Papers by Comparative Literature
Research in Comparative Literature, 2025
t is evident that Hegelian dialectics has is based basis principles of thesis, antithesis, and sy... more t is evident that Hegelian dialectics has is based basis principles of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. Hegel Has Explained has elaborated on these three principles in detail in his work. entity (thesis) has summarily an a corresponding and by the through of these both, a result is created. produced.
Two prominent fiction writers from Iran and Egypt, Hossein Saedi and Najib Mahfouz, address significant in the contact their respective works titled both conducts descriptive-analytical way based on investigation of both authors, utilizing its three axes. The beggar axes as a framework. Saedi's the narrated of view perspective woman who elderly the who, of her husband, none of her finds herself unwelcome in her children's homes turns is compelled to resort and acting.
Al-Shahath is a significant narrative from the third decade of Najib Mahfouz's life, illustrating a portion of the life of the protagonist, Omar Hamzawi, who represents the intellectuals of Egyptian society. Respect for family and elders is a traditional value in Eastern cultures, where older individuals are afforded special honor and respect, and many issues are resolved through their guidance. By emphasizing this principle, Mahfouz delves into the underlying layers of his text to depict the disrespect and insults directed at an elderly mother by her children. This portrayal not only highlights the problem but also underscores the societal pain of his time, inviting reflection on the broader implications.
The contrast between the bustling city and the tranquility of the village is one of the manifestations of modernity in Najib Mahfouz's The city continually seeks to attract immigrants to satisfy its insatiable economic demands through the influx of capital. Consequently, urban congestion becomes a defining characteristic of modern society, contributing to the exacerbation of materialism. Another prevalent theme in the two stories discussed is absurdity.
Absurdity does not exist in the life of the old lady (khanom bozorg) with the same clarity and directness found in Najib's story. Additionally, the intense fear and anxiety experienced by Saedi's protagonist are not present in this narrative.
Examining these two characters can assist the researcher in analyzing this matter. Omar Hamzawi is an intellectual with philosophical inclinations, and the concept of life is one of the primary concerns for thinkers like him. However, Omar struggles to grasp this complex idea. In contrast, the character of Khanom Bozorg lacks the knowledge and cultural background necessary to seek the meaning of life, ultimately arriving at a nihilistic conclusion. In her view, the meaning of life is reduced to fulfilling basic instincts and needs, which are satisfied in various ways despite the accompanying challenges.
Research in Comparative Literature, 2025
Article type: Research Article Gothic is a style in art and literature renowned for its explorati... more Article type: Research Article Gothic is a style in art and literature renowned for its exploration of themes such as horror, fear, and dread. This genre has carved out a significant niche in storytelling by incorporating bizarre characters and blending mysterious elements with violence, often depicting scenes of crime and desolate, uninhabited environments. Ahmed Khaled Tawfiq (1962-2018) and Rambad Khanlari (1983) are two contemporary Arabic and Iranian novelists who have contributed notable works within the Gothic tradition. The collection of stories The Story of Room 207 (2008) by Ahmed Khaled Tawfiq shares significant similarities in both content and structure with the collection "Cancer of thhe genie" (2007) by Khanleri. The purpose of this research is to conduct a comparative study of the Gothic elements present in The stories of "the story of the room 207" and cancer of the genie. The methodology employed for this research is descriptive analysis, which was carried out through library notes. The results indicate that the primary common elements of Gothic literature in the collection of stories Story of Room 207 and are, in order of importance: characterization, a mysterious atmosphere, unbelievable events, possession, and violence.
