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Prior to 1994, most Delhi hospitals and dispensaries experienced constant shortages of essential medicines. There was erratic prescribing of expensive branded products, frequent complaints about poor drug quality and low patient satisfaction. Delhi took the lead in developing a comprehensive Drug Policy in 1994 and was the only Indian state to have such a comprehensive policy. The policy's main objective is to improve the availability and accessibility of quality essential drugs for all those in need. The Delhi Society for the Promotion of Rational Use of Drugs (DSPRUD), a non-governmental organization, worked in close collaboration with the Delhi Government and with universities to implement various components of the policy. The first Essential Drugs List (EDL) was developed, a centralized pooled procurement system was set up and activities promoting rational use of drugs were initiated. In 1997, the Delhi Programme was designated the INDIA-WHO Essential Drugs Programme by the World Health Organization. The EDL was developed by a committee consisting of a multidisciplinary group of experts using balanced criteria of efficacy, safety, suitability and cost. The first list contained 250 drugs for hospitals and 100 drugs for dispensaries; the list is revised every 2 years. The pooled procurement system, including the rigorous selection of suppliers with a minimum annual threshold turnover and the introduction of Good Manufacturing Practice inspections, resulted in the supply of good quality drugs and in holding down the procurement costs of many drugs. Bulk purchasing of carefully selected essential drugs was estimated to save nearly 30% of the annual drugs bill for the Government of Delhi, savings which were mobilized for procuring more drugs, which in turn improved availability of drugs (more than 80%) at health facilities. Further, training programmes for prescribers led to a positive change in prescribing behaviour, with more than 80% of prescriptions being from the EDL and patients receiving 70-95% of the drugs prescribed. These changes were achieved by changing managerial systems with minimal additional expenditure. The 'Delhi Model' has clearly demonstrated that such a programme can be introduced and implemented and can lead to a better use and availability of medicines.

Installed sound applications typically involve a large number of audio processors, amplifiers and speaker systems spread across the venue. They could be spatially distributed at the venue across different rack rooms and floors. These systems are commissioned and configured by sound engineers using software application(s). This is essentially a one-time activity, following which, the audio systems run independently. Detection of faults and reconfiguration of any audio device(s) that fail(s) is a time-consuming operation. This disruption in the audio system can affect the entire audio chain and affect the usability of the venue in question. In this paper, we provide an overview of an audio system that detects the replacement for any faulty audio device(s) in the network and re-purposes the same to restore the configuration to last working point.

Background As stroke is a catastrophic illness, knowing its risk factors, early signs and symptoms, and management strategies could potentially prevent morbidity and mortality among the people. Objectives The aim of this study is to determine the public cognizance of risk factors, signs and symptoms, and early treatment options available for stroke with particular emphases on thrombolysis, and its window period. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional telephonic interview-based survey was conducted in the states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh of North India from August 2017 to December 2017. Results Of 350 respondents those participated in the survey with a mean age ± standard deviation of 39.93 ± 13.41  years, hypertension was found to be the most common risk factor among the study participants (n = 205, 58.57%) and 28.85% of the study participants were not aware of the risk factors, whereas 46% of the participants were not aware of warning signs of stroke. The window per...

YouTube is a boon, and through it people can educate, entertain, and express themselves about various topics. YouTube India currently has millions of active users. As there are millions of active users it can be understood that the data present on the YouTube will be large. With India being a very diverse country, many people are multilingual. People express their opinions in a code-mix form. Code-mix form is the mixing of two or more languages. It has become a necessity to perform Sentiment Analysis on the code-mix languages as there is not much research on Indian code-mix language data. In this paper, Sentiment Analysis (SA) is carried out on the Marglish (Marathi + English) as well as Devanagari Marathi comments which are extracted from the YouTube API from top Marathi channels. Several machine-learning models are applied on the dataset along with 3 different vectorizing techniques. Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) with Count vectorizer provides the best accuracy of 62.68% on the Marg...

This paper unveils a sustainable energy plan for optimal utilization of available electrical energy resources for an energy-deficient village. The chosen village is Nangal, near Barnala, Punjab, India. Primarily, the requirements of electric energy are recorded and elaborated for around 450 households. Aiming this, the potential to harness electric power and its effective utilization has been identified from the available resources of energy: biomass, agriculture waste and solar photovoltaic (PV) technology. In order to achieve this, a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) model is proposed whose performance is evaluated by implementing it in hybrid optimization model for electric renewable (HOMER) software. HOMER software provides optimal solution for a commercial biogas plant for catering cooking gas demand. Also, a coordinated solution for solar PV-operated water pumps used for irrigation, village water supply and solar PV street lights is presented and analyzed. In this way, the...

