Geological Engineering

The combined use of allocation modeling and geographical information system (GIS) technologies for providing quantitative assessments of aggregate supply and demand is evaluated using representative data for the Front Range Urban Corridor (FRUC) in Colorado. The FRUC extends from the Colorado-Wyoming border to south of Colorado Springs, and includes Denver and the major urban growth regions of Colorado. In this area, aggregate demand is high and is increasing in response to population growth. Neighborhood opposition to the establishment of new pits and quarries and the depletion of many deposits are limiting aggregate supplies. Many sources are already covered by urban development or eliminated from production by zoning. Transport of aggregate by rail from distant resources may be required in the future.

). This study determines site amplifications of the attenuation relationships for shallow earthquakes in the Adapazarı basin by using the previous ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) and the traditional spectral ratio method. The site amplifications are determined empirically by averaging the residuals between the observed and predicted peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral acceleration (SA) values for various periods. Residuals are significantly correlated with the known characteristics of geological units. A new attenuation model has also been developed for 5% damped spectral acceleration to determine the dependence of strong ground motions on frequency. Site amplification was evaluated at ten stations located in the Adapazarı basin. The PGA site amplification values varied between 1.130 and 3.120 in all stations except two; these exceptions resulted in de-amplifications. Calculated de-amplification values of these stations indicate a consistency for rock medium. The site amplification values of some stations indicate an increase while moving away from the surface rupture and approaching the contact between the alluvial deposits and bedrock. One station, located on the discontinuity between the two different media, has the highest site amplification value (3.12) in the study area. This high value might be a result of the focusing of the seismic waves due to the discontinuities located on both sides of the narrow basin. The traditional spectral ratio method was also used to determine amplification in the Adapazarı basin. One station on bedrock was chosen as a reference station. When the results of this method are evaluated, the amplifications at high periods are attributed to the thick sedimentary deposits in the basin and the apparent de-amplifications at low periods are partly due to the reference site response. When the spectral ratios or spectral residuals of the stations located on alluvial deposits or soft soils are considered, it is observed that these stations have high spectral ratio or residual values, especially at high periods. The source of these high period E. Ulutaş et al. ii Stud. Geophys. Geod., 55 (2011) amplifications may be the geometry of the basin, the presence of soft-loose soil levels and high period basin-transduced surface waves. K e y wo r d s : site amplification, ground motion prediction equations, spectral acceleration, Kocaeli earthquake, Düzce earthquake

The Izmit Basin was formed as a result of activity on the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ). A Northern strand of the NAFZ crosses the basin in an east-west direction and is seismically active. Sand and silty sand deposits are widely spread across the alluvial basin. Groundwater levels vary between 1 m and 9.5 m below the land surface. Artificial Neural Network (ANN)and Standard Penetration Test (SPT)-based liquefaction methods were used for soil liquefaction assessment. The ANN test session resulted in liquefaction prediction values from 0 to 1 for 46 samples. Twenty-nine samples with values greater than 0.8 were categorized as a high liquefaction prediction class. Two samples with values between 0.8 and 0.2 were categorized as a marginal liquefaction prediction class. Fifteen samples with values less than 0.2 were categorized as a low liquefaction prediction class. The SPT-based method evaluated 47 borings with coarse-grained soils for factor of safety (FS) against liquefaction and settlements and defined 37 borings with a FS value of less than 1. Overall total average settlement was calculated to be 5.4 cm. Coarse-grained soils with FS values of less than 1 were evaluated for liquefaction potential (P L ) based on FS and depth of the soils. Calculations of P L resulted in very low (21 percent), low (64 percent), and high (15 percent) liquefaction potentials. The SPTbased results and ANN outputs were imported into ArcGIS to map the liquefaction resistance, seismic settlements, liquefaction potential, and liquefaction prediction for the study area.

ABSTRACT Morbidity in rubella is generally mild, and neurological complications are rare, varying from 1: 3000-1: 24000. Encephalitis is a rare complication of viral infections. Neurological findings are headache, vertigo, ataxia, hemiplegia, myelitis, retrobulber neuritis and polyneuritis.

