This paper reconstructs the Proto-Naish rhyme system. Data from 3 Naish languages-Lijiangba, Mali... more This paper reconstructs the Proto-Naish rhyme system. Data from 3 Naish languages-Lijiangba, Malimasa, and Yongning-are employed in the reconstruction. Rhyme correspondences revealed by comparing the three languages are interpreted by referring to conservative languages of the ST family, in particular Tibetan, Burmese and rGyalrong. Other Naic languages, such as Namuyi and Xumi, are taken as references. Five vowels, *-a, *-e, *-i, *-u, *-o, and six consonant codas, *-k, *-ɣ, *-t, *-l, *-p, *-m, are reconstructed to Proto-Naish. Some general tendencies of the sound changes of the Naish languages are summarized, and their implications for the topical issue of the genetic position of the Naish languages are set out.
This paper reconstructs the Proto-Naish rhyme system to advance the probing of the genetic positi... more This paper reconstructs the Proto-Naish rhyme system to advance the probing of the genetic position of the Naish languages. Data from 3 Naish languages-Lijiangba, Malimasa, and Yongning-are employed in the reconstruction. Rhyme correspondences revealed by comparing the three languages are interpreted by conservative languages, such as Tibetan, Burmese and rGyalrong. Other Naic languages, such as Namuyi and Xumi, are taken as references. Five vowels, *-a, *-e, *i, *-u, *-o, and six consonant codas, *-k, *-ɣ, *-t, *-l, *-p, *-m, are reconstructed to Proto-Naish. Some general tendencies of the sound changes of the Naish languages are summarized. Keywords: Rhyme; Naish languages; Tibeto-Burman languages; historical phonology LJ MM YN Context J&M (Naxi: Na: Laze) e ɛ i (others) e: i:, i.e., < *a uɑ uɑ uɤ Kw wɑ: wɤ: wɤ < *a Jacques and Michaud ( ) also claim that the correspondence /i: i: i/ is derived from *a in the context *ŋ-. However, I prefer to treat this correspondence as a variant of *-i. The reasons will be provided in the discussion of the contrast between *-e and *-i. Three more rhyme correspondences have been detected as variants of *-a in the context of *Pw-, *R-and *mr-, as shown in Table 2. The only examples with cognates that have been found in conservative languages are listed. Those that do not have counterparts in conservative languages are presented in the Appendix. Examples of each of the following sets of correspondences are provided in the same way. Table 2 Three more correspondence rules reflect the Proto-Naish *-a Corr. Gloss LJ MM YN WT Bur. GR Others Context PN u: ɑ: o to bring pu˥ pɑ˥ po˧˥ phwāḥ NMY pa³⁵ Pw *a to spread [[phv̩ ˥]] phɑ˩ pʰo˧˥ phwa NMY npha³¹ Pw *a u: ɚ: e to look for ʂu˩ la˧ʂɚ˧ ʂe˧ rhā < *ˀrā NMY ʂu31 XM ɕɛ⁵⁵ *R *a louse ʂu˧ ʂɚ˧mɛ˧ ʂe˧mi˧ sanḥ < *ˀśanḥ NMY ʂu55 XM ɕɛ⁵⁵ *R *a ɯ: e: i scar mɯ˧ tsɯ ˥ me˧kho˧ mi˧pɤ˧ rma mra -mu *mr *a bamboo mɯ˥lɯ˧ me˥ʂi˩ "yellow bamboo" mi˩ɬi˩˧ mraṅ "kind of bamboo" NMY ma 35 *mr *a Note that "to look for" and "louse" in Naish languages have the same retroflex fricative initials as "meat", which was used in Jacques and Michaud (2011) as a representative of the correspondence /ɯ: e: ɯ/ (/ɯ: i: e/ in the present study), and they all have retroflex initials in Proto-Burmish, as illustrated in Hill (2019: 56). Therefore, "meat" in Naish languages may be an exception in the context of retroflex fricative initials but are merged with the reflex in the context of *ɡr and *tr (as illustrated by "to fall" and "earth", Jacques and Michaud 2011 Appendix: 11). The correspondences /u: ɑ: o / and /ɯ: e: i / appear after *Pw-and *mr-, respectively. The cognates in NMY suggest that these morphemes remained to have *-a at the stage of Naic. The medials -wand -r-affected the rhymes in Naish languages but were directly lost in NMY. The correspondence /ɑ: ɑ: ɑ/ does not appear in the context of velar initials only. There are also examples of this correspondence in the context of alveolar plosive/nasal/lateral initials. These examples actually represent another set of correspondences, which will be further discussed in 3.1. In all, there are 9 correspondences in the complementary distribution with one another, and they correspond to the same vowel in related languages. Therefore, they can be reconstructed back to one and the same rhyme *a in Proto-Naish, as shown in Table .