Research in Comparative Literature, 2025
Article type: Research Article Jacques Derrida, influenced by the uncertainty approach that emerg... more Article type: Research Article Jacques Derrida, influenced by the uncertainty approach that emerged in the 20th century, began to establish a foundational perspective in the West. Following the New Criticism's success in diminishing the impact of external relations on the text, the focus shifted to the text itself, along with its form and structure, as the primary subjects of criticism. Consequently, critics increasingly concentrated on the text, while interest in the reader and the addressee diminished. But by proposing his theory, Derrida emphasized the essential role of the reader, thereby prompting a critique of traditional reading practices. He argued that it is impossible to ascribe a definitive meaning to a text. Given the diverse audiences and the inherent contradictions present within the same text, readers can derive multiple interpretations. Derrida believed that the intellectual and cultural background of a text's audience plays a crucial role in its analysis, contributing to the varied and sometimes contradictory interpretations of the same text. Furthermore, the denial of inherent meaning within the text also results in diverse interpretations.
Research in Comparative Literature, 2025
Article type: Research Article Throughout history, the development of relationships between diffe... more Article type: Research Article Throughout history, the development of relationships between different nations and people has been influenced by various factors, including geographical proximity, trade, and the prevailing political and social conditions of the time. These relationships have fostered cultural and familial ties that significantly impact the language and literature of the people, resulting in a rich diversity of speech and vocabulary. The governments' interest in science and knowledge, along with scholarly and literary gatherings, has further contributed to cultural fusion, particularly in the realms of vocabulary and expression. The exchange of ideas and cultural practices between nations has created opportunities for foreign and unfamiliar words to enter languages, resulting in a dynamic and ever-evolving linguistic landscape. Today, the Arabic and Persian languages, which share similar alphabets, have profoundly influenced one another. Consequently, loanwords from each language have become integral to everyday speech and the literary culture of their speakers. This exchange of language and cultural practices has fostered the emergence of new linguistic forms, enriching both languages and contributing to their ongoing evolution. This study specifically examines the influence of Persian-Arabic loanwords on Arab poetry in the Khorasan region, using Tha'labi Nishapuri's "Yatimeh al-Dahr" as a foundation for analysis. The findings indicate that Arab literature in Khorasan, particularly poetry, is rich with imported and Arabicized loanwords. This phenomenon can be attributed to the favorable scientific and cultural environment that prevailed during the fourth and fifth centuries, as well as the poets' affinity for this region, especially Nishapur. Contemporary poets in the Khorasan region continue to draw upon this rich linguistic heritage, incorporating loanwords from Indian, Greek, Arabic, Turkish, and Persian-Arabic into their works. The influence of Persian literature on the dialect of the local populace is evident in the use of these loanwords across a diverse range of subjects. Overall, the study underscores the profound impact of cultural and linguistic exchange on the evolution of languages and their literature.
Research in Comparative Literature, 2025
Article type: Research Article Arabic and Persian cultures and literatures have interacted signif... more Article type: Research Article Arabic and Persian cultures and literatures have interacted significantly throughout various historical periods, owing to the numerous connections between the peoples of these two regions. The influence of Iranian and Arab poets on each other's cultural and literary traditions is one of the most evident manifestations of this interaction. Nizar Bani al-Marjah, a Syrian poet, is one of the contemporary Arab poets who reflects the influence of Persian culture and literature in his work. This literary interaction is evident in his poetry, where he references renowned poets such as Saadi, Hafez, and Khaju. Additionally, he alludes to several historical cities and locations in Iran. The authors of this research employed a descriptive-analytical method to investigate Iranian characters and places in the poetry of Nizar Bani al-Marja. They also examined the influence of this poet on Persian culture and literature, identifying the most prevalent symbols of Persian literature within his works. Persian culture and literature, with its profound significance, have transcended geographical boundaries, intertwining with the heartfelt expressions of contemporary Arab poets. This fusion is beautifully exemplified in the poetry of Nizar Bani al-Marja.