ÖZET Bu çalışmada, özellikle yoğun bakım ünitelerinde ventilatörle ilişkili pnömoni (VİP)'ye neden olan olası etkeni hızlı ve doğru tanımlamak için kullanılan endotrakeal aspirat (ETA) ve mini-bronkoalveoler lavaj (BAL) yöntemleriyle alınan kültür sonuçlarının kıyaslanması amaçlanmıştır. Hastanemiz yoğun bakım ünitesinde Haziran 2010-Haziran 2011 tarihleri arasında mekanik ventilatörde takip edilen 92 hastadan VİP gelişen 30 (% 32.2) hasta çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir.

SUMMARY Orf or ecthyma contagiosum is a viral zoonosis of domesticated sheep and goats. It was described clinically in man for the first time in 1934 by Newson and Cross. All physicians should remain aware that human orf may occur anywhere and consider it in the differential diagnosis of cases with relevant animal exposure. Orf lesions with delayed healing on the hands and arms can be cause to unnecessary interventions such as drainage and prolonged antibacterial therapy.

ÖZET Bruselloz, gram negatif kokobasil olan Brucella cinsi bakterilerin neden olduğu, insanlarda ateş, terleme, kas ve eklem ağrısı gibi belirtilerle seyreden bir zoonotik hastalıktır. Bruselloz esas olarak enfekte hayvanlarla temas ve enfekte süt-süt ürünlerinin tüketilmesi ile bulaşmasına rağmen, literatürde aşı kaynaklı olgular da nadiren bildirilmektedir. Burada; genç sığırların aşılanması sırasında canlı Brucella abortus S19 aşısına maruz kalan bir veteriner hekimde gelişen mesleki bruselloz olgusu sunulmuştur.

ÖZET Amaç: Bu çalışmada, Mayıs 2006-Nisan 2008 tarihleri arasında Van ilindeki özel bir tıp merkezinin mikrobiyoloji laboratuvarına başvuran 15-49 yaş aralığındaki kadınlarda rubella duyarlılık düzeyinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Tamamlayıcı tipteki bu araştırma Van ilindeki rubella duyarlılık düzeyi hakkında güncel fikir vermesi yönü ile önemlidir. Yöntemler: Tanımlayıcı tipteki bu çalışmada; iki yıl süre ile doğurganlık çağındaki kadınlara ait rubella IgG antikor sonuçları retrospektif olarak incelenmiştir.

Avrupa Birliği'nde temel hak ve özgürlüklerin korunması sorununun temelinde, Avrupa Toplulukları'nı kuran andlaşmaların bu yönde bir düzenleme öngörmemeleri nedeni ile, anayasa mahkemelerinin (İtalyan ve Alman Anayasa Mahkemeleri) topluluk hukukunun üstünlük, doğrudan uygulanma ve yeknesaklık özelliklerini, diğer bir ifade ile ulusalüstü niteliğini bozucu nitelikteki kararları yatmaktadır.

ÖZET Su baskını; etkilenen bölgelerde viral, bakteriyel ve protozoal hastalıkların artışı için bir fırsat oluşturur. Muhtemelen, doğrudan kontamine su ile bulaşabilen tek epidemik eğilimli zoonotik bakteriyel hastalık leptospirozdur. Leptospiroz, bütün dünyada insanlar ve hayvanlar arasında görülebilen önemli bir zoonozdur. Vücut sıvılarında, nemli toprakta veya infekte hayvanların idrarı veya dokuları ile kontamine bitkilerde sıklıkla bulunur.

Summary This study determined soil amplification and predominant period along with the effect of local geology in Düzce Basin. The data sets provided by different seismic networks recorded the main occurrences and aftershocks of the 12 November 1999 Düzce and 17 August 1999 Kocaeli earthquakes were used. Site amplifications at different periods were determined for 31 strong ground motion records of five stations located in the Düzce Basin.

Özet The aims of the present study were to investigate the prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns and serotypes in healthy children attending day care centre at 0, 3 and 6th months. A total of 295 healthy children (age ranged: 4-7) attending the five day care centres were included to the study. The isolation and identification of S. pneumoniae strains from nasopharyngeal samples were performed by conventional culture methods.

