Centre for Applied Mathematics

Even though policies related to water and energy generally dealt with them separately, the two resources are highly interconnected. Energy is required to maintain water supplies while water is essential to produce energy. However, the models developed to estimate future water allocations and energy systems are usually uncorrelated.

The study relies on the ETSAP/TIAM-FR approach performing the optimization of the energy system in the long-term with explicit descriptions of the technologies used: it is based on an explicit formulation of the input-output relationships for each technology and minimises -over the chosen time horizon 2000-2050 and for a given final services demands -the total discounted cost. We assess for the period the evolution of energy consumptions (primary, electricity generation) global and regional emission levels, and global and regional costs of the climate policy. We will address the ability of national energy system to curve the past trends in order to reach those targets, first relying on the actual technical structure of the energy production and consumption system. In this framework, we will assess how the energy system in general and the electricity generation in particular can evolve over time to follow different low carbon future policies? The results show a complex impact of the mitigation policies on the future electricity mix and technologies.

The aim of this study is to discuss the Copenhagen commitments, using the modelling tool TIAM-FR, and to propose some keys to understanding long-term climate policy. More precisely, we investigate different coordination schemes for regions that have pledged to reach CO 2 mitigation targets during the period 2005-2050. Using regional carbon constraint scenarios, we show what these possible futures represent for different regions committed to the Copenhagen Agreement. Our analysis mainly focuses on the effects of these environmental constraints on several indicators such as, global and regional CO 2 emissions, the cost of the climate policy, the carbon marginal costs, the progress of primary energy consumption and the energy mix. This paper compares global efforts on CO 2 mitigation with the marginal cost of carbon for a variety of climate policies and focuses on the evolution of the energy mix. Lastly, it discusses the plausibility of developing CO 2 storage technologies to satisfy the carbon constraints. JEL O21, Q29, Q4, Q54, Q58

Giving the challenge of mitigating the effects of climate change and so reducing carbon emissions, this study highlights the possible technological trajectories in a future climate regime and particularly the role of carbon capture and storage. This research is developed with TIAM-FR, a bottom-up optimization model describing the world energy system expressed by regions and sectors in great detail of current and future technologies.

Structure from Motion (SfM) often fails to estimate accurate poses in environments that lack suitable visual features. In such cases, the quality of the final 3D mesh, which is contingent on the accuracy of those estimates, is reduced. One way to overcome this problem is to combine data from a monocular camera with that of a LIDAR. This allows fine details and texture to be captured while still accurately representing featureless subjects. However, fusing these two sensor modalities is challenging due to their fundamentally different characteristics. Rather than directly fusing image features and LIDAR points, we propose to leverage common geometric features that are detected in both the LIDAR scans and image data, allowing data from the two sensors to be processed in a higher-level space. In particular, we propose to find correspondences between 3D lines extracted from LIDAR scans and 2D lines detected in images before performing a bundle adjustment to refine poses. We also exploit the detected and optimized line segments to improve the quality of the final mesh. We test our approach on the recently published dataset, Newer College Dataset. We compare the accuracy and the completeness of the 3D mesh to a ground truth obtained with a survey-grade 3D scanner. We show that our method delivers results that are comparable to a state-of-the-art LIDAR survey while not requiring highly accurate ground truth pose estimates.