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Tim Howe

St. Olaf College, History, Faculty Member

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Articles by Tim Howe

Ptolemy I, the Adversary, and Egyptian Royal Literature: "Restoring" a New World Order

Hellenistic Monarchies in the Mediterranean World, 2024

This paper explores the ways in which Ptolemy I of Egypt used both Greek and Egyp- tian literatur... more This paper explores the ways in which Ptolemy I of Egypt used both Greek and Egyp- tian literature to combine Alexander’s legacy with key events in the Egyptian past, narrated in literary styles of that past, so that the powerful priests of Egypt could not only understand but also themselves participate in his legitimation as King of Egypt. By acknowledging and investing in Egypt’s cultural superiority in traditionally Egyp- tian ways Ptolemy signaled to the Egyptian elites that they and their traditions mattered and that there was room in Ptolemy’s system for them.

The Wounds of War: Inter-and Intratextuality in Ptolemy's Account of Alexander in India

Legacy of the East and Legacy of Alexander, 2024

As the only one of Alexander’s Successors to write about his experiences in the Macedonian army, ... more As the only one of Alexander’s Successors to write about his experiences in the Macedonian army, Ptolemy offers us unique insight into how command-level military service under Alexander was curated after the Macedonian king’s death. This paper explores how inter- and intratextality were deployed in Ptolemy’s rhetoric with regard to the wounds he and Alexander received (as preserved in paraphrase and quotation by later sources), in order to contextualize Ptolemy’s rise to independent command.

Del avance triunfal a la retirada ignominiosa. El último año de Alejandro Magno en India [Uncorrected Proofs]

Desperta Ferro, 2024

This paper traces the campaign in the Indus Valley after the Battle of the Hydaspes. This campaig... more This paper traces the campaign in the Indus Valley after the Battle of the Hydaspes. This campaign is different from anything previously experienced, because it was not a true conquest of the territory, rather a purge of insurgents.

Alexander at Troy: Arrian, Kallisthenes and the ‘Goals’ of Historiography

In R. Rollinger and J. Degen (eds.), The World of Alexander in Perspective: Contextualizing Arrian. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 72-92, 2022

This paper argues that Arrian appropriated the Trojan War metanarrative from Kallisthenes in larg... more This paper argues that Arrian appropriated the Trojan War metanarrative from Kallisthenes in large part because its Hellenic propaganda allowed Arrian to address longstanding Roman-Greek cultural tensions while at the same time showing his readers the ways in which he has superseded Kallisthenes’ along the lines suggested by Kallisthenes’ own preface: a writer ‘should create works of a kind natural both to himself and to the subject’. In this way, Arrian can be a master historian because he goes beyond simply formulating characters that his audience can ‘use’, as he argued Kallisthenes had done, and instead formulates historical characters who themselves are using history to reach insights as the audience watches. In a sense, Arrian embeds his audience with him into the historiographic process. In the Second Preface, which follows directly upon Alexander’s excursion to Troy, Arrian put himself into his work so his readers could watch him using Kallisthenes’ history, and perhaps even his methodology of subject and author compatibility, to undo and supersede Kallisthenes’ work.

Liderazgo, legitimidad y obras públicas en la montañosa Cilicia romana

Encuentros con las élites del Mediterráneo antiguo, 2021

Al analizar los edificios públicos en Antioquía ad Cragum en la Cilicia montañosa, y las inscr... more Al analizar los edificios públicos en Antioquía ad Cragum en la Cilicia montañosa, y las inscripciones honoríficas asociadas con ellos, exploraré las formas en que el edificio público, patrocinado localmente y por el imperio, y los decretos honoríficos desarrollaron y fomentaron prácticas y valores compartidos entre las élites locales e internacionales de tal forma que articulaba tanto la lealtad al imperio como el liderazgo local y los estilos de vida.

(Re)Taking Halikarnassos. Ada, Alexander the Great and Karian Queenship

Powerful Women in the Ancient World. Perception and (Self)Presentation, 2021

This paper challenges the traditional view of Ada the Hekatomnid as a propaganda tool in the poli... more This paper challenges the traditional view of Ada the Hekatomnid as a propaganda tool in the political games of powerful men. A key argument is that Ada, as a popular regional leader and owner of the fortresses that controlled passage up the Maiandros Valley – the most convenient land-route from Miletos through Central Asia Minor to Mesopotamia—offered both a military threat and advantage to Alexander the Great and his invading Macedonians. Her regional power and strategic position allowed her to broker an alliance with Alexander the Great and induce him to assist her in retaking Halikarnassos. Retaking Halikarnassos was Ada’s plan, not Alexander’s. She met him as he marched up the Maiandros and convinced him to change plans in favour of a mutually beneficial alliance. But as Alexander’s story grew, Ada’s story become overwhelmed by his, her agency elided by his.