ÖZET İnsan ve hayvan kaynaklı ısırıklar hafif yaralanmalardan ciddi enfeksiyonlara kadar değişik komplikasyonlara neden olabilir. Enfeksiyonlar; ısıranın ağız veya ısırılanın cilt florasındaki patojenlerden kaynaklanabilir. Hayvan ısırıkları ile karşılaştırıldığında, insan ısırıklarında enfeksiyon gelişim riski daha yüksektir. Gelişen yara enfeksiyonlarının çoğu polimikrobiktir.

Acid mine drainage potential of flotation slurry from a tailing dam in an active copper mine (Murgul) in Turkey was evaluated using an integrated approach combining static and kinetics tests, mineralogical and geochemical characterization and geochemical modeling. Acid mine drainage potential of the tailing waste was determined by acid base accounting tests and humidity cell experiment. During ABA tests, paste pH, fizz rating, sulfur speciation, acid and neutralization potentials of the slurry were measured. The rates of metal release and mechanism were determined from the humidity cell experiment. Leachates sampled weekly from the humidity cell were monitored for their pH, electrical conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential, alkalinity, sulfate and metal contents. In addition, at the end of the experiment, cell material was sampled along the flow path to determine the possible AMD products formed. Results of the ABA tests indicated that the tailing waste exhibited acidic character. Paste pH of the waste was 4.35. Acid potential (116.5 kg CaCO 3 /t) of the waste was about 34-folds more than its neutralizing potential (3.44 kg CaCO 3 /t), indicating that tailing waste had a high acid producing potential. In contrary to the ABA tests, the results of humidity cell experiment indicated that leachates of the tailing waste exhibited neutral to alkaline pH values (pH 7.4-8.2) throughout the experiment. The rates of metal (e.g., Fe: 0.04-0.001 mg/kg/week, Cu: 0.005 mg/kg/week) and sulfate release (24 mg/kg/week) were very low. Metals in leachate showed similar elution behavior. The rates of metal release were initially fast and then decreased significantly, suggesting that different processes including desorption, mineral dissolution/precipitation and oxidation played a role on metal elution behavior. Neutral to alkaline pH values observed throughout the humidity cell experiment suggesting that acidity produced by the pyrite oxidation was buffered by the low neutralizing capacity of the waste. Low permeability of the tailing waste and the presence of the unaltered pyrite grains significantly limited the kinetics of the acid mine drainage formation. Evidence of pyrite oxidation and the formation of ferrihydrite precipitates was visible especially at surface of the waste that was in contact with air and water. Dissolution of gypsum also controlled the observed sulfate release behavior from the tailing waste. Mass balance calculations performed on each metal showed that the percentage of mass eluted from humidity cell for Mn, Zn and Cu was 8.6, 4.9 and 3.6%, respectively, while it was \1% for the rest of the metals investigated. Results of this study suggest that slow metal leaching kinetics of the tailing waste reduce the risk of metal contamination in the surrounding surface water bodies that is in contact with the waste material.

Abstract: This study investigated the rupture process of the 23 October 2011 Van (Turkey) earthquake (M w= 7.1) by using inversion of teleseismic waveform analysis and its tectonic implications. Focal parameters of the main shock and 21 aftershocks were obtained by using the first motion polarities of regional P waves. The first results for the source rupture process were derived from broadband teleseismic P waves. The main outcomes of the analysis are;(a) the main rupture is located around the initial break point, and maximum slip ...

The 23 October 2011 Mw 7.1 (USGS, 2011a) Van earthquake was generated by the rupture of a main thrust fault plane striking N60° E and dipping 55° NW with a very small left-lateral offset in the western part of the Bardakçı-Saray thrust fault zone located in the north of the Bitlis-Zagros Suture Zone. The incompatibly between the subsurface seismologic data and surface deformation data indicates that the fault that generated the earthquake could be blind. The main thrust fault plane developed between the northern (Erciş) and southern ( ...