Electronics and Communication Engineering

This paper presents the design and analysis of an wideband microstrip patch antenna performance for Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band (2.45 GHz) applications e.g., Radio Frequency Identification Application (RFID) applications. A Flame Retardant-4 (FR-4) material is used as substrate and the size is 29 × 46 mm2. This antenna has a gain of 3.019 dB with VSWR of almost 1.3 and HPBW of about 111.3 deg. This antenna has an ultra-wide bandwidth of about 21.67% with resonant frequency at 2.4 GHz. The performance of the proposed antenna is analyzed as well as compared with various RFID reader antennas at ISM band. It is designed and simulated in CST Microwave Studio software.

With the rapid growth of Integrated Circuits (ICs) technology, the complexity of the circuits has also increased. As a result, the complexity of the circuit demands self-testability in hardware to mitigate the product failure. Built-in-self-test (BIST) is such a technique which can meet the demand of self-testability with an effective solution over costly circuit testing system. This paper represents designing and implementation of a Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) with self-testing ability. In order to attain compact, stable and reliable data transmission, the UART is designed with Verilog HDL language and synthesized on Spartan2 FPGA. Here, the Baud Rate of the UART is 4 Mbps. This UART also utilizes the RS-422 standard.

In the rapid progress of commercial communication applications the development of small integrated antenna has an important role. Planar inverted-F antennas (PIFAs) are commonly used as handset antennas. This paper presents the analysis on the performance of single band PIFA antenna for handsets. Different specifications of the proposed antenna are measured through computer simulation in free space as well as in the presence of human head model. The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is also measured for this antenna and how the antenna interacts with human body that is also observed. All simulation results are performed using the CST Microwave Studio.

A 4-elements PIFA array antenna is designed for the laptop Wi-Fi application. The proposed array antenna elements are optimized for 2.45 GHz. It is a wide band antenna. It is embedded on the back side of the laptop screen. These array elements are excited simultaneously. The performance of this antenna is analyzed and the interaction between this antenna array and user (phantom) of the laptop is studied. The VSWR and the return loss values are excellent. The SAR value lies within the acceptable limit of Federal Communications Commission (FCC). All the simulation results are performed using CST Microwave Studio 2011.

An ultra-wideband microstrip patch antenna prototype designed on a Flame Retardant-4 (FR-4) substrate with a dielectric constant () of 4.3 is presented in this paper. Performance of this antenna and human body interaction is also analyzed. The proposed antenna with a compact area of 44×66 mm , has an ultra-wide operating bandwidth. This antenna covers the whole band of the Mobile WiMAX IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard at 3.5 GHz (frequency range 3.4–3.8 GHz). The antenna has a maximum gain of 4.014dB. The maximum Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is 0.0727 W/kg averaged over 10g of tissue and 0.138 W/kg averaged over 1g of tissue which very low and far below the acceptable limit. The proposed antenna is designed and simulated in the CST Microwave Studio software.

In this paper, we propose a coherent optical interleaved single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (CO-I-SC-FDM) uplink scheme for the long-reach passive optical network (LR-PON). I-SC-FDM is a modified form of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) with low computational complexity and low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). By designing a simple encoding structure, the computational complexity of the transmitter can be reduced from OðNlog 2 ðNÞÞ to OðNÞ. At the probability of 10 À3 , the PAPR of the I-SC-FDM is about 10.7 dB lower than that of conventional OFDM for quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation. We experimentally demonstrate a 10-Gb/s CO-I-SC-FDM uplink scheme over 100-km standard single-mode fiber with 1:128-way passive splitter for LR-PON. In the conventional CO-OFDM uplink scheme, the splitting ratio is only 1:64. The proposed scheme shows great potential for application in access and metro networks. Index Terms: Coherent optical interleaved single-carrier frequency-division multiplexing (I-SC-FDM), long-reach passive optical network (LR-PON), access and metro networks, low peak-to-aveage power ratio (PAPR), low computational complexity.

Cross-correlation based fisheries stock assessment technique utilized array of multiple acoustic sensors which were equidistant pair. However, at practical implementation of this technique, equal distances among acoustic sensors is sometimes challenging due to different practical phenomenon. Therefore, in this study, we work on this issue and investigated the impact of unequal distances among the acoustic sensors. We found that cross-correlation based technique proved its effectiveness even for the unequal spacing among acoustic sensors. We considered chirp generating species of fish and mammals, i.e., damselfish (Dascyllus aruanus), humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), dugongs (Dugong dugong), etc., species, and three acoustic sensors array for simulation purposes. Some limitations including negligence of multipath interference, assuming the delays to be integer were compromised during simulations.

