inproceedings by Hicham Ezzat
Leading in the Unknown with Imperfect Knowledge: Situational Creative Leadership Strategies for Ideation Management
Leadership-driven Ideation: The Cognitive Effects of Directive Feedbacks on Creativity
Level matrix propagation for reliability analysis of nano-scale circuits based on probabilistic transfer matrix
Managing the impacts of non-verbal devices on idea generation: a new challenge for creative leaders
incollections by Hicham Ezzat
Solution-oriented versus Novelty-oriented Leadership Instructions: Cognitive Effect on Creative Ideation
Papers by Hicham Ezzat
Je remercie Dieu. Je remercie le Ministère des Affaires Etrangères d'Egypte pour m'avoir offert l... more Je remercie Dieu. Je remercie le Ministère des Affaires Etrangères d'Egypte pour m'avoir offert la possibilité de me détacher pendant 3 ans pour réaliser cette thèse. Je remercie mon pays de coeur-la France-de m'avoir si bien accueilli avec ma petite famille. Je remercie Benoit Weil avec qui j'ai eu la chance, et l'immense plaisir de travailler pendant ces trois années. Je lui suis reconnaissant pour son encadrement, son écoute, et ses conseils. Sans ses questions toujours aussi pertinentes lors de nos réunions de travail, sa vision large des choses, et surtout sa longue expérience de recherche, jamais cette thèse n'aurait été la même. Je remercie Pascal Le Masson-leader défixateur de ce projet de thèse-de m'avoir recruté, de m'avoir fait confiance, et de m'avoir accompagné de si près pendant ces trois années. Son dynamisme, sa présence malgré un emploi du temps de directeur de laboratoire, son leadership, ses efforts consacrés sur mes travaux, et ses capacités exceptionnelles m'ont sans aucun doute aidé à pousser les limites de ce que je pensais être irréalisable. Je remercie mon jury: Nathalie Bonnardel et Peter Magnusson d'avoir consacré leur temps précieux en tant que rapporteurs pour évaluer ma thèse, et Jean-Phillipe Denis, Nathan Crilly, Mathieu Cassotti et Hervé Le Lous d'avoir si gentiment accepté d'examiner mes travaux. Votre présence en tant que membres de mon jury de thèse est un honneur pour moi. Je remercie Marine Agogué et Mathieu Cassotti d'avoir collaboré avec moi pendant ces trois années, et de m'avoir bien introduit au monde de la psychologie cognitive en m'ouvrant les portes du laboratoire LaPsyDÉ. Leurs travaux ont été une source d'inspiration principale dans ma thèse. Je les remercie et de m'avoir accompagné dans l'écriture et la relecture de mes publications. Je remercie aussi Anaëlle, de m'avoir introduit au monde expérimental avec l'expérience de l'inhibition sociale (où je jouais le rôle du méchant expert en créativité). Je remercie infiniment Armand Hatchuel d'avoir été une source d'inspiration pour moi et pour tous. Je le félicite pour sa légion d'honneur si bien méritée. Je remercie Blanche Segrestin pour son excellente gestion de l'école doctorale, et particulièrement pour m'avoir ouvert de nouvelles pistes intéressantes dans mon travail de thèse lors de mes présentations aux journées doctorales. Je remercie Sophie Hooge de m'avoir permis d'expérimenter dans ses cours, de m'avoir transférer le bagage de connaissance nécessaire à travers ses formations. Merci aussi à Kevin Levillain d'avoir pris le relai avec Sophie. Je remercie mes trois collègues de bureau Yanyan, Juliette, et Rachelle. Tout simplement vous trois, votre bonne humeur, nos conversations ensemble-qu'elles soient géopolitiques ou autres-ont créés l'environnement nécessaire pour réaliser cette thèse agréablement. Je remercie particulièrement chacun des membres du CGS-doctorant, postdoctorant ou chercheur
Springer eBooks, 2017
The generation of novel ideas is critical to any innovative endeavor. However, one of the key obs... more The generation of novel ideas is critical to any innovative endeavor. However, one of the key obstacles to creativity is known as the fixation effect, which is the cognitive effect that constrains the generation of novel ideas due to the spontaneous activation of existing knowledge and solutions in individuals' mind. Expert leaders have been considered to play an important role in overcoming these biases using diverse tools. One of these principal instruments is task instruction. Our hypothesis is that leaders' instructions can have significant effects on followers' ideation capacity. We investigated the effect of an instruction given by a leader to his team to generate as many original ideas to a particular creative task, either using solution or novelty-oriented approaches. Results confirmed that solutionoriented instructions activated knowledge bases in fixation, while solutionoriented instructions inhibited these knowledge bases. These results give us new sights into novel models of "less-expert" creative leadership.
