Profiling and fundamental rights refer to the complex relationship between the practice of profil... more Profiling and fundamental rights refer to the complex relationship between the practice of profiling—often employed in law enforcement, marketing, and security—and the protection of individual rights, including privacy, non-discrimination, and data protection. Profiling involves the collection and analysis of personal data to predict behaviors or characteristics, which can lead to significant ethical and legal concerns. Notably, profiling practices have raised alarms about potential violations of civil liberties, not only regarding racial and ethnic discrimination, but primarly personal freedom. This book tries to answer to the following question: can we
This contribution aims to highlight, on the one hand, how the two-way relationship between the pr... more This contribution aims to highlight, on the one hand, how the two-way relationship between the protection of the interest in national cybersecurity and the protection of personal data is too often underestimated, and, on the other hand, what the real importance of the personalistic principle is as the basis of both disciplines
Artificial intelligence and the protection of personal data: methodological and procedural proble... more Artificial intelligence and the protection of personal data: methodological and procedural problems.
The constitutional challenges posed by AI systems implicate a range of rights and interests (from personal freedom, equality and non-discrimination, health protection, to the proper functioning of democratic institutions). At the core of all these issues lies the protection of personal data as a fundamental right, and at least two other fundamental values of general importance shared by all the Western constitutional tradition: individual identity and personal freedom. The aim of this paper is to summarise and analyse, in a comparative perspective, how the different strategies for the AI governance implemented by the European Union and by some key-US states affect these constitutional interests and are consistent with the goals they seek to achieve.
The essay aims to investigate, in a comparative perspective, how the German judicial review proce... more The essay aims to investigate, in a comparative perspective, how the German judicial review process responses has operated under Covid-19 pandemic. The modifications and innovations implemented by the Courts in response to the Covid-19 legislative and administrative measures, will be specifically analysed under two main aspects: on the one hand, the correctness of the formal legal procedures followed by the lawmakers in order to adopt the necessary measures to face the crisis; on the other hand, the most significant case laws concerning fundamental rights restrictions, their legitimacy and their limits. The paper outlines the fundamental divergencies with the Italian’s judicial review approach and concludes that the interventionist attitude of the German Courts – encouraged by some constitutional remedies as the wide deployment of the proportionality principle and by the Verfassungsbeschwerde– broadened the ability of the German judiciary to influence the decisions of the Lawmaker.
The study investigates, from a comparative perspective, the legal conditions that enable constitu... more The study investigates, from a comparative perspective, the legal conditions that enable constitutional democracies to adopt legitimate measures against internal political dissent, balancing the necessary tolerance towards anti-system conduct and the need for its repression. To this end, after reconstructing the historical and theoretical coordinates of the notion of 'protected democracy', the research analyzes the constitutional principles, regulatory framework, institutions, procedures, and defense mechanisms in three European legal systems (Germany, France, Italy). The volume identifies several common coordinates, which bring these three experiences closer together than is generally thought, and proposes some solutions to still unresolved problems.
Libertà d'espressione e sovversione in Brasile Spunti dal diritto internazionale per la disciplin... more Libertà d'espressione e sovversione in Brasile Spunti dal diritto internazionale per la disciplina interna Free speech and sedition in Brazil. National legal perspective and the international law The arrest warrant against a Federal MP, Daniel Silveira, issued by the Brasilian Federal Supreme Court (STF), has been stirred a debate in the country about the capacity and the ability of democratic institutions to counteract antidemocratic hate speechs. In the case, the STF has been using the National Security Act, enacted during the Brazilian military dictatorship, to restrict the personal freedom and the freedom of expression of MP Silveira, by accusing him to attempt to democratic stability. In September 2021 the Brazilian Parliament enacted a new Law for the protection of the democracy which replaced the National Security Act. Starting from this case, the essay aims at establishing a dialogue between the Brazilian legal order, the Inter-american human rights system and the European Convention of Human Rights in respect of the limits to free speech, where putting in danger the democratic order and the rule of law. The final goal of the paper is to plot a constitutional framework in assisting the Brazilian lawmaker and the constitutional justice to regulate the phenomenon of incitement of hate directed against democratic institutions on the basis of the general principles and norms of the global constitutional order.