Research in Comparative Literature, 2025
Article type: Research Article Onomatopoeia, a type of word that originates from the concept of n... more Article type: Research Article Onomatopoeia, a type of word that originates from the concept of nouns, encompasses both natural and artificial sounds that surround humans. It represents a dynamic element of language and is relevant to any community or nation that utilizes language. Shihab al-Din Muhammad Zaidary Nasavi, the author of "Nafhat al-Masdur" (7th century), extensively employs linguistic features, particularly onomatopoeias, along with a wealth of rhetorical devices in this work. Due to its integration with the Arabic language, "Nafthat al-Masdur benefits from numerous Arabic onomatopoeias in addition to Persian ones. This study begins by introducing Persian onomatopoeias, followed by Arabic ones, and then analyzes their impact on the text. The aim of this research is to explore the influence and significance of Persian and Arabic onomatopoeias in a literary-historical context, considering their remarkable frequency. Emotional and non-emotional onomatopoeias in this text are employed to depict historical events, personal grievances, and social complaints, significantly enhancing the visualization, concretization, and communication of concepts filled with discontent. Non-emotional onomatopoeias include animal names, their sounds, natural phenomena, objects, and sounds produced by humans. The arrangement of Arabic onomatopoeias featuring human-origin sounds highlights the author's emphasis and the effectiveness of this linguistic tool.
Research in Comparative Literature, 2025
Article type: Research Article Translating texts that include specific vocabulary, common express... more Article type: Research Article Translating texts that include specific vocabulary, common expressions, and cultural or social issues from the source language presents numerous challenges. Consequently, these translations require the translator to engage deeply with similar texts and possess a comprehensive understanding of them. The translation of Jalal Ale Ahmad's stories is not exempt from this challenge. This study will employ a descriptive-analytical approach to critique the Arabic translation of Jashneh Farkhondeh, one of the short stories in the collection "Five Stories" by Jalal Ale Ahmad, using Newmark's Theory as a framework. The findings of this research are based on an analysis of comparable samples from Abd al-Wahhab Mahmud Allūb's translation, evaluated in the context of Newmark's Theory. The translator has employed suitable equivalents in translating various words, expressions, and cultural references. However, there are instances where he could have translated certain terms that lack direct oneto-one equivalents, such as slang and onomatopoeias, more effectively. Metaphors have been translated literally, in accordance with Newmark's recommendations for addressing this literary device. Newmark also advises explicating omitted verbs and other words to enhance clarity. Ellipsis is one of Jalal Aleh-Ahmad's signature techniques, and the translator has successfully preserved this feature in his translation; therefore, there is no indication that these ellipses have been explicated in his work.
Research in Comparative Literature, 2024
Article type: Research Article Analyzing the emotional process of discourse in Bahar's Damavandiy... more Article type: Research Article Analyzing the emotional process of discourse in Bahar's Damavandiyeh and Fi Al-Bada. and Uras Trilogy by Ezzedin Meihoubi Semiotics, which is a semiotics derived from the school of Paris and the opinions of Grimes and Fontaine, is the transformation of Saussure's semiotics into a method of text analysis in which meaning is a fluid element that is formed in a discourse process. Diversed dimensions of the discourse system play a role in the formation of this discourse process, and one of these dimensions is highlighted in each text. In order to read the semiotic-semantic text, it is necessary to determine the pominent discourse dimension in the text first. In the current research, Authors have analyzed two poems by Ezzeddin Meihoubi and Damavandieh Bahar in terms of the formation of emotional process of discourse in a descriptive-analytical way. The reason for this choice was the similarities in the emotional scene and the common extra-linguistic texture of these two poems, which have automatically created a common tone and emotion. The results have indicated that in Bahar and Mihoubi's poem Fei Albada the emotional rush stage is expressed in an identical way. Furthermore, in both poems, anger is the central emotion of the emotional process of discourse. Also, effective verbs, emotional scene, narratee, and instigator have similar meanings in the poetry of both poets. Finally, the observation of the same emotional evaluation is another outcome of this research.