Level matrix propagation for reliability analysis of nano-scale circuits based on probabilistic transfer matrix
As CMOS technology is reaching the nanometer scale, transient and intermittent faults occurrence ... more As CMOS technology is reaching the nanometer scale, transient and intermittent faults occurrence in logic circuits, which implies a reliability degradation, can no longer be neglected. This paper deals with reliability evaluation which is a critical parameter in circuit design. The proposed method is scalable, iterative and accelerates the reliability analysis.
Journal of Creative Behavior, Mar 1, 2020
Fixation is one of the major obstacles that individuals face in creative idea generation contexts... more Fixation is one of the major obstacles that individuals face in creative idea generation contexts. Several studies have shown that individuals unintentionally tend to fixate to the examples they are shown in a creative ideation task, even when instructed to avoid them. Most of these studies used examples formulated with high level of specificity. However, no study has examined individuals' creative performance under an instruction to diverge from given examples, when these examples are formulated with a high level of abstraction. In the present study, we show that (a) instructing participants to avoid using common examples when formulated with a high level of specificity increases fixation; whereas (b) instructing participants to avoid such examples while using a more abstract level for stating these common examples-such as a categorization of these examples-mitigates fixation and doubles the number of creative ideas generated. These findings give new insights on the key role of categorization in creative ideation contexts.
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, Jun 11, 2017
In a fast-changing world, constantly innovating remains one of the principal challenges most orga... more In a fast-changing world, constantly innovating remains one of the principal challenges most organizations are facing nowadays. Survival of organizations became principally linked to the creative generation capacity of their staffs. Nonetheless, fixation imposes a key constraint to the aptitude of individuals to constantly come up with innovative ideas. Numerous studies have highlighted the significant role that could be played by leadership in this regard. Nevertheless, most of these works studied leadership's role from a social perspective, reducing the function of creative leaders as facilitators. From a more cognitive perspective, very few works have shed the light on the role of creative leaders during ideation processes. However, very recent studies showed that leaders could efficiently play the role of de-fixators, by preparing carefully their interventions (instructions, feedbacks, etc.) within the ideation process, according to their capacity to recognize the frontier between fixation and de-fixation of a project. In the present paper, we have furthered these findings, by exploring the effect of feedbacks, in specific cases in which leaders lead their teams in the unknown with imperfect knowledge. Based on varying levels of knowledge (leaders' ability to recognize if a particular idea generated by his team is inside or outside fixation), we implemented a theoretical model for ideation management using design and probability theories. Using a theory-driven experimental procedure, we showed in this paper that leadership strategies for ideation management should adopt less generic and universal tactics (such as brainstorming rules for example), but rather more situational approaches depending on followers' capacity to think out of the dominant design.
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2017
In today's innovation-dependent environment, organizations should constantly innovate to survive ... more In today's innovation-dependent environment, organizations should constantly innovate to survive in the marketplace. However, fixation imposes major constraints on the creativity of employees in organizations. In recent years, experimental laboratory studies have proposed leadership-based methods to overcome fixation. In this study, we propose and test a research method that extends the results of these studies to organizations and demonstrate how this can help uncover new organizational leadership variables promoting creativity that are not usually considered in the literature. We use a set of historical and empirical material to validate the importance of including these criteria when studying "leadership for creativity."
