ceramics International, 2024

The present work is involved in synthesizing, characterizing, and evaluating the role of Er 3+ io... more The present work is involved in synthesizing, characterizing, and evaluating the role of Er 3+ ion on structural, optical, and thermal properties of 20CaO-10ZrO 2-10Y 2 O 3-30 B 2 O 3-(30-x)SiO 2-xEr 2 O 3 (x = 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, and 1.5 mol%) compositions. The as-synthesized samples are characterized by various experimental techniques such as XRD, FTIR, Raman, UV visible spectroscopy, and DSC to study their suitability for optoelectronic applications. The density of glasses increases, whereas the molar volume decreases with the doping of Er 2 O 3 in place of SiO 2. The amorphous nature of the prepared samples is confirmed by the X-ray diffraction pattern. FTIR and Raman spectra confirm the presence of BO 4 and BO 3 structural units in the prepared glass samples. The UV-visible absorption spectra show 4 G 9/2 , 4 G 11/2 , 2 G 9/2 , 4 F 5/2 , 4 F 7/2 , 2 H 11/2 , and 4 F 9/2 transitions with the Er 2 O 3 doping. The optical band gap increases from 3.25 to 3.61 eV, whereas the refractive index decreases from 2.33 to 2.24 with increasing doping of Er 2 O 3 , except for the SE-1.5 glass sample. The molar refraction decreases with Er 2 O 3 doping. The glass transition temperature increases from 472 to 512 • C with Er 2 O 3 doping in place of SiO 2 , except for the SE-1.5 glass. SE-0.3 glass shows the highest thermal stability, while SE-1.5 glass shows the lowest thermal stability. Therefore, these glasses can be considered for application in optoelectronics.

Optical, Structural and Mechanical Properties of Automobile Front Panel Windshield Glasses

Silicon, 2023

Windshield glasses of different cars are taken from an automotive repair shop to investigate thei... more Windshield glasses of different cars are taken from an automotive repair shop to investigate their structural, optical, and mechanical properties, co-related with their chemical constituents. Energy-dispersive spectroscopic analysis confirms that the windshield glasses contain Si O 2 , N a 2 O, MgO, Ca O, Al 2 O 3 , and K 2 O in variable atomic percentages in different windshield glasses of varying car's models. However, the content of these oxides is changed by ±2%. The Fourier transform infrared, as well as Raman spectroscopy, was used to study the formation of non-bridging oxygens with variations of constituent amounts. The optical band gap was calculated using diffuse reflectance spectra, whereas the hardness and fracture toughness were measured by Vicker's microhardness tester. The windshield glass of the BMW 7 Sedan car exhibits better mechanical properties and transparency throughout the visible range than other windshield glasses.

Influence of ZrO 2 on non-isothermal crystallization kinetics, structure and optical properties of calcium borosilicate glasses

Materials Today Communications, 2024

The objective of the present work is to study the effect of ZrO 2 on the structure, crystallizati... more The objective of the present work is to study the effect of ZrO 2 on the structure, crystallization behavior and optical properties of 30SiO 2-30B 2 O 3-10Y 2 O 3-(30-x)CaO-xZrO 2 glasses using Raman, DSC and UV-visible spectroscopy, respectively prepared by melt and quench method. The optical gap is decreased with ZrO 2 content except BSZ-7.5. The refractive index, optical basicity, and oxide ion polarizability are exhibited increasing trend with increasing ZrO 2 content due to the conversion of bridging oxygens into non-bridging oxygens. The FTIR spectra revealed that Q 1 unit of glasses increases instead of Q 2 with increasing ZrO 2 content. Lasocka, Kissinger and Augis-Bennette approaches are employed to study the crystallization behavior of the glasses. Various thermal parameters such as Avrami's constant, thermal stability and fragility index are also studied to find out their possible application. In the present study, ZrO 2 acts as a modifier up to 5.0 mol% and enhance bulk crystallization whereas at higher concentration (beyond 5.0 mol%), it behaves as a former and enhance surface crystallization.

SiO2/B2O3 glass formers effect on transparency and mechanical properties of soda-lime borosilicate glasses for automobile applications

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2023

Glass composition (64-y)SiO 2-yB 2 O 3-16Na 2 O-12CaO-2Al 2 O 3-6MgO (y = 2, 4, and 6 mol%) was p... more Glass composition (64-y)SiO 2-yB 2 O 3-16Na 2 O-12CaO-2Al 2 O 3-6MgO (y = 2, 4, and 6 mol%) was prepared by the melt-quench technique. The X-ray diffraction spectra confirmed the amorphous nature of the samples. The hardness, fracture toughness, and coefficient of thermal expansion are increased with the addition of B 2 O 3 in place of SiO 2. Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy investigations revealed a structural change as the increment of 3 units on the cost of 2 and 1 units. The optical band gap and the Urbach energy do not follow any trend due to the mixed glass former effect. The highest optical band gap is found at nearly 3.95 eV for the 62S-2B sample. The transparency and hardness are found to be comparable to commercially available windshield glasses i.e. 88%-86% and 6.03-6.94 GPa, respectively. Nevertheless, the present findings can be used to optimize glass composition for automobile applications.

