The Causes, Direction and Main Characteristics of Migrations in the Rural Area of Bulancak County (Giresun-Turkey)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Apr 1, 2010
Abstract:
Bulancak is a district of Giresun Province on the Black Sea coast of Turkey. This
stu... more Abstract:
Bulancak is a district of Giresun Province on the Black Sea coast of Turkey. This
study includes that the causes, direction and main characteristics of migrations in the rural area of Bulancak County. In this research, Bulancak County is handled in three degree starts from sea level. First level is between 0-100 meters and second level is between 100-750 meters, third and final level is between 750-1250 meters and it is analyzed in three independent levels. According to results of this study, people who lives the villages which sea level is between 0-100 meters, they are interested in rural occupation and also they work in different fields of works because of the fact that their villages are close to county center. For this reason, rate of migration is lower than others. Similarly, in the villages between 750-1200 meters (sea level) that have grain agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, beekeeping, migration of seasonal labor force which is related economic actions that are low. Opposite to, nearly starting to 100 meters, nut agriculture’s upper limit is 750 meters and the villages which is called “nut band” lose the population rapidly. The reasons of the migration are life difficulties or money squeeze, additional income needs, changing carriage system in the villages but the main or the significant reason is that the fields change from area under cultivation to above cultivation with nut agriculture. Therefore, there is no activities related to soils or fields for the people who live in rural area and revenues of the nut agriculture decrease year to year so that this factor or this cause increases the migration in this rural area.
Key words: Giresun, Bulancak, nut’s agriculture areas, migration from rural to urban
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Papers by Cevdet Yılmaz
High places have created a sense of respect and trust in people throughout history, and the ancient Turks also gave special importance to mountains due to their majestic appearance and proximity to the sky. The waters of the mountains, which were seen as the seat of God, were considered sacred, reaching them was found valuable, and sacrifices were offered to God. These beliefs were also carried to Anatolia with the Turks, and although some changes were observed under the influence of Islam, the meaning attributed to the mountains continued. Some of these beliefs still exist in the lives of the Turks, who have moved between the highland and winter residences in the Black Sea Mountains for the purpose of animal husbandry for centuries. The study aims to reveal that the highland festivals are ceremonies that include mythological elements rather than rural entertainment with the example of the Kadırga Otçu Festival. In the research, data obtained from in-depth interviews with local people, horon (a folkloric dance) trainers, local artists and local association managers were used by using a semi-structured interview form. It has been determined that the Kadırga Otçu Festival is a ceremony with mythological rituals that was born in the light of the ancient belief systems of the Turks, reorganized in the Islamic framework in Anatolia, and still maintains its ties with the past beliefs.
Keywords: Otçu migration, highland festival, Turkish mythology
ÖZ
Yüksek yerler tarih boyunca insanlarda saygı ve güven duygusu oluşturmuş, heybetli görünüşleri ve göğe yakınlıkları nedeniyle eski Türkler de dağlara özel önem vermişlerdir. Tanrı makamı olarak görülen dağların suları kutsal sayılmış, onlara ulaşmak kıymetli bulunmuş ve adaklar adanmış, kurbanlar kesilmiştir. Bu inanışlar Türklerle Anadolu’ya da taşınmış, İslamiyet’in etkisiyle birtakım değişikliler görülse de, dağlara yüklenen anlam devam etmiştir. Karadeniz Dağları’nda yüzyıllardır hayvancılık amacıyla yaylak ve kışlak arasında yer değiştiren Türklerin yaşamında bu inanışların bir kısmı halen varlığını sürdürmektedir. Çalışmada Kadırga Otçu Şenlikleri örneğiyle yayla şenliklerinin kırsal eğlenceden öte mitolojik öğeler içeren bir tören olduğunu ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılarak yöre halkı, horon eğitmenleri, yerel sanatçılar ve yerel dernek yöneticileriyle yapılan derinlemesine mülakatlardan elde edilen veriler kullanılmıştır. Kadırga Otçu Şenliğinin Türklerin eski inanç sistemlerinin ışığında doğmuş, Anadolu’da İslami çerçevede yeniden organize edilmiş ve halen geçmiş inanışlarla bağını sürdüren mitolojik ritüellere sahip bir tören olduğuna dair birçok bulgu saptanmıştır.
Anahtar kelimeler: Otçu göçü, yayla şenliği, Türk mitolojisi
Abstract
Certain words have enjoyed a very wide field of application. Divan is one of these. It has been used in Turkish to cover very different meanings. For example, a small administrative unit consisting of few villages was given the name divan; it is these units that are claimed to be an original type in Turkey’s history of settlement. A number of geographers to day divide Turkey’s rural settlements into villages and sub-villages. By sub-villages, we mean that settlement which has not yet acquired the characteristics found in villages. The most important types in this category are divan. Geographers to-day consider divans as a typical example of scattered settlements which have not yet become villages have created units called divans. According to historian, each 50 or 100 scattered dwelling was considered a village and informed of its taxes with a divan-bill. By this bill is meant the official paper issued by the Divan-I Hümayun in Istanbul or the beylerbeyi divanı in the centre of the province. We might therefore, tentatively conclude that divan is a local term for ‘nahiye’, the smallest unit in Ottoman administrative terminology which will be discussed below.
Key Words: Divan, Administrative System of Ottoman, Settlement Geography of Turkey
Bulancak is a district of Giresun Province on the Black Sea coast of Turkey. This
study includes that the causes, direction and main characteristics of migrations in the rural area of Bulancak County. In this research, Bulancak County is handled in three degree starts from sea level. First level is between 0-100 meters and second level is between 100-750 meters, third and final level is between 750-1250 meters and it is analyzed in three independent levels. According to results of this study, people who lives the villages which sea level is between 0-100 meters, they are interested in rural occupation and also they work in different fields of works because of the fact that their villages are close to county center. For this reason, rate of migration is lower than others. Similarly, in the villages between 750-1200 meters (sea level) that have grain agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, beekeeping, migration of seasonal labor force which is related economic actions that are low. Opposite to, nearly starting to 100 meters, nut agriculture’s upper limit is 750 meters and the villages which is called “nut band” lose the population rapidly. The reasons of the migration are life difficulties or money squeeze, additional income needs, changing carriage system in the villages but the main or the significant reason is that the fields change from area under cultivation to above cultivation with nut agriculture. Therefore, there is no activities related to soils or fields for the people who live in rural area and revenues of the nut agriculture decrease year to year so that this factor or this cause increases the migration in this rural area.
Key words: Giresun, Bulancak, nut’s agriculture areas, migration from rural to urban