The essay, by reviewing Sonia Caldarelli’s work (I vincoli al bilancio dello Stato e delle pubbli... more The essay, by reviewing Sonia Caldarelli’s work (I vincoli al bilancio dello Stato e delle pubbliche amministrazioni. Sovranità, autonomia e giurisdizione, Roma TrE-Press, 2020), intends to investigate the constitutional implications of economic and budgetary rules of the EU on Member States’ sovereign prerogatives; more specifically it aims to assess both the constitutional resistance and the consequences in terms of accountability and judicial protection over public national expenditure.
An analysis of Italy's draft law that would punish discrimination and incitement to violence agai... more An analysis of Italy's draft law that would punish discrimination and incitement to violence against gay, lesbian and transgender people (so called "ddl Zan") in a European comparative perspective.
Rivista di Diritto Pubblico Comparato e Europeo , 2021
Given the rise of juridical pluralism and the crisis of liberal constitutional States, the questi... more Given the rise of juridical pluralism and the crisis of liberal constitutional States, the question of the democratic protection has recently regained importance. The present essay focuses on a limited and still unexplored aspect of the protection of democracy: the handling of religious extremist movements and their role as anti-systemic forces. A pivotal support comes from the German constitutional experience: German authorities, in the last years, have taken measures to mark the limits of the freedom of religious association. The bans affected, in particular, a few Islamist movements that tried to undermine the fundamental values of the democratic constitutional State.
REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE ESTUDOS CONSTITUCIONAIS, 2021
This essay aims to investigate the German responses to the coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) from a... more This essay aims to investigate the German responses to the coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) from a constitutional and comparative point of view. More precisely, it will be analysed two main aspects: on the one hand, the way the political powers (Government and Parliament) interacted to each other as well as the formal legal procedures followed by the lawmakers in order to adopt the necessary measure to face the crisis; on the other hand, it will be analysed the fundamental rights restrictions, their legitimacy and their limits. Finally, the critical results will be compared with the Italian and Brazilian responses.
The relationship between the protection of intellectual property and other fundamental rights has... more The relationship between the protection of intellectual property and other fundamental rights has been a matter of growing importance, not only because it shapes the space of freedoms, but also because it helps to define the form of Government itself of the legal system. This contribution focuses on the legal mechanisms and approaches adopted by European Union and some states to address some of these intersections with regards to the online dimension. Analysing the main characteristics of the European Union legal dimension (both normative and jurisdictional) and comparing the national enforcement mechanisms of Spain, France, The Netherlands, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, U.S. and South Korea, is the final systemic aim of the essay
The Algorithm between Will and Representation-The present article deals with some theoretical iss... more The Algorithm between Will and Representation-The present article deals with some theoretical issues concerning human and A.I. bias. Algorithm is supposed to be a means to prevent biased/not objective decisions. Nevertheless, we experience on the daily basis that human interaction (and even "irrationality") must always occur in determining a judicial decision. This "irrationality" sometimes avoids and sometimes provides justice.
1. Premessa: il velo islamico in Germania-Il 14 gennaio scorso (ma la pubblicazione dell'ordinanz... more 1. Premessa: il velo islamico in Germania-Il 14 gennaio scorso (ma la pubblicazione dell'ordinanza è solo del 26 febbraio) il Tribunale costituzionale federale tedesco, di seguito BVerfG, ha deciso per la compatibilità con la Legge fondamentale del divieto di portare il velo in udienza per le donne magistrato e per le tirocinanti previsto nella normativa che disciplina i criteri e i principi organizzativi della funzione pubblica del Land Assia (BVerfG, ordinanza del Secondo Senato del 14 gennaio 2020-2 BvR 1333/17, testo su www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de). È necessario un primo discrimine di ordine generale: il divieto non si applica alle praticanti avvocato (come invece riportano superficiali articoli di stampa), ma nemmeno (almeno così sembra emergere dallo spirito