Structure–property correlation of silicate glasses for automobile applications

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2024

The used and broken windshield panels of the Alto 800 (A8), Hyundai i20 (H2), and Maruti Suzuki E... more The used and broken windshield panels of the Alto 800 (A8), Hyundai i20 (H2), and Maruti Suzuki Eeco (ME) have been taken to study their structural, optical, and mechanical characteristics. Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy investigation revealed the increment of 3 and 4 units instead of 1 and 2 units when K 2 O and MgO content increases in the windshield glasses. The transparency is highest for A8 glass due to the higher content of 1 and 2 , making the glass network more open. This windshield glass panel is less rigid with lower hardness than other windshield glasses. The highest optical band gap is found at nearly 3.66 eV for the ME sample. However, the A8 windshield glass is thermally more stable and it can bear more temperature variation and harsh environmental conditions. The present study would help to design better windshield glasses.

Effect of Gd2O3 on physical, structural, optical and magnetic characteristics of vanadium containing borosilicate glasses

Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2024

• The optical band gap decreases with an addition of Gd 2 O 3. • The nanocrystalline phase is res... more

Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics, optical and structural properties of MgO-doped vanadate glasses

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2024

This paper deals with the crystallization kinetics, optical and structural features of V 2−x Mg x... more This paper deals with the crystallization kinetics, optical and structural features of V 2−x Mg x O 5−δ (x = 0.15-0.30) glasses under non-isothermal conditions using Lasocka, Kissinger and Augis-Bennett approaches. Raman spectra confirm the layer structure of vanadium in the present glasses. The optical band gap decreases from 2.64 to 2.20 eV with an increase in MgO doping, while refractive index (n) increases from 2.50 to 2.65 with an increase in MgO doping. The activation energy of glass transition and crystallization increase from 150 to 229 kJ mol −1 and 256-442 kJ mol −1 , respectively, with the doping of MgO in V 2 O 5. The kinetic parameters calculated from different approaches are found to be in a good agreement with each other. The fragility index increases from 29 to 51 with increasing MgO content in place of V 2 O 5. The values of f g and E c are found to enhance with changes in heating rates due to the strong influence of heating rates on glass transition temperature.

Conversion of cool-to-warm orange-reddish light emitting diode by Sm2O3 addition in magnesium borosilicate glasses

by Santosh Kumar and Paramjyot Kumar Jha

Journal of Molecular Structure, 2024

The composition of 50 2 − 40 2 3 − (10 −) − 2 3 (x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5) was synthesized using ... more The composition of 50 2 − 40 2 3 − (10 −) − 2 3 (x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5) was synthesized using the melt quench technique. All samples are formed the glasses as confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The density and optical band gap are found to be increased with the addition of 2 3 (intermediate oxide) in place of MgO (modifier). On the other hand, the refractive index and oxide ion polarizability of the glasses are decreased due to the conversion of non-bridging oxygens into bridging oxygens with higher covalent bonded glasses. Interestingly, the symmetric structural units of 2 (2 and 4) increased instead of (3 and 1) with the replacement of MgO by 2 3. The CIE coordinates show the emission spectra lie in the reddish-orange region and the SBS-1.5 sample has the lowest CCT value (1858 K), which suggests that this glass can be used for light emitting diode which is sensitive for the human eye.

B2O3 anomaly effect on crystallization and mechanical properties of soda-lime silicate glasses

Materials Today Communications, 2024

In the present investigation, the effect of B 2 O 3 is investigated on the theoretical mechanical... more In the present investigation, the effect of B 2 O 3 is investigated on the theoretical mechanical properties and crystallization kinetics of (64-x)SiO 2-xB 2 O 3-16Na 2 O-12CaO-2Al 2 O 3-6MgO (x = 2, 4, and 6 mol%) glasses. To understand the mechanical properties elastic moduli are calculated using two theoretical models i.e., Makishima-Mackenzie and Rocherulle. Whereas, in crystallization kinetics, activation energies (, , and) are computed using two distinct methods, i.e., the Kissinger model and the Augis and Bennett model. The replacement of SiO 2 by B 2 O 3 enhances the strengthening of the glass network which makes the B6-S58 glass network more rigid. The B6-S58 and B2-S62 glasses have the highest and lowest activation energy () for crystallization, respectively. B4-S60 glass shows non-linear behavior in characteristics temperature as well as in activation energy due to boron anomaly. The present finding could be helpful in designing windshield automobile glasses.

Asymmetric SiO 2 structural units modification by Li 2 O and their effect on optical and mechanical properties of soda lime silicate glasses

Ceramics International, 2023

The composition of 64SiO 2-16Na 2 O-12CaO-2Al 2 O 3-(6-x)MgO-xLi 2 O (x = 0, 2, 4 and 6) prepared... more The composition of 64SiO 2-16Na 2 O-12CaO-2Al 2 O 3-(6-x)MgO-xLi 2 O (x = 0, 2, 4 and 6) prepared by the melt quench technique to study the effect of Li 2 O on optical and mechanical properties. The X-ray diffraction spectra confirmed the amorphous nature of all the quenched samples. The density, hardness, and elastic modulus are found to be decreased with the addition of Li 2 O modifier instead of MgO. On the other hand, the brittleness, optical band gap, and transparency of the glasses are increased due to the conversion of bridging oxygens into non-bridging oxygens. Interestingly, the asymmetric structural units of SiO 2 (3 and 1) increased instead of 2 with the replacement of MgO by Li 2 O. The highest transparency is observed with the highest content of Li 2 O (6 mol%). The transparency along with other properties are found to be either comparable or higher than the commercially available windshield glasses. Thus, these glasses can be used as windshield glass in automobiles.