Developmental and Differential Psychology

Раскрывается творческий путь известного российского психолога -Б.Г. Анань ева -основателя оригинального научного направления -антропологической психологии. В научной школе Ананьева осуществлена попытка синтеза знаний че ловековедческих наук (наук о человеке) на основе достижений отечественной пси хологии 50-70 х гг. XX столетия.

N.A. Loginova
St.-Petersburg state universiity
The conception of human being as a subject in the creations of B.G. Ananiev
The article considers the particular features of the outstanding Russian psychologist B.G. Anaiev’s conception of human being as a subject. The multiple and complex subject structure is represented, as well relations between the concepts “individual”, “personality”, “individuality” and “subject”. There is considered the problem of intellect, general and special gifts from Ananiev’s point of view. The author confirms the idea that the total structure of individuality means the completed structure of the best subject potentials.
Key words: B.G. Anaiev, subject, intellect, potentials, abilities, gifts, talent.

Б.Г. Ананьев как крупный методолог психологии выдвигал на первое место в своих исследованиях
антропологический принцип и следовал ему, особенно в комплексных исследованиях человека-ин-
дивидуальности. Он разрабофтал модель структуры человека, выделив три подсистемы: индивид,
личность, субъект, которые интегрированы в полисистему индивидуальности. Именно индивиду-
альность – биопсихосоциальная целостность человека с его внутренним миром – является конеч-
ной целью антропологической психологии Б.Г. Ананьева. Практическим приложением антрополо-
гического принципа в педагогике явился его проект педагогической антропологии, направленный
на изучение объективных законов развития и использования этих знаний для природосообразного
воспитания личности.
Ключевые слова: методология психологии, Б.Г.Ананьев как методолог, методологический профиль научной школы и ее лидера, антропологический принцип, структура биопсихосоциальной системы человека (индивидуальности), индивид, личность, субъект, комплексные исследования в психологии, педагогическая антропология.

В статье представлены основные положения и дана характеристика антропологической теории индивидуального психического развития, созданной Борисом Герасимовичем Ананьевым. Главным принципом этой теории является антропологический, чему соответствует идея целостности развития человека-индивидуальности. Развитие мыслится как преобразование природного субстрата под
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влиянием социальных воздействий и собственной деятельности личности. Б.Г. Ананьев видит источники и движущие силы индивидуального развития в самой природе человека, в структуре его свойств. Специфическим нейропсихическим механизмом развития является билатеральная организация мозга человека.
На основе антропологической теории развития Б.Г. Ананьев создал проект новой педагогической антропологии. Свойственный ей принцип природосообразности требует от педагогов руководствоваться объективными законами развития ребенка, том числе законом сенситивных периодов. В статье обсуждается вопрос перспективности и актуальности теории Б.Г. Ананьева для развития психологической науки.
Abstract
The article represents the main ideas  of B.G. Ananiev developmental psychology. The anthropological principle and idea of wholeness are оf great importance. The psychological development of human being is treated as changing human organic nature under social influences and own activity of a person. The resources and moving forces of development belong to the inner structure оf personality. The brain bilateral organization is treated as a special regulator of human development.
B.G. Ananiev had created a new project of the pedagogical anthropology. It was funded on the principle of the relevancy to the human nature. This principle demands to mind the objective laws of human development, including sensitive periods.
The article discussed perspectives and actuality of Ananiev’s theory in Russian psychological science.

Центр научного человекознания * (к семидесятилетию со дня открытия отделения психологии Ленинградского государственного университета) В 1944 г. в Ленинградском университете было открыто отделение психоло-гии на философском факультете. Руководителем стал Б.Г. Ананьев. Ядро кол-лектива кафедры психологии составили психологи Института мозга -ученики и последователи В.М. Бехтерева. Складывающаяся здесь научная школа преем-ственно связана со школой этого ученого. Две научные школы объединились идеями комплексного подхода, принципами объективности психологического познания, генетическим принципом и др. В статье рассказывается о первых го-дах работы отделения, научных исследованиях и достижениях, характеризует-ся учебно-воспитательный процесс, стиль жизнедеятельности отделения. За двадцать два года существования отделения была подготовлена база для от-крытия факультета психологии ЛГУ-СПбГУ и дальнейшего развития здесь цен-тра психологического человекознания. A department of psychology has been established in the Leningrad state university (LSU, now SPbSU) in 1944. B.G. Ananiev has become a head here. The core of the psychological chair consisted of psychologists from the Institute of Brain -disciples and pupils of B.M. Bekhterev. So the scientific school was being formed and connected here with the former Bekhterev school. These two schools have been united by the ideas of the complex (interdisciplinary) approach, principles of objectivity of psychological cognition, developmental and so on. In the article the first years of the department work, researches and distinguishes are told. The department education process and its style of life are characterized as well. During twenty two years of the department existence a base for the opening a faculty of psychology LSU-SPbSU and further development the center of the psychological human researches were paved out.