“Imitatio Alexandri and the Pursuit of Darius and Bessos.”

Alexander the Great and Propaganda, 2021

This paper analyses how the Bessos story might fit in Arrian’s wider narrative goals as an imita... more This paper analyses how the Bessos story might fit in Arrian’s wider narrative goals as an imitatio Alexandri. Seen in this light, the salient questions then become: to what extent are portions of Ptolemy’s capture of Bessos part of a narrative arc in Arrian’s (and perhaps Ptolemy’s) account that deploys an intratextual literary emulation of Alexander (imitatio Alexandri) to comment on the nature of monarchy and legitimate succession, specifically the comparison of Bessos and Ptolemy to their respective kings Darius and Alexander.

What’s in a name? New inscriptions from Antiochia ad Cragum in western Rough Cilicia

EPIGRAPHICA ANATOLICA, 2020

This paper analyses the official city names of Antiochia ad Cragum in Rough Cilicia through two n... more This paper analyses the official city names of Antiochia ad Cragum in Rough Cilicia through two new inscription. We conclude that the city likely had two names: one, created at the time of the city’s foundation and likely the “official” city name—Antiochia tes Paralias—and the second, an “unofficial” title based on a long-standing topographic name for the place—Antiochia ad Cragum.

Introduction to Companion to Ancient Agriculture

by Tim Howe and David Hollander

A Companion to Ancient Agriculture, 2020

This uncorrected proof copy of the introduction sets the scope and tone of the book

Friendship is Golden: Harpalus, Alexander and Athens

Affective Relations, edited by E. Anson, M. D'Agostini, F. Pownall. Oxbow., 2020

This paper offers a change in focus by examining the results of Harpalos’ actions in Greece in th... more This paper offers a change in focus by examining the results of Harpalos’ actions in Greece in the context of other emissaries arriving with gold from the Great King. By using Persian gold like his predecessors Timokrates and Konon, Harpalos divided the Greeks and kept Athens from uniting the Hellenes against a common enemy. Taken in this light, we can see Harpalos as an ambitious member of Alexander’s court who attempted to impress his king by using time-tested tactics to divide the Greeks. The result: unwavering friendship from Alexander and undying hatred and slander from the Athenians.

The “Good” Poros and the “Bad” Poros: Infamy and Honour in Alexander Historiography

Celebrity, Fame, and Infamy in the Hellenistic World, 2020

This paper explores the polarized depiction in Arrian's Anabasis of two Indian kings named Poros ... more This paper explores the polarized depiction in Arrian's Anabasis of two Indian kings named Poros and argued that this depends on an original character study of good and bad kingship penned by Ptolemy I as he was establishing and legitimating his control over Egypt during the wars of the diadochoi. By using the Poroses to characterize good and bad kings, Ptolemy was able to centre on disloyalty and dishonour and, in so doing, highlight Ptolemy’s own proper kingship in direct contrast to those of his “bad” fellow diadochoi such as Kassandros.

The Antiochia ad Cragum Archaeological Research Project: 2018 Season Antiochia ad Cragum Arkeolojik Araştırma Projesi: 2018 Sezonu

by Tim Howe and Asena Kızılarslanoğlu

ANMED, 2019

Excavations at the ancient Roman-era city of Antiochia ad Cragum (Güney köyü, Gazipaşa) were ... more Excavations at the ancient Roman-era city of Antiochia ad Cragum (Güney köyü, Gazipaşa) were conducted from June 21 to August 8, 2018 for ACARP’s 12th season

Introduction to Ancient Macedonians in the Greek and Roman Sources

by Tim Howe and Frances Pownall

Ancient Macedonians in the Greek and Roman Sources

This introductory chapter introduces the essays of the collection by outlining the ways in which ... more This introductory chapter introduces the essays of the collection by outlining the ways in which the Greek and Roman sources excerpt, format, reinterpret and even sometimes misinterpret the historical information on ancient Macedonians in order to serve their own literary and political aims and agendas.

Kings Don't Lie: Truthtelling, Historiography and Ptolemy I Soter

Ptolemy I Soter: A Self-Made Man, 2018

This paper argues that Ptolemy I consciously engaged the reciprocal relationships between ruler a... more This paper argues that Ptolemy I consciously engaged the reciprocal relationships between ruler and ruled embedded in the Egyptian philosophy of Ma’at as a continuation of the Argead tradition of parrhesia--free speech between the king and his Companions. By speaking and doing just and truth things Ptolemy used the ancient Egyptian traditions of Ma’at to create a new type of Hellenistic kingship that invited the various audiences of his Egyptian “empire” to participate. With both his “History” of Alexander the Great’s campaign and his public monuments in Egypt Ptolemy crafted a new type of kingship that embraced the public reputation for truthful speech. This policy of truth, begun under Ptolemy I and refined under his successors, underpins Arrian’s infamous statement (Anabasis, Proem.) that Ptolemy was a king and as such would find it shameful to lie.