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) has numerous process parameters that influence the mechanical strength of parts. Hence, many optimization studies are performed using conventional tools and algorithms. Although studies have also been performed using advanced algorithms, limited research has been reported in which variants of the naked mole-rat algorithm (NMRA) are implemented for solving the optimization issues of manufacturing processes. This study was performed to scrutinize optimum parameters and their levels to attain maximum impact strength, flexural strength and tensile strength based on five different FFF process parameters. The algorithm yielded better results than other studies and successfully achieved a maximum response, which may be helpful to enhance the mechanical strength of FFF parts. The study opens a plethora of research prospects for implementing NMRA in manufacturing. Moreover, the findings may help identify critical parametric levels for the fabrication of custo...

Dumpers or dump trucks are used all over the world to move overburden from many opencast mines. Diesel engines are the main driving force behind the trucks. The frequency of damage due to the failure of diesel engines is enormous. Therefore, efforts are necessary to analyze failure to reduce the downtime periods. A detailed analysis of engine failure at the subsystem level needs to be done. Reliability analysis and maintenance planning remain the norm in this regard. The obstacle faced while analysing the reliability of dumpers was the availability of a large number of data failures. In this paper, this issue is addressed by using Common Beta Hypothesis test and Meta-analysis test. The engine is divided into five subsystems. The result shows that all five subsystems pass the CBH test and Meta-analysis test. Accordingly, the failure data is grouped. The trend test of grouped failure data shows that the Failure data of two subsystems follows the independent and identically distributed...

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms(SNP) are the foremost common type of genetic variation in human comprising nearly1/1,000 th of the typical human genome. SNP offer the foremost complete information for genome-wide association studies. We tend to propose a process methodology to quickly notice true SNPs in public-available leukemia cancer database. Much analysis has been specializing in various genetic models to spot genes that may predict the disease status. However, increasing the amount of SNPs generates large amount of combined genetic outcomes to be tested. Classification could be a data processing technique to predict cluster membership for data instances. The ACO could be a probabilistic technique for computational issues which may be reduced to finding sensible ways through graphs. In this research paper data mining classification techniques linear classifier are analyzed with ACO on leukemia cancer dataset. Performance of these techniques is compared by accuracy, Sensitivity and Specificity. The experimental results show that Linear classifier with ACO is able to distinguish cancer diseases from normal with the maximum accuracy of 73.20%, Sensitivity of 69.21% and specificity of 65% whereas SVM are 70.00% of accuracy, 65.20% of sensitivity and specificity of 63.53%.

A multicentric, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled parallel study was designed to observe a rise in serum prolactin (PRL) levels (primary outcome variable). The other variables studied included weight gain of infant, decrease in volume and frequency of ...

In polymer composites, synthetic fibers are primarily used as a chief reinforcing material, with a wide range of applications, and are therefore essential to study. In the present work, we carried out the erosive wear of natural and synthetic fiber-based polymer composites. Glass fiber with jute and Grewia optiva fiber was reinforced in three different polymer resins: epoxy, vinyl ester and polyester. The hand lay-up method was used for the fabrication of composites. L16 orthogonal array of Taguchi method used to identify the most significant parameters (impact velocity, fiber content, and impingement angle) in the analysis of erosive wear. ANOVA analysis revealed that the most influential parameter was in the erosive wear analysis was impact velocity followed by fiber content and impingement angle. It was also observed that polyester-based composites exhibited the highest erosive wear followed by vinyl ester-based composites, and epoxy-based composites showed the lowest erosive wea...

Canada has a long tradition of leading practice-changing clinical trials in oncology. Here, we describe methodology, results, and interpretation of oncology RCTs with Canadian involvement compared to RCTs from other high-income countries (HICs). A literature search identified all RCTs evaluating anti-cancer therapies published 2014–2017. RCTs were classified based on the country affiliation of first authors. The study cohort included 636 HIC-led RCTs; 155 (24%) had Canadian authors. Three-quarters (112/155, 72%) of Canadian RCTs were conducted in the palliative setting, compared to two thirds (299/481, 62%) of RCTs from other HICs (p = 0.022). Canadian RCTs were more likely than those from other HICs to be supported by industry (85% vs. 69%, p < 0.001). The proportion of positive Canadian trials that met the ESMO-MCBS threshold for substantial clinical benefit was comparable to RCTs without Canadian authors (29% vs. 32%, p = 0.137). Thirteen percent (20/155) of all Canadian trial...

The widespread domain of the application of the shear walls in the technological arena has paved the way for the number of research works concerning their seismic behavior. It is highly essential to study the seismic behaviour of such structural components to determine their stability and suitability during earthquake of varying intensities. This present chapter deals with the previous studies on seismic behaviour of shear walls.Guidelines for Epoxy Grouted Dowels on Seismic Strengthening Projects [Wylli Jr. 1988]: This study is a guide to epoxy grouted knees in earthquake strengthening projects. Often, it is necessary to strengthen existing concrete structures to improve earthquakes, either after a devastating earthquake or to prepare for the next stage. This work often involves the installation of new concrete or metal parts on existing buildings. Doxy crushed pellets are suitable for this purpose because of the strength and flexibility of the installation of epoxy resins on ancho...