Journal of Chinese Linguistics Publication Office, Jun 1, 2014
Background: Thyroid follicular cells have physiologically high levels of reactive oxygen species ... more Background: Thyroid follicular cells have physiologically high levels of reactive oxygen species because oxidation of iodide is essential for the iodination of thyroglobulin (Tg) during thyroid hormone synthesis. Thyroid follicles (the functional units of the thyroid) also utilize incompletely understood autoregulatory mechanisms to defend against exposure to excess iodide. To date, no transcriptomic studies have investigated these phenomena in vivo. Nuclear erythroid factor 2 like 2 (Nrf2 or Nfe2l2) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of numerous antioxidant and other cytoprotective genes. We showed previously that the Nrf2 pathway regulates the antioxidant defense of follicular cells, as well as Tg transcription and Tg iodination. We, thus, hypothesized that Nrf2 might be involved in the transcriptional response to iodide overload. Methods: C57BL6/J wild-type (WT) or Nrf2 knockout (KO) male mice were administered regular water or water supplemented with 0.05% sodium iodide for seven days. RNA from their thyroids was prepared for next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Gene expression changes were assessed and pathway analyses were performed on the sets of differentially expressed genes. Results: Analysis of differentially expressed messenger RNAs (mRNAs) indicated that iodide overload upregulates inflammatory-, immune-, fibrosis-and oxidative stress-related pathways, including the Nrf2 pathway. Nrf2 KO mice showed a more pronounced inflammatory-autoimmune transcriptional response to iodide than WT mice. Compared to previously published datasets, the response patterns observed in WT mice had strong similarities with the patterns typical of Graves' disease and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) also responded to iodide overload, with the latter targeting mRNAs that participate mainly in inflammation pathways. Conclusions: Iodide overload induces the Nrf2 cytoprotective response and upregulates inflammatory, immune, and fibrosis pathways similar to autoimmune hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease) and PTC.
Evidences from comparison of Naish languages reveal that initial consonantal clusters exist in Pr... more Evidences from comparison of Naish languages reveal that initial consonantal clusters exist in Proto-Naish. Previous researches have reconstructed a pre-initial *C1- and a nasal pre-initial. A further comparison between Written Tibetan and Proto-Naish shows that *C1- corresponds to m- and ’- only in Written Tibetan; the nasal pre-initial corresponds to all pre-initials but b- in Written Tibetan; *C1- and the nasal pre-initial correspond to pre-initials in Written Tibetan under specific phonological conditions. Both pre-initials and prefixes may correspond to *C1- in Proto-Naish.
本文建立了六个纳西语方言之间的语音对应，为原始纳西语构拟了前冠音*C1-、*C2-和介音*-r-，并参考类型学共性和亲属语言（方言）的音变过程，论证了构拟上述音类的合理性。
Based on s... more 本文建立了六个纳西语方言之间的语音对应，为原始纳西语构拟了前冠音*C1-、*C2-和介音*-r-，并参考类型学共性和亲属语言（方言）的音变过程，论证了构拟上述音类的合理性。 Based on sound correspondence among 6 varieties of Naish languages, two pre-initials, *C1- and *C2-, and a medial *-r- are reconstructed for Proto-Naish. Typological universals and known sound laws in related languages can verify the reconstruction of these sounds.
纳西语的描写研究和历史语言学研究均开展较早。已有的描写研究以西部方言为主，东部方言近年来受到关注。在类型学框架下的全面描写和专题讨论是今后的研究趋势。纳西语历史语言学研究中的重要问题是纳西语的历... more 纳西语的描写研究和历史语言学研究均开展较早。已有的描写研究以西部方言为主，东部方言近年来受到关注。在类型学框架下的全面描写和专题讨论是今后的研究趋势。纳西语历史语言学研究中的重要问题是纳西语的历史地位。学者们先后提出了声调的创新演变、声韵调全面对应、综合考虑语音、语法、词汇的相似等标准。近年来基于多个方言的层级比较研究初步构拟了原始纳西语，为深入讨论纳西语历史地位问题打下了基础，也是进一步研究的方向。语言研究是文化研究的基础，纳西语言研究有利于推动纳西文化研究的深入。
The descriptive and historical study on Naish languages has a relatively long tradition. Most existing descriptive studies are on the western branch while the eastern branch has been drawing more attention in recent years. Comprehensive description and discussion on special issues in typological framework will be the trend in future study. In historical linguistic study of Naish languages, an important problem is their genetic position. To solve this problem, scholars have proposed criteria such as innovation in tonal system, complete correspondence in initials, finals, and tones, and comprehensive criterion of similarity in phonology, lexicon, and syntax. Based on multiple Naish languages/dialects, Proto-Naish has been reconstructed to help interpret the genetic position. This work is to be improved in future study. Linguistic study is the base of culture study, therefore, the study of Naish languages will promote the study of Naxi culture.