A Founding Mother? Eurydike, Philip II and Macedonian Royal Mythology

Ancient Macedonians in the Greek and Roman Sources, 2018

Eurydike, mother of Philip II and grandmother of Alexander the Great, had a polarised reputation ... more Eurydike, mother of Philip II and grandmother of Alexander the Great, had a polarised reputation in Greco-Roman Antiquity. But apart from linking Eurydike’s reputation to Philip’s panhellenic propaganda there has been little consideration for how this mother/adulteress dichotomy originally came to exist and what its creation in mid-fourth-century Macedon, and proliferation in contemporary Athens, might mean for both Eurydike the historical actor and Eurydike the historiographical literary character. This paper traces the positive and negative Eurydike ‘mythoi’ through their various source contexts to their origins in the closing years of Amyntas III’s reign.

Antiochia ad Cragum Excavations: 2016 and 2017 Seasons

by Tim Howe and Asena Kızılarslanoğlu

Anadolu Akdenizi Arkeoloji Haberleri Bülteni, 2018

This paper discusses the 10th and 11th seasons of excavation at the ancient Roman-era city of Ant... more This paper discusses the 10th and 11th seasons of excavation at the ancient Roman-era city of Antiochia ad Cragum (Güney Köyü, Gazipaşa), conducted during
2016 and 2017. Areas under analysis include the Northeast Temple, the Bouleuterion/Odeion, the Great Bath, and the Acropolis.

Plain Tales from the Hills: Illyrian Influences on Argead Military Development

History of the Argeads New Perspectives, 2017

Uncorrected Proof Copy In the summer of 359 BCE, Perdikkas III, older brother of Philip II, as k... more Uncorrected Proof Copy

In the summer of 359 BCE, Perdikkas III, older brother of Philip II, as killed in battle by a confederation of hill people called Illyrians by the Greeks. These hill folk from the mountains ringing the Macedonian heartland, and others like them such as the Molossians, Paionians and Thracians, played a significant role in shaping Argead institutions and culture, especially those related to the military. This paper argues that Philip II’s time as a hostage of the Illyrian warlord Bardylis, coupled with his and his son Alexander’s many battles against Illyrian armies, shaped the Macedonian army in significant and long-lasting ways.

Variability is the Key. Towards a Diachronic View of Pastoralism

by Tim Howe and Stefano Biagetti

Nomadic Peoples, 2017

It is likely that no other socio-economic system has been the subject of so many attempts of clas... more It is likely that no other socio-economic system has been the subject of so many attempts of classification as pastoralism. This introductory article offers a diachronic focus on the variability, flexibility and opportunism inherent in ancient pastoral societies in an effort to move the conversation beyond stale deterministic discourses and offer fresh and prejudice-free perspectives on world pastoral systems.

PLUTARCH, ARRIAN AND THE HYDASPES: AN HISTORIOGRAPHICAL APPROACH

Alexander’s Legacy (Monografie del Centro Ricerche di Documentazione sull'Antichità Classica, 39), 2016

This paper offers an historiographic case study of Alexander’s battle against the Indian king Por... more This paper offers an historiographic case study of Alexander’s battle against the Indian king Poros at the Hydaspes River. Analysis centres round the two preferred sources, Plutarch and Arrian who seem to include the same information and use the same sources. Indeed, since Arrian and Plutarch contain the same general information, scholars have for the most part accepted their data and moved on to other questions. Here, I seek to contextualise these overlaps in the source traditions and explain what they might mean for our understanding of Alexander’s last and final military engagement, the Battle at the Hydaspes.

SAILING THE ROUGH SEAS OF ANCIENT TRADE

Traders in the Ancient Mediterranean, 2015

This chapter introduces the reader to the evidence for and issues affecting the ancient Mediterra... more This chapter introduces the reader to the evidence for and issues affecting the ancient Mediterranean trader from the Late Bronze Age to Late Antiquity. Here, we explore the ways in which those who would consider their livelihood making goods available to consumers in exchange for other goods, precious metals, or more abstract services or favors (i.e. trade) balanced, in rational and (mostly) socially acceptable ways, a number of competing variables—such as investors, colleagues, agents, consumers, and producers—with competing priorities—such as local and regional traditions, individual and family needs, and internal and external social conventions.

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