An integrated fiber-to-the-homes (FTTHs) and wireless sensor network (WSN) provides a cost-effective solution to build up an immaculate ubiquitous-City (U-city). The key objectives of effective convergence of FTTH and WSN are less computational complexity for data packet processing, low installation cost, and good quality of services. In this paper, we introduce an integrated network structure of multi-optical line terminal (multi-OLT) passive optical network (PON) which can accommodate multiple service providers in a single PON. A modified version of interleaved polling algorithm is proposed for scheduling of control messages from multiple OLTs in a single network. We also provide detailed numerical analysis of cycle time variation, successive grant scheduling time, and average packet delay for both uniform and non-uniform traffic loads generated by each ONU, using fixed service bandwidth allocation scheme and limited service bandwidth allocation scheme. We also compare the throughput of the proposed scheme with existing single-OLT PON for non-uniform traffic load using limited service bandwidth allocation scheme. The simulation results show that the proposed multi-OLT PON system can supports existing bandwidth allocation schemes with better performance than the single-OLT PON in terms of average packet delay, bandwidth utilization, and throughput.

In the past, cross-correlation-based fisheries stock assessment technique utilized the mean and the ratio of standard deviation to the mean of cross-correlation function (CCF) as estimation parameter. However, in this paper, we have utilized only standard deviation of CCF as estimation parameter to estimate the population size. We utilized four acoustic sensors and considered chirp sound which is commonly generated by damselfish (Dascyllus aruanus), humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), dugongs (Dugong dugon), etc., species to accomplish the simulations. We found that a robust estimation can be obtained using standard deviation of CCF as estimation parameter even when the distances between acoustic sensors are small.

Passive optical network (PON) is a highly dynamic access network that effectively converge several service providers. In a time cycle, some optical network units (ONUs) of PON may miss the usual polling instant called unstable ONUs. According to the existing early dynamic bandwidth allocation (E-DBA) algorithm, once an ONU miss the usual polling instant it needs to be waited until the end of transmissions from the entire stable ONUs. So the unstable ONUs suffers from more waiting time than the stable ONUs. This paper proposes a new DBA algorithm called modified E-DBA (ME-DBA) algorithm, for reduction of waiting times of the unstable ONUs. In the proposed algorithm, total ONUs are divided into several small groups. The data packets from all the stable ONUs of a group are transmitted 1 st and then the data packets from the unstable ONUs of that group are transmitted. We have analyzed and compared the performance of the proposed ME-DBA algorithm with the existing E-DBA algorithm in terms of the delay and waiting time of the unstable ONUs by simulations. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm provides lower packet delay and waiting time for the unstable ONUs than that of the existing E-DBA algorithm.

The expansion of passive optical network (PON) system into long reach PON (LR-PON) introduced large propagation delay if conventional Report and Grant messages scheduling schemes are used. Without sophisticated arrangement of Report-Grant scheduling, the LR-PON system may suffer from the over-granting problem. Due to this over-granting problem, the overall performance of the LR-PON can affect by overlapping of time slots, requesting same data twice and unused time slots. In this paper, we propose a new Report and Grant scheduling scheme to reduce the over-granting problem with a delay reduction principle. In the existing multi-thread polling (MTP) based DBA algorithms, if the Reported bytes are not matched with the maximum granted window size then it transmits smaller data byte by lower rounding of queued frames and introduced over-granting problem. In the proposed DBA algorithm, all the queued frames information are reported by the ONUs and OLT Grants the number of frames with wind...

The popular aquarium fish called damselfish are valuable because of their commercial and ecological value. As the demand for these fishes is increasing, their estimation techniques carry great significance. Most conventional techniques for biomass estimation are visual sampling techniques, raft and floating radio frequency identification (RFID) tag systems, minnow traps, removal method of population estimation, etc., which are complex and require human interaction. Moreover, the instruments and devices used in these techniques are costly. With the aim of overcoming these difficulties, a cross-correlation based signal processing approach is presented in this research in order to estimate damselfish biomass in the sea. The estimation process is based on the production of an acoustic signal (called “chirp signal”) of these fish species during swimming within their territory. To evaluate the performance of the estimation, three different distributions of damselfish are considered in thi...