Leader for Creativity : Modelling and Experimenting Defixation-oriented Leadership
Plusieurs travaux ont permis de caractériser le rôle des biais cognitifs dans les situations de c... more Plusieurs travaux ont permis de caractériser le rôle des biais cognitifs dans les situations de créativité. Parmi ces biais, on distingue particulièrement les effets de fixation, c’est à dire les connaissances et solutions habituelles qui viennent spontanément à l’esprit des individus lors d’une situation de créativité (tâche de créativité, de génération d’idées, ou de résolutions de problèmes créatifs), et qui contraignent la génération d’idées et de solutions nouvelles et plus créatives. Ces différentes études ouvrent plusieurs pistes pour enrichir la gestion de ces biais cognitifs dans les processus d’innovation.Le leadership est reconnu pour avoir un rôle fondamental à jouer pour aider une équipe à surmonter ces effets de fixation dans un écosystème en situation de créativité. Le leadership est définit comme étant un processus d’influence social dans lequel un ou plusieurs acteurs (jouant le rôle de leaders) emmènent d’autres acteurs (leurs équipes) à atteindre un objectif commun. Leadership et créativité passent souvent pour antagonistes - soit que les leaders soient « créatifs » à la place de leurs équipes, soit que l'autorité doive disparaître pour libérer leurs créativités.Dans un cadre de recherche multidisciplinaire mixant science de gestion (management de l’innovation), sciences cognitives (biais cognitifs à la créativité) et science de la conception innovante (théorie C-K), les leaders créatifs peuvent jouer des rôles très importants pour aider leurs équipes à surmonter les effets de fixations, et ceci selon des règles expérimentales très précises et contrôlées, consistant d’une part à détecter les phénomènes de blocage (la fixation), et d ‘autres part à entreprendre les modes d’actions appropriés pour les surmonter.De plus, ces règles expérimentales peuvent être contextualisées dans des conditions plus générales en organisation, et ceci via les outils de gestion du leadership organisationnel classique (recrutement, allocations de temps et de ressources, motivation, prise de la décision, évaluation, création de climat, spécification des objectifs, etc..). En effet, les méthodes de recherches utilisés pour cette contextualisation organisationnelle consistent à i) mettre en place des protocoles expérimentaux permettant d’isoler les phénomènes de blocages cognitifs dans des situations de créativité ; ii) à générer des règles expérimentales de défixation cognitive dans des contextes bien contrôlés (laboratoire); et iii) à contextualiser ces règles expérimentales de défixation cognitive en utilisant des études de biographies de grands leaders créatifs de l’histoire tél que : Steve Jobs, Thomas Edison ou Mark Zuckerberg.Several studies have helped to characterize the role of cognitive biases, which appear in situations of creativity. Among these cognitive biases, we can particularly distinguish the fixation effects, that is to say, the obvious knowledge and solutions that comes spontaneously in individuals’ mind during a situation of creativity (creativity task, idea generation, or creative problem-solving), and which consequently constrain the generation of novel and creative ideas and solutions. These different studies open new sights to enrich the management of these cognitive biases in innovation processes.Leadership is recognized as having a fundamental role to play in helping a team overcome these fixation effects in an ecosystem in situation of creativity. Leadership is commonly defined as a process of social influence, in which one or more actors (acting as leaders), lead other actors (their teams) to achieve a common goal. Leadership and creativity are often seen as antagonistic – whether leaders are « creative » in the place of their teams, or that the authority and control must disappear in order for creativity of their teams to flourish.In a multidisciplinary research framework combining management science (innovation management), cognitive science (cognitive biases to creativity) and innovative design science (C-K theory), creative leaders can play very important roles to help their teams overcome fixation effects, and this according to very precise and controlled experimental rules, consisting on the one hand to detect the cognitive biases against creativity (the fixation), and on the other hand to undertake the appropriate modes of actions to overcome them.In addition, these experimental rules can be contextualized in more general conditions, such as organizational contexts, using traditional leadership organizational tools (recruitment, resources and time allocations, motivation, decision-making, evaluation, climate creation, goal-settings, etc..). Indeed, the research methods used for this organizational contextualization of the defixation rules consist of i) building experimental protocols in order to isolate the cognitive effects related to the fixation effects in situations of creativity; ii) generating experimental rules of cognitive defixation in highly and well-controlled…
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2015
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, Jun 1, 2016
Leadership and creativity have usually been viewed as antagonist concepts, compromised between tw... more Leadership and creativity have usually been viewed as antagonist concepts, compromised between two contradictory variables: control and freedom. There is growing evidence that too much leadership control could kill subordinates' creativity, while in contrary, too much freedom could lead them to chaos and disorder. In the past decades, countless studies suggested that in order for creativity to emerge, leaders should grant more freedom and autonomy to their followers. Our hypothesis is that leaders could foster subordinates' creative ideation capacities by controlling their ideation processes through directive feedbacks. In this study, we explored the influence of directive feedbacks interactively given by a leader at each idea generated by his/her subordinate, throughout a classical creative problem-solving task done online via a distant text conversation. The task consisted of generating as many original solutions as possible that allows that a hen's egg dropped from a height of ten meters does not break. Results confirmed that leaders' directive feedbacks were able to drive and guide subordinates' ideation paths in two distinctive directions, according to leaders' domainrelevant knowledge and vision for creativity.