Research in Comparative Literature, 2024
Article type: Research Article The togetherness of literature and society is one of the subjects ... more Article type: Research Article The togetherness of literature and society is one of the subjects of interest in literary research. In this respect, social novels, more than any other literary work, can reflect the events and realities of society. The association between tradition and modernity is also reflected in these works as a social issue and the sociology of literature attmepts to explain this relationship. Alongside the arrival of modernity in Iran and the Arab countries, there was an obvious confrontation between it and the existing traditions in the society, and, accordingly, the authors portrayed this confrontation with special delicacy in their works. Since common infrastructures and cultural similarities are the factors for matching the two literary works, this study examines the two novels Ana Ahia by Leila Balabaki and Adat Mikonim by Zoya Pirzad. The authors of these two novels embark on Anthony's theory. Giddens represents a new look in the four areas of culture, society, economics, and politics as a theorist whose views on Eastern societies and women's issues are groundbreaking and reflect on the interaction and interaction of tradition and modernity between the Iranian and Arab societies. Examining the common themes of these two novels reveals the conflict between traditional and modern beliefs about women. Furthermore, traditional, cultural, and social features are being observed more than modern elements in these two novels. The efforts of the main female characters of the novels that reflect the confrontation between their modernist beliefs and the traditions that govern the family and society are in vain.
Research in Comparative Literature, 2024
Article type: Research Article The prominent aim of the current research is to investigate the do... more Article type: Research Article The prominent aim of the current research is to investigate the dominant social theme-centered cognitive metaphors which are used in "Ayenehaye Dardar" by Houshang Golshiri and "Al-Less Wal-Kelab" by Najib Mahfouz, who are two realist authors who have reflected social conditions in their works. The theoretical foundation of the addressed study is the theory of conceptual metaphor in cognitive semantics, which has elevated metaphor from a merely aesthetic means to an approach for cognition and contemplating. This study, adopting qualitative and quantitative analysis method with a comparative eastern European school, strives to answer this question that how and how frequent common social themes used by Houshang Golshiri and Najib Mahfouz in their two novels are conceptualized. The findings of the study imply that dealing with social matters, especially love, women, humanism, tendency to the past, social environment of the two authors, and subjectivism are among similarities between the two authors which are conceptualized in the form of conceptual metaphor. In these two novels, the ontological and structural metaphors have a high frequency, but the directional one is fewer seen.
Research in Comparative Literature, 2024
Imageology", as an approach in literary and historical texts, and criticism, applies an interdisc... more Imageology", as an approach in literary and historical texts, and criticism, applies an interdisciplinary method to understand the culture, identity, and real image of a nation from the point of view of another. Al-Masalik Wa'l-Mamalik by Istakhri, a geographer and travelogue writer of the Persian region, is one of the important historical texts of the 3 rd and 4 th centuries AH. In his work, Istakhri introduces different regions and tribes of Iran and Islamic countries, one of which is Sistan and Sistanians. This research is an attempt to answer the following questions: what are the types of images of Sistan in Al-Masalik Wa'l-Mamalik, how did Istakhri judge and narrate these images, and what are the reasons for that? To that aim, all the images related to Sistan in Istakhri's book are extracted and classified into cultural, religious, political, historical, economic, architectural, and geographical indicators based on imagology. Also, Istakhrī's attitude in evaluation and to some extent his reasons for that were analyzed. The overall estimation of the images related to Sistan in Al-Masālik wa'l-Mamālik shows Istakhrī's positive view of this people and factors such as influence from previous books, ecology, national-religious tendencies and the structure of the society of his era was influential in presenting these images.
Research in Comparative Literature, 2024
, a theorist of conversation logic, considers dialogue the result of the interaction between the ... more , a theorist of conversation logic, considers dialogue the result of the interaction between the speaker and the listener, which is formed in the social context and interacts with past and future discourses; Therefor, while guiding the reader with the details and conceptual sub-layers of the text, it leads to the frequent and infinite meaning of the meaning. However, form his point of view, among the literary genres, only the novel has the characteristics of dialogue logic and polyphony poetry due to limited choices and being empty of the presence of another not worthy of attention form this perspective but the poems of contemporary Iranian and Iraqi poets have conversational features due to the wide selection , creation of spaces and situations of presence of others and the use of words, concepts and themes that poets freely and far form the common norms of poetry. In the present study, the poems of prominent contemporary poets of Iran and Iraq with a descriptive-analytical method that revolves around the cowardly assassination of resistance leader Haj Qasem Soleimani, a famous Mujahid who is a manifestation of nationnal authority and the spirit of resistance in west Asia and the world Bakhtin has been analyzed with a special approach to the theory of dialogue logic. The result of the research indicates that contemporary Arabic and persian poets are dialogueoriented in their poems and to create a dialogue atmosphere in their poems, they have used arrangements and tricks related to dialogue logic, including the use of pronouns, rhetorical and polyphonic propositions. Narrative expression is the most prominent technique used by the poets in question to create a polyphonic atmosphere, and the explicit and bitter criticisms of the poets have brought their poems closer to the carnival speech and added to the dialogue and polyphonic nature of their poems.