dell'ordinanza) alle impiegate senza ruoli di rappresentanza (cancelliere, usciere, ecc.); esso vale solo per coloro che operano nella magistratura requirente o giudicante. La pronuncia, che arriva in un momento in cui il tema dell'integrazione in Germania inizia a tornare prepotentemente di interesse (e non solo sul palcoscenico meramente politico), investe un tema che si rivelerà sempre più cruciale nei prossimi anni e che può essere così riassunto: che tipo di pluralismo dobbiamo concepire per le nostre società multiculturali? Dove inizia e dove finisce il cd. diritto alla differenza? La discussione sul velo rappresenta oggi uno dei più interessanti e vivaci profili del dibattito sull'integrazione sociale nelle società multiculturali. Anche per questo, prima di analizzare la pronuncia, può essere utile una breve ricognizione dello stato dell'arte sul tema. In generale, in Germania, esiste un sostrato normativo volto a vietare o limitare l'ostentazione delle proprie convinzioni religiose nello spazio pubblico. Un divieto del velo nelle scuole (in particolare negli asili) è previsto, ad esempio, nella normativa del Baden-Württemberg, della Baviera, di Berlino, di Brema, dell'Assia, della Bassa Sassonia, del Nordreno-Vestfalia e del Saarland (cfr. Deutscher Bundestag, Sachstand "Verbot der Vollverschleierung", WD 3-3000-082/15). Misure che limitano di portare il velo per i funzionari pubblici sono previsti, oltre che in Assia, a Berlino (§ § 1, 4 e 5 del Gesetz zu Artikel 29 der Verfassung von Berlin) e in Bassa Sassonia (§ 56 comma 1 del
Il presente contributo si propone di esaminare in una prospettiva critica le risposte di due ordi... more Il presente contributo si propone di esaminare in una prospettiva critica le risposte di due ordinamenti europei, la Germania e l'Austria, nei primi quattro mesi dall'inizio dell'emergenza Covid-19. Si prenderanno in considerazione sia i profili legati all'organizzazione dello Stato (verticale tra livelli di potere e orizzontale tra organi apicali detentori dell'indirizzo politico) sia i profili legati alla restrizione dei diritti e delle libertà fondamentali. L'ultimo paragrafo sarà dedicato al raffronto tra queste esperienze e quella italiana, dal quale emergerà un bilancio critico.
The essay aims to investigate the German and Austrian response to the coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) from a constitutional point of view. More precisely, it will be analysed two main aspects: on the one hand, the way the political powers (Government and Parliament) interacted to each other as well as the formal legal procedures followed by the lawmakers in order to adopt the necessary measure to face the crisis; on the other hand, it will be analysed the fundamental rights restrictions, their legitimacy and their limits. Finally, the critical results will be compared with the Italian response.
The political outcomes of the recent Thuringian elections may not only affect only the regional l... more The political outcomes of the recent Thuringian elections may not only affect only the regional level but also the federal one. Indeed, for forming a new Government, the moderate parties have to deal with one of the two outsider parties, i.e. Die Linkeand Alternative für Deutschland (AfD). For Christian-conservatives (CDU), in particular, the choice of supporting the left-wing party in Thuringia may also imply a reconsideration of their veto towards Die Linkeon a federal level. Meanwhile, although a collaboration between CDU and AfD is officially excluded because of AfD potential unconstitutionality, CDU members informally cooperate with AfD at a subregional level.
Rivista di Diritto dell'Informazione e dell'informatica, 2019
The general belief holds that Internet Over the Tops (OTT)’ mission is to organize the world’s in... more The general belief holds that Internet Over the Tops (OTT)’ mission is to organize the world’s information. However, from a perspective of mere international business their role is becoming more and more ideological: promoting democratic values, public security and social peace are becoming part of their own inte- rests, with tensions rising with the States as result. The present essay aims to investigate on which legal basis OTT are exerting their influence, challenging sovereign decisions and even repla- cing Nation-States in ruling the web. It will also attempt at a hypothesis: whether State’s traditional organizational standards (people, territory, sovereignty) may apply to the digital reality, making OTT, from private-law actors, more and more and institution-like entity (§§ 3-4). Finally, the study will also analyze two main fields where no State and no Internet institution play a role: bitcoins and algorithmic regulation (§§ 5-6). The article discusses their legitimacy and, with respect to the latter, its capability to become a new law-making approach in cyberspace.