Categories of solutions to the egg task [8]
Design Computing and Cognition '16, 2017
The generation of novel ideas is critical to any innovative endeavor. However, one of the key obs... more The generation of novel ideas is critical to any innovative endeavor. However, one of the key obstacles to creativity is known as the fixation effect, which is the cognitive effect that constrains the generation of novel ideas due to the spontaneous activation of existing knowledge and solutions in individuals' mind. Expert leaders have been considered to play an important role in overcoming these biases using diverse tools. One of these principal instruments is task instruction. Our hypothesis is that leaders' instructions can have significant effects on followers' ideation capacity. We investigated the effect of an instruction given by a leader to his team to generate as many original ideas to a particular creative task, either using solution or novelty-oriented approaches. Results confirmed that solutionoriented instructions activated knowledge bases in fixation, while solutionoriented instructions inhibited these knowledge bases. These results give us new sights into novel models of "less-expert" creative leadership.
L’évolution régulière des finesses de gravure en microéléctronique (loi de Moore) joue un ro... more L’évolution régulière des finesses de gravure en microéléctronique (loi de Moore) joue un role fondamental dans le dévelopement économiques depuis une cinquantaine d’années. Cependant, les technologies décananométriques conduisent désormais à des rendements nettement inférieurs à ceux obtenus avec les générations précédentes du fait de la proximité des limites physiques. Cette baisse de rendement et une variabilité paramétrique fortement accrue entrainent une moindre fiabilité des systèmes conçus pourtant fondamentale pour de nombreuses applications (médical, transports, spatial, etc...). De tels inconvénients seront également présents dans de futures nanotechnologies alternatives ou complémentaires. Ce stage porte sur la modélisation de la fiabilité d’opérateurs numériques
Level matrix propagation for reliability analysis of nano-scale circuits based on probabilistic transfer matrix
2010 11th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED), 2010
As CMOS technology is reaching the nanometer scale, transient and intermittent faults occurrence ... more As CMOS technology is reaching the nanometer scale, transient and intermittent faults occurrence in logic circuits, which implies a reliability degradation, can no longer be neglected. This paper deals with reliability evaluation which is a critical parameter in circuit design. The proposed method is scalable, iterative and accelerates the reliability analysis.
Non-verbal devices such as pictures or sketches are expected to enhance creativity during idea ge... more Non-verbal devices such as pictures or sketches are expected to enhance creativity during idea generation sessions. However, due to both cognitive and organizational factors, they do not always have the desired impact. In particular, non-verbal devices constitute new knowledge inputs, which can enhance idea generation but also increase fixation effects. This paper aims to understand the way non-verbal devices impacts idea generation and also to identify success factors for their use in creativity sessions. We use the design theory to study four cases of idea generation sessions mobilizing non-verbal tools. In each case, this study presents (1) the idea generation process and the interactions between stakeholders (2) the cognitive effects generated by non-verbal tools (3) the influence of interaction between stakeholders on the performance of non-verbal devices. We then identify three success factors enhancing the performance of non-verbal tools and playing on both cognitive and orga...
Leadership and creativity have usually been viewed as antagonist concepts, compromised between tw... more Leadership and creativity have usually been viewed as antagonist concepts, compromised between two contradictory variables: control and freedom. There is growing evidence that too much leadership control could kill subordinates' creativity, while in contrary too much freedom could lead them to chaos and disorder. In the past decades, countless researches suggested that in order for creativity to emerge, leaders should grant more freedom and autonomy to their followers. Our hypothesis is that leaders could foster subordinates' creative ideation capacities by controlling their ideation processes through directive feedbacks. In this study, we explored the influence of directive feedbacks interactively given by a leader at each idea generated by his/her subordinate, throughout a classical creative problem-solving task done online via a distant text conversation. The task consisted of generating as many original solutions as possible that allows that a hen's egg dropped from ...
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inproceedings by Hicham Ezzat
incollections by Hicham Ezzat
Papers by Hicham Ezzat