Research in Comparative Literature, 2024
Article type: Research Article Religion, having played a prominent role for the advancement, perf... more Article type: Research Article Religion, having played a prominent role for the advancement, perfection, and happiness of man in all periods of history, has been judged in multiple humanities schools in diversed ways. According to the principle of materialism, Marxists have sought to deny or limit the role of religion in an individual's life. Hoshang Golshiri, being reknowned as a contemporary Iraqi poet associated with the thought of Marxism and as a writer of the Isfahan school and Badr Shaker al-Siyab, have brought religion and religious discourse to the fore. The current research, relying on the descriptive-analytical method and help from the foundations of the American school of comparative literature, seeks to examine and criticize the religious discourse of the works by Hoshang Golshiri and Badr Shaker Al-Siyab from an internal point of view. As the results of this research have indicated, Golshiri has been influenced by Marxist ideas and has reduced the adherence to the common intellectual model and the opposition to religion and the functions of religion to relieving the pains and sufferings of the masses. Moreover, Al-Siyab has tried to use religion as a deterrent against identity crises, personality conflicts, and the establishment of anti-colonial movements.
Research in Comparative Literature, 2024
Article type: Research Article Metaphor, being addressed either as a decorative element or as a c... more Article type: Research Article Metaphor, being addressed either as a decorative element or as a cognitive process, has attracted the researchers' attention for a long time. According to the findings of cognitive linguistics, humans create and store fundamental conceptual constructions called image schemas in their minds so that when thinking about abstract matters by transferring these concrete constructions to language facilitate and complete the perception process. Saadi Yousef and Ahmad Shamlou have conceptualized many abstract concepts in their poems with the assistance provided by schemata. This research, descriptive-analytical method, while examining and analyzing the schemata in two selected poems of these two poets, to explain the way of thinking and, also, the foundations of their understanding of the world around them. As being indicated through the results, abstract concepts such as death, life, change, and immortality have been embodied in the form of these images and the three schemes of volume, movement, and force have been able to communicate in an organized, organic, and coherent manner with each other and in line with a certain goal. This may lead to the production of meaning and finally put the abstract concept of immortality and impact in the form of a visual tableau before the audience.
Research in Comparative Literature, 2024
Article type: Research Article "Women's Writing" is a significant approach in feminist criticism.... more Article type: Research Article "Women's Writing" is a significant approach in feminist criticism. This approach is a distinct female narrative element of male writing, which represents the difference in the application of emotional lexis, more use of colored phrases, oaths, principles of procrastination, losers and syntactic characteristics such as the use of prayer sentences (curses and prayers), Descriptive sentences, questional sentences appear in the form of self-esteem, and, finally, short and simplified sentences. Contents and issues such as historical affliction of self-confidence, and misandry, self-discovery, life concerns and overcoming romantic love are also from the feminine content. Nasim Marashi in Haras and Hanan al-Sheikh (the Lebanese female writer) in Beirut Blues, have different perspectives over war and human relations in the war condition and, in particular, position of women in the family and society. Using a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach of the female narrative of war, the effect of war on women's lives and their gender restrictions in the patriarchal society is described in this study and, furthermore, it was shown that female writers emphasized the terrible consequences of the war and expressed its affection and devotion based on their female spiritualities. They have never praised war, though. Both writers, by using emotional interpretations, of colored phrases, oaths and the emotional and praying sentences, and the simplicity and short sentences have considered contents such as historical affliction of self-confidence, and misandry, selfdiscovery, life concerns & overcoming of romantic love.