Damselfish are small, tropical, marine fish of the family Pomacentridae (order Perciformes). They are mostly popular for their aquarium significance. Most damselfish species have bright colors or strongly contrasting patterns which makes them precious for aquarium uses. Beside aquarium values, they are valuable because of their ecological and economic worth. Therefore, an appropriate estimation of their abundance is an important task. In fact, proper abundance estimation is a prerequisite for environmental monitoring and commercial fishery activities. However, conventional techniques of such estimation suffer from several drawbacks. In this paper, we propose an acoustic signal processing technique for estimating the abundance of damselfish that can overcome the major drawbacks of the conventional techniques. In the proposed scheme, the estimation is based on the vocalizing nature of this fish species and cross-correlation technique. Our goal is not only proposing an efficient estima...

As the requirements of bandwidth and number of users increased tremendously, traditional communication system forcefully replaced with fiber to the home technologies. Passive optical networks (PONs) have been played an important role to implement a low cost, multiple services with higher data rates systems [1]. However, as the number of users and coverage are increased, short reach PON (SR-PON) technologies faced limitations by its services. Recent research progress has invented a growing number of modern equipment to enlarge the broadband excess network, i.e., SR-PON, from 20 km to 100 km or higher, known as long reach PON (LR-PON) [2]. Both the SR-PON and LR-PON systems are optical fiber based access networks. In the LR-PON architecture, diverse optical line terminals (OLTs) are converted into one central office (CO), which effectively reduces the network deployment cost. For enlarging the communication area, an extended optical fiber is used to connect the OLT and optical network units (ONUs) via optical passive splitter [3]. The LR-PON system uses either Ethernet PON (EPON) or Gigabit PON (GPON) standard to support the extended bandwidth requirement. Figure 1 shows a LR-PON architecture for ring and spur networks. In the Figure 1, each of the access networks are connected with the optical add drop amplifier (OADM) through passive splitter. The OADM amplifies the signal to ensure longer reach as well as more number of subscribers [4].

The smart grid has revolutionized the conventional electricity grid with the proposition of demand-side management (DSM). A DSM program enables the user to schedule its energy consumption in compliance with any pricing signal. This scheduling helps the grid operator to reduce the peak load demand and jointly benefits the user to reduce its electricity costs. Despite that, while doing so, it jeopardizes the user's comfort. In the present paper, the authors have investigated the impact of communal DSM programs on the consumption patterns of users, including single as well as multiple households. The objective is to simultaneously minimize the electricity costs and user discomfort to make a win-win situation for both the grid operator and the user. Therefore, a multi-objective optimization problem (MOOP) has been formed to simultaneously minimize the daily electricity cost, peak to average ratio (PAR) of load demand, user discomfort, environmental emission, and total net present cost (TNPC). In order to evaluate the best scheduling method, sizing scenarios for a residential microgrid in a Southern Pakistani metropolis surrounded by rural areas are presented in this paper. The originality of this article comes from a comparison of the techno-economic and environmental performance of several sizing options for a residential load powered by renewable energy. The artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm has been selected to solve the MOOP. The DSM programs are based upon different pricing signals, including real-time electricity pricing (RTEP), critical peak pricing (CPP), time of use (TOU), and day-ahead pricing (DAP) pricing. The results of the proposed ABC algorithm are compared with GA and standard algorithms, and they reveal the effectiveness of the proposed method. When demand response is used, the suggested optimization technique shows that the SH spring with PV/WG/grid-connected microgrid is the most investable-reliable sizing option with a minimal TNPC of $1405.18 for DAP tariff with SH spring. Additionally, with a reduction in emissions of 6699 kg/yr, DAP tariff with SH spring shows that PV/WG/DG/grid-connected system has the greatest impact on the environment. For DAP tariff with SH spring, optimal sizes of PV, WG and converter are 26.7 kW, 30 kW and 6.67 kW, respectively. The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Sudipta Roy. HABIB UR RAHMAN HABIB (Senior Member, IEEE) received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering and the M.Sc. degree in electrical power engineering from the University of Engineering and Technology Taxila, Pakistan, in 2009 and 2015, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the