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa metodologica: oggetto e obiettivi del presente scritto.-2. La crisi della sovranità: ancora qualche precisazione di ordine ermeneutico.-3. Istituzioni e sovranità.-3.1 La plurisoggettività delle Communities.-3.2. L'esistenza di un non-luogo digitale.-3.3. Il problema della sovranità come a-sovranità.-3.4. L'elemento finalistico: dal fine di lucro alla realizzazione di interessi generali.-4. Internet come modello alternativo alla sovranità: i Bitcoin.-5. In cerca di nuovi approcci regolatori.-6. Oltre una regolazione condivisa: il mito di Internet e la frontiera della Algorithmic regulation rispetto al problema della sovranità.
In the “Pussy Riot” case (Mariya Alekhina and others v. Russia, app. 38004/12, 17 July 2018), the... more In the “Pussy Riot” case (Mariya Alekhina and others v. Russia, app. 38004/12, 17 July 2018), the European Court of Human Rights strengthens its pro political speech line of conduct. With the exception of a partly dissenting opinion, the Court found Russian authorities had overstepped their margin of appreciation in condemning the three applicants for the offence of hooliganism motivated by religious hatred and of propaganda of extremist materials. The present essay aims, by analyzing the Russian authorities conduct, to raise pertinent questions about European standards for anti-extremism legislation.
The paper deals with the notion and the evolution of the French so called délit de solidarité (so... more The paper deals with the notion and the evolution of the French so called délit de solidarité (solidarity offence) which (used to) condemn(s) any assistance activity provided to non-regular migrants on French territory. After the recent French Constitutional Council's decision (July 2018 the 6th), the conditions and the aims required to constitute the above criminal offence have partially changed.
The present essay discusses the legislative role of the German Federal Government. A number of in... more The present essay discusses the legislative role of the German Federal Government. A number of institutes and normative powers (among which are the agenda and timetable settings, the vetoes, the state of emergency, the state of legislative emergency and the regulatory laws), both direct and indirect, allowed the Bundesregierung to display a fundamental contribution in the law-making process. However, because of the well-known historical events, the Constitutional designers were unwilling for the Government to exert primary legislation powers. The paper - supported by empirical data – aims to investigate how the Government, from being, on paper, a weak player, has become, over the time, a considerable leader in the general legislative policy.
Revista General de Derecho Público Comparado, 2018
The aim of the present essay is to analyze, on a comparative perspective, the recent ECtHR case l... more The aim of the present essay is to analyze, on a comparative perspective, the recent ECtHR case law involving a limitation of the freedom of expression: E.S. v. Austria (on 25 October 2018). Remarking the similarities and the differences with other analogous cases, the essay wants to find out if there is (or there is not) objective evaluation criteria followed by the Court of Strasbourg in drafting the degree of extension (or compression) of the freedom of speech. The paper finally asks whether freedom of speech can reasonably design European’s constitutional identity as militant democracy.
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Papers by Andrea Gatti
The constitutional challenges posed by AI systems implicate a range of rights and interests (from personal freedom, equality and non-discrimination, health protection, to the proper functioning of democratic institutions). At the core of all these issues lies the protection of personal data as a fundamental right, and at least two other fundamental values of general importance shared by all the Western constitutional tradition: individual identity and personal freedom. The aim of this paper is to summarise and analyse, in a comparative perspective, how the different strategies for the AI governance implemented by the European Union and by some key-US states affect these constitutional interests and are consistent with the goals they seek to achieve.
The essay aims to investigate the German and Austrian response to the coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) from a constitutional point of view. More precisely, it will be analysed two main aspects: on the one hand, the way the political powers (Government and Parliament) interacted to each other as well as the formal legal procedures followed by the lawmakers in order to adopt the necessary measure to face the crisis; on the other hand, it will be analysed the fundamental rights restrictions, their legitimacy and their limits. Finally, the critical results will be compared with the Italian response.
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa metodologica: oggetto e obiettivi del presente scritto.-2. La crisi della sovranità: ancora qualche precisazione di ordine ermeneutico.-3. Istituzioni e sovranità.-3.1 La plurisoggettività delle Communities.-3.2. L'esistenza di un non-luogo digitale.-3.3. Il problema della sovranità come a-sovranità.-3.4. L'elemento finalistico: dal fine di lucro alla realizzazione di interessi generali.-4. Internet come modello alternativo alla sovranità: i Bitcoin.-5. In cerca di nuovi approcci regolatori.-6. Oltre una regolazione condivisa: il mito di Internet e la frontiera della Algorithmic regulation rispetto al problema della sovranità.