masoudhaghighi99@gmail.com, 2024
Article type: Research Article Comparative literature is a type of interdisciplinary research tha... more Article type: Research Article Comparative literature is a type of interdisciplinary research that studies the relationship between the literature in different nations and examines the relationship between literature, and art and humanities. Various topics have been investigated in comparative literature, one of which is intellectual movements. Feminism is considered as one of these intellectual movements. In this essay, relying on the descriptive-analytical method, a comparative study of some feminist components in the novels Al-Khaba by Almiral Tahawi and Akhtar, Dokhtar-e Zibaye Qajari by Eli Najafifar based on the comparative literature of the American school is discussed. Women-centered novels possess a number of Feminist components inclusing; gender discrimination, forced marriage, polygamy, marriage at a young age, unquestioning obedience to the wife, divorce, the place of superstitions among women, employment of women in the home environment, and further. Followed by that, harassment of women, women against women, longing, smoking among women, trying to achieve freedom, surrendering to fate, etc are aong the other noticed elements. The result of the research has indicated that Al-Khaba and Akhtar Dokhtar-e Zaizaye Qajari mostly express the classic traditional life and the pains of women experiecned in a patriarchal and misogynistic society. It also represents desperation and despair among women and the negative view of them. Both authors end their stories in a way that confronts men with the beginning of women's activism for equal rights.
Research in Comparative Literature, 2024
Article type: Research Article By examining the works of poets and writers throughout history, we... more Article type: Research Article By examining the works of poets and writers throughout history, we come across writers and poets who are disgusted with the current state of their society in various fields. These critics cannot easily ignore these anomalies due to their critical spirit; therefore, they criticize the shortcomings and deviations in various ways depending on the prevailing conditions of the society in order to inform the people and correct these anomalies. In this connection, Abul Alaa Maari and Obaid Zakani are two great writers in Arabic and Persian literature who expressed the moral and social anomalies of their time in the form of social criticism. Therefore, in this research, based on the "comparative method", the criticism in each of these two poets on the social conditions of their time, and the common social contexts in the poems of these two poets has been examined. Finally, it is found that both of their poems have used the title as a winning weapon to express social issues so that they can criticize anomalies such as injustice and oppression of the ruling classes, trickery and deception, hypocritical asceticism, ignorance and simplicity of people and other deviations in their society.
Research in Comparative Literature, 2024
The primary objective of feministic schools is gender equality in society. Feminist criticism tri... more The primary objective of feministic schools is gender equality in society. Feminist criticism tries to draw the attention of its readers to gender inequalities in society, encourage a different interpretation, and motivate them to take action in this regard. The novels Cinderella of Muscat (Arabic: Sindrella Al Muscat) by Huda Hamed and The Acrid Taste of Persimmon (Ta'am-e gas-e khormalu) by Zoya Pirzad focus on women and their issues. Given the deeply ingrained patriarchal beliefs and behaviors in Arab and Iranian societies, both authors have been influenced by violations of women's rights in their societies and have attempted to reflect these beliefs. This research uses a descriptive-analytical method and the American comparative literature school presumptions to analyze and examine the common feminist concepts in the aforementioned works. The concepts of patriarchy, emotional violence, women against women, and women's effort to please men were found to be reflected in the works of both authors, and both of them, despite differences in nationality and language, were concerned about women and criticized patriarchal society. The findings indicate that the women in Pirzad's narrative are active and modify their living conditions, whereas the women in Hamed's narrative are passive, though aware of their condition.