This research is devoted to formation of professional future emotional position in professional development among young adults. Study is considering the relationship between occupational choice factor, emotional position to professional future and professional development factors. Participants (N=179) were divided into two groups: students (Mage=19, SD=1,3), young professionals (Mage =25,4, SD=2,4). Emotional position to professional future was measured with the M.Gynzburg questionnaire, including six scales: fear, anxiety, indifference, optimism, confidence, interest. The occupational choice factor included two special questions: 1) awareness of choice; 2) correctness of a choice. Six professional development factors were measured by special questioners: the professional development factors: "Contentment of a professional life" and "Professional Selfrealization"; four professional activity factors: "Psycho-physiological recover", "Dedication", "Self-control of behavior", and "Interpersonal communication". Correlation analysis proved that occupational choice factor correlates with emotional position to professional future and all professional development factors. The correct choice and negative modalities of emotional position to professional future were negatively and significantly correlated (p<0,001). The correct and aware choice, positive emotional position modalities and all factors of professional development were positively correlated (p<0,01;p<0,001). The correct and aware choice was determined to be the most relevant predictor of positive position to professional future and constructive professional development.

Professional activity piays a cruciai role in psychological functioning and well-being of an adult In the process of professiogenesis, the social situation of development is transformed, highlighting internal demands in specific personality traits and attitudes. In the current study it is argued that professional development is a dynamic process and every adult developmental stage has its particular specifics. From this perspective, we assumed that professional factors contributing to positive functioning will also vary across lifespan.The sample in this study comprised 2,706 adults, aged 18-60 (1,070 males; 1,636 females). Participants were divided into two age groups: (1) early adulthood aged 18-25 (N=1,865); (2) middle adulthood aged 26-44 (N= 526); (3) later adulthood aged 45-60 (N=315). The methods used for assessment included a test developed by Cattell, Locus of control, a Self-regulation styles questionnaire, Subjective Well-being questionnaire, and a specific questionnaire "Professional development factors". The latter questionnaire measures six professional development factors: "Contentment of a professional life" and "Professional Self-realization"; "Psycho-physiological recover", "Dedication", "Self-control of behaviour", and "Interpersonal communication".The study revealed that in different adulthood periods positive professional development is provided by different characteristics. In early adulthood, the leading feature was discovered to be satisfaction with professional activity, in middle adulthood it was professional self-realization, while in later adulthood interpersonal communication. According to our findings, positive functioning is related to satisfaction with professional development, high psycho-physiological level of functioning, behavioural self-control, dedication and positive interpersonal communication.

Recent studies of a diverse professional sample showed that the process of professional development has its specific stages and transitions in between. Those transitions could be considered as turning points at which future professional development is determined. To approach this issues we developed special questionnaire "The Professional Development Factors, which included 2 groups of parameters: (1) factors of professional development: "Contentment with professional life" and "Professional Self-realization"; (2) factors of professional activity: "Psychophysiological recover" (the capacity to renew the potential); "Dedication" (reflects active life approach, aspiration for the professional promotion; "Behavioral Selfcontrol"; "Interpersonal communication". Questionnaire consists of 27 statements, each statement is scaled from 1(do not agree) to 4 (absolutely agree). During validization questionnaire was used with other methods, such as R. Cattell 16 PF test, Big-5, Self-regulation test by V. Morosanova etc. Participants were people aged 22-50 (n=279; n ma i e =177, nf em aie=102). Questionnaire provides data both on professional development in 6 dimensions named above and crises of career (low scores for the scales of professional development). Despite relatively recent application of the Questionnaire, it was shown that all scales were highly correlated to life satisfaction parameters. It was also revealed that though all scales correlated with self-regulation scales, self-control negatively correlated with autonomy.