In each known Naish language, there is at least one retroflex final; this paper describes the dis... more In each known Naish language, there is at least one retroflex final; this paper describes the distributions of retroflex finals in five Naish languages spoken in Yunnan. Through sound correspondence analysis, this paper traces the origin of retroflex finals in Naish languages and explains related sound changes from Proto-Naish to modern dialects. The law of retroflex final evolution recognizes that the historical development of these finals had spread from west to east—the further east, the more finals have emerged from splitting, and the less the words have retroflex elements, while a new round of retroflexion is on the rise in eastern most languages.
Tai-Kadai has been studied as a language group since proposed the model of "Thai-Kadai-Indonesian... more Tai-Kadai has been studied as a language group since proposed the model of "Thai-Kadai-Indonesian language complex." As Li (1973) holds a different opinion that Thai is part of the Sino-Tibetan language family, discussions on the position of Thai/Tai languages have continued, and its significance is profound. On the one hand, many theories such as "word family correspondence" (Yan 1979), "deep correspondence" (Xing 1993(Xing , 1995, and "Rank theory" (Chen 1996) have been proposed to make a more precise judgment of linguistic relationships. On the other hand, scholars have made detailed investigations into individual languages in this group, both from synchronic and diachronic perspectives, in order to excavate more linguistic facts and gain a better understanding of these languages. Among these studies Li's (1977) reconstruction stands out as a splendid achievement. The book Tai-Kadai Languages, summarizing studies from genetic subgrouping to synchronic description, is a representative work in Tai and Kadai linguistics.
This paper reconstructs the Proto-Naish rhyme system to advance the probing of the genetic positi... more This paper reconstructs the Proto-Naish rhyme system to advance the probing of the genetic position of the Naish languages. Data from 3 Naish languages-Lijiangba, Malimasa, and Yongning-are employed in the reconstruction. Rhyme correspondences revealed by comparing the three languages are interpreted by conservative languages, such as Tibetan, Burmese and rGyalrong. Other Naic languages, such as Namuyi and Xumi, are taken as references. Five vowels, *-a, *-e, *i, *-u, *-o, and six consonant codas, *-k, *-ɣ, *-t, *-l, *-p, *-m, are reconstructed to Proto-Naish. Some general tendencies of the sound changes of the Naish languages are summarized.
Uploads
Papers by Zihe Li
Based on sound correspondence among 6 varieties of Naish languages, two pre-initials, *C1- and *C2-, and a medial *-r- are reconstructed for Proto-Naish. Typological universals and known sound laws in related languages can verify the reconstruction of these sounds.
The descriptive and historical study on Naish languages has a relatively long tradition. Most existing descriptive studies are on the western branch while the eastern branch has been drawing more attention in recent years. Comprehensive description and discussion on special issues in typological framework will be the trend in future study. In historical linguistic study of Naish languages, an important problem is their genetic position. To solve this problem, scholars have proposed criteria such as innovation in tonal system, complete correspondence in initials, finals, and tones, and comprehensive criterion of similarity in phonology, lexicon, and syntax. Based on multiple Naish languages/dialects, Proto-Naish has been reconstructed to help interpret the genetic position. This work is to be improved in future study. Linguistic study is the base of culture study, therefore, the study of Naish languages will promote the study of Naxi culture.
languages spoken in Yunnan. Through sound correspondence analysis, this paper traces the origin of retroflex finals in Naish languages and explains related sound changes from Proto-Naish to modern dialects. The law of retroflex final evolution recognizes that the historical development of these finals had spread from west to east—the further east, the more finals have emerged from splitting, and the less the words have retroflex elements, while a new round of retroflexion is on the rise in eastern most languages.
Drafts by Zihe Li