Research in Comparative Literature, 2024
Article type: Research Article Fariduddin Attar (540 AD), the well-known Iranian poet and Hassan ... more Article type: Research Article Fariduddin Attar (540 AD), the well-known Iranian poet and Hassan Amrani (1949 AD), the famous Moroccan poet, are two prominent poets in world literature. In their works, both of them invoked and intervened a mystic character referred to as Sheikh Sanaan and each of them depicted the great value of love and affection through that old character. In the current research, two texts with two different languages and the same themes and topics are analyzed. The first text is the story of Sheikh Sanaan by Fariduddin Attar, and the second text is the story of Sheikh Sanaan by Hassan Al-Amrani. Due to the significance of the aforementioend issue, the present research, which is based on the French school in the field of comparative literature and is formed in a descriptive and analytical way, seeks to compare and analyze these two work and attempts to present some similarities and differences according to the essence of the original work. The findings of the research indicate that the predominant similarity between these two works is the purposeful choice of the signifier of Sheikh Sanaan's story which is placed in the title of the two poems, the plurality of worship, and disciples of Sheikh Sanaan. Among the differences, the way of dreaming and the quality of love, the advice of disciples and the difference in structural analysis can be noticed.
Research in Comparative Literature, 2024
Article type: Research Article Nizar Qabbani and Simin Behbahani are renkowned as famous and styl... more Article type: Research Article Nizar Qabbani and Simin Behbahani are renkowned as famous and stylish poets in Arabic and Persian literature. These two prominent poets have utilized the states and characteristics of children as a tool to express their feelings and emotions aligned with their tendency towards romantic style. As decleared by Nizar, childhood is considerd as the key feature of his personality and literary life and, accordingly, he has expressed the joys and sweet experiences of childhood in these poems. Furthermore, he never finds himself distinguished from the states of childhood. In opposition to that, Simin has spent a bitter childhood and this bitterness is reflected in his poems, although the childhood memories of two poets, one is sweet and the other is bitter, both of them are full of the characteristics and moods of children, such as love for play and mother. They have integrated features like innocence, beauty and tenderness, honesty and hopelessness, etc. for their romantic depictions. In this article, irrespective of the exisiting distinctions between the two poets in terms of their gender and nationality, childrens' moods and traits have been used by both as a vehicle to express their romantic feelings and emotions due to their shared human feelings.
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Papers by Comparative Literature
Two prominent fiction writers from Iran and Egypt, Hossein Saedi and Najib Mahfouz, address significant in the contact their respective works titled both conducts descriptive-analytical way based on investigation of both authors, utilizing its three axes. The beggar axes as a framework. Saedi's the narrated of view perspective woman who elderly the who, of her husband, none of her finds herself unwelcome in her children's homes turns is compelled to resort and acting.
Al-Shahath is a significant narrative from the third decade of Najib Mahfouz's life, illustrating a portion of the life of the protagonist, Omar Hamzawi, who represents the intellectuals of Egyptian society. Respect for family and elders is a traditional value in Eastern cultures, where older individuals are afforded special honor and respect, and many issues are resolved through their guidance. By emphasizing this principle, Mahfouz delves into the underlying layers of his text to depict the disrespect and insults directed at an elderly mother by her children. This portrayal not only highlights the problem but also underscores the societal pain of his time, inviting reflection on the broader implications.
The contrast between the bustling city and the tranquility of the village is one of the manifestations of modernity in Najib Mahfouz's The city continually seeks to attract immigrants to satisfy its insatiable economic demands through the influx of capital. Consequently, urban congestion becomes a defining characteristic of modern society, contributing to the exacerbation of materialism. Another prevalent theme in the two stories discussed is absurdity.
Absurdity does not exist in the life of the old lady (khanom bozorg) with the same clarity and directness found in Najib's story. Additionally, the intense fear and anxiety experienced by Saedi's protagonist are not present in this narrative.
Examining these two characters can assist the researcher in analyzing this matter. Omar Hamzawi is an intellectual with philosophical inclinations, and the concept of life is one of the primary concerns for thinkers like him. However, Omar struggles to grasp this complex idea. In contrast, the character of Khanom Bozorg lacks the knowledge and cultural background necessary to seek the meaning of life, ultimately arriving at a nihilistic conclusion. In her view, the meaning of life is reduced to fulfilling basic instincts and needs, which are satisfied in various ways despite the accompanying challenges.