Background: Public health care in Russia is normally understood as protecting the health of the whole society. It implies the availability and quality of medical service, personal and governmental involvement in providing for individual health. Surprisingly, little attention is paid to the proper health care of medical personnel themselves, while their physical and emotional health are essential for quality of the medicine and health of the population in general. This paper presents the findings of a study of socio-psychological determinants of self-protective behaviour of medical personnel at early stages of professional activity. It is based on statistical data gathered from examining 88 young surgeons, interns of surgical departments and students who work as paramedics during their studies.

Recent studies of adults with different specialities showed that development of a subject of activity had phases and genetic transitions between them, that could be identified as turning points of development. Our study aimed to examine characteristics of professional personality development in the adulthood (Ambulance service personnel of Saint Petersburg), .

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This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 Unported License, permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 Unported License, permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The paper presents the results to the preliminary validation of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP-II; Walker, et al., 1987, 1996) on the Russian sample. 443 participants from Saint Petersburg, aged from 17 to 65, were involved in the study (136 males; 307 females). HPLP II showed high internal consistency in the whole sample (Cronbach’s α=0,888) and in age and gender subgroups (Cronbach’s α ranged from .850 to .898). In order to test the convergent validity of the questionnaire, we used: scales from the questionnaire of a healthy lifestyle, Big Five Personality Test, Ryff’s Psychological Well-being Scales, SF-36 Short Form Health Survey, Type of Attitude to the Disease questionnaire. The resulting correlations confirm the convergent validity of the profile. The HPLP II had satisfactory preliminary psychometric properties. It can be used to assess the health-promoting lifestyles on a Russian sample.

The present paper considers daily hassles in different life domains, reveals their connections to the level of strain and perceived stress, investigates the role of psychological well-being and life satisfaction in the perception of the number of stressors and strain caused by stress. Methods: Inventory of daily stressors (Petrash et al.), Scale of perceived stress (Ababkov et al.), Psychological well-being scale (C. Ryff), Life satisfaction scale (E. Diener), a survey on satisfaction with different life domains. Sample: 334 adults aged 20—60 (118 males, 216 females). Results revealed hassles in all the life domains. Most pronounced hassles in women were those related to health, loneliness, competitiveness, job; most pronounced hassles in men were job-related, financial, health and family stressors. Perception of daily hassles was associated with an increase in the levels of stress overstrain and perceived stress. The number of stressors and the level of overstrain was higher in wom...

The research featured the effect of experienced and daily hassles on self-actualization and psychological wellbeing in adolescents. The  study involved 360 people: 126 men and 234 women aged 20–60  years. The experiment determined the level of experienced stress  and daily hassles, as well as its separate types. The women  demonstrated a significantly higher level. The greatest severity of  daily hassles was observed in the sphere of work, well-being, family,  and finance. A comparative analysis of the level of subjective and  psychological well-being by gender revealed a significantly higher  level of autonomy and competence in men. An analysis of the  features of self-actualization showed that the male group had higher  indicators of self-understanding, autonomy, ability to live in the  present, and professional self-realization, if compared to women. The women demonstrated higher indicators of orientation to universal human values, a more positive view of human nature, and  highe...

Loneliness has been considered a major challenge since long before the pandemic. Changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic included modifications in social communications and activities. Thus, it was expected that loneliness would increase during the pandemic. The first studies of loneliness during the pandemic revealed inconsistent results. We hypothesized that physical isolation led to changes in the quality of relationships; thus, loneliness trends could be different from those predicted. For our study we used methods to measure loneliness: the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale (SELSA-S) for Adults and Older Adults; the Multidimensional Inventory of Loneliness Experience; and demographic data. Participants were middle-aged and older middle-aged adults (n = 457) aged 35–59 (M = 45.5, SD = 6.88, 35.4% males). Participants came from two studies: Study 1 consisted of 280 participants aged 35–59 (M = 44.8; SD = 6.93; 29.6% males), the study was conducted before the pandemic in late ...