Nursing & Midwifery

‫مقدمه‬ 2 ‫هایپوکسمی‬ ‫انواع‬ 3 ‫تراپی‬ ‫اکسیژن‬ 4 ‫اکسیژن‬ ‫تجویز‬ ‫روشهای‬ 7 ‫مقدمه‬ ‫اکسیژن‬ ‫در‬ ‫کاهش‬ ‫این‬ ‫که‬ ‫زمانی‬ ‫و‬ ‫شریانی‬ ‫خون‬ ‫اکسیژن‬ ‫میزان‬ ‫از‬ ‫است‬ ‫عبارت‬ ‫هایپوکسی‬ ‫گفته‬ ‫هایپوکسی‬ ‫آن‬ ‫به‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اصطلاح‬ ، ‫گردد‬ ‫بافتی‬ ‫اکسیژناسیون‬ ‫کاهش‬ ‫به‬ ‫منجر‬ ‫سلولی‬ ‫سطح‬ ‫در‬ ‫میشود.‬ ‫شریانی‬ ‫خون‬ ‫اکسیژن‬ ‫طبیعی‬ ‫میزان‬ 80 -100 . ‫است‬ ‫جیوه‬ ‫میلیمتر‬

Background and Objectives: Internet addiction is an emerging problem that can affect social aspects of one's life in negative ways. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between internet addiction and students' lifestyle. Material and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional analytic study. Research population consisted of all university students of the faculty of nursing and midwifery of Iran University of Medical Sciences which was carried out in 2017. Data collecting tools used in the present research were Young's Internet Addiction questionnaire and Lifestyle Questionnaire. Results: The current study suggested that 206 (68.6%) of the participants had no addiction, 86 (28.8%) were susceptible to addiction, and 8 (2.6%) were addicted to the internet. Also, internet addiction was related to the aspects of lifestyle including mental health, spiritual health and avoidance of drugs and narcotics. Conclusion: There is a relationship between internet addiction and aspects of lifestyle. The students had low performance in fitness, weight control and nutrition, and environmental health, but no relationship was founded between the total score of lifestyle and internet addiction which could be due to differences among groups. We suggest educational programs to promote healthy lifestyle among nursing, midwifery and healthcare management students including expanding community sports culture, morning exercise, and nutrition improvement consisting of fruits and reduced consumption of saturated fat. Further studies are recommended to be conducted among the students of the aforementioned disciplines.

The avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femur head due to the death of the osteocytes of the bone marrow occurs because the organ is not supplied with sufficient blood. The prevalence of the problem is 10%-50% in adults. The etiology of the disease includes various factors such as trauma, cigarette smoking, drinking spirits, taking corticosteroids, genetics, metabolic disorders, human immunodeficiency virus, pregnancy, and the like. The treatment of necrosis can be conducted regarding the degree of the problem. In the present paper, a case was reported whose femur head necrosis was treated by applying Iranian Medicine without using common drugs in modem Medicine. The patient was a 46-year-old man who had felt severe pain in his left hip since a month before referring. The pain had gradually increased and the AVN of the femur head was diagnosed after magnetic resonance imaging. Finally, the surgery and arthroplasty of the femur head were recommended in this regard. In general, surgery and arthroplasty were recommended regarding the hard medicinal and complicated treatment of the AVN of the femur head. However, it is noteworthy that applying Iranian medicine capacities is possible for curing the disease.

Objective: The principle of the use of leeches is associated with traditional medicine of many countries and its application has different philosophies for use in different areas of the body. Leeches, with all the benefits, can have dangers. Materials and Methods: A review of complications of leech therapy was done based on English articles indexed in the databases up to July 1, 2018. A strategic search has done independently by members of the research team and then all of the articles were +categorized by subject. Results: Related articles were mostly case-reports. Complications were divided into five categories including infection, allergy, prolonged bleeding, migration, and others. Infection is the mostreported complication related to leech therapy and Aeromonas spp. has the most participation in infections. Conclusion: Leech therapy can be a therapeutic complementary method if the possible complications are managed properly.

Introduction: The internationalization of higher education has become an important issue. The present
study sought to extract the criteria for attracting international students to Iran University of Medical
Sciences.
Methods: This research was conducted using survey sampling method in 2019. The population of the study
consisted of the university faculty members in the Iran University of Medical Sciences. The data was
collected through email, a 4-part researcher-made questionnaire, and survey meetings. Descriptive statistics
including frequency, percentage and mean were used to present the results.
Results: The response rate was 51.00% and finally, 92 faculty members from the Iran University of Medical
Sciences participated in the study. The minimum criteria for attracting international students in different
educational levels were extracted which included the scientific, educational and general areas. All of the
faculty members (100%) showed their willingness for attracting international students and benefiting their
presence in the university, and 80 faculty members (86.90%) believed that international students need to be
educated about the Iranian religion and culture.
Conclusion: The present study identified the minimum criteria for attracting international students from the
viewpoint of the faculty members of the Iran University of Medical Sciences. This, together with the
corrections required by different medical groups, can be used as a comprehensive and standard regulation
in order to attract international students at different levels of education to the country's medical universities.

Background and Objective: Today, diabetes is a global problem which affects more than 400 million people worldwide. Adherence to treatment in diabetic patients is one of the key factors in the process of treatment and recovery of these people. The purpose of this study was to determine the adherence to treatment in diabetic patients and it's affecting factors. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 320 diabetic patients with an average age of 59.8±14.35 years in 2017, in Rasool Akram and Firoozgar Hospitals of Iran University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected by A Two-part questionnaire includes adherence to treatment of chronic diseases and the correlations were verified by Spearman test. Results: Average total score of adherence to treatment was 43. 11±33.13, which 62.82% of patients had poor adherence to treatment, 33.22% had moderate adherence to treatment, 2.96% had good adherence to treatment and 1% had good adherence to treatment. 52.5% of patients had diabetic foot and Adherence to the treatment was inversely associated with the onset of the diabetic foot. Conclusion: Adherence to treatment in diabetic patients was significantly low. There are some factors affecting adherence to treatment in diabetic patients that these factors should be identified for each patient.

Background and Objectives: Smell disorder such as dostorted olfaction (parosmia) is one of the most common symptoms of COVID-19. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the improvement of symptoms of parosmia in patients with COVID-19 in 2020. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in summer and spring of 2020 using a data collection form which was validated with Cronbach's alpha of r=0.826. The study was done in an international health center in Tehran. To report descriptive results, mean, standard deviation, absolute frequency and absolute frequency percentage, and for analysis, independent t-test and chi-square test were used using SPSS software version 16 and the significance level was considered to be 0.05. Results: In total ,350 patients participated in the study, the prevalence of parosmia in patients was 15.14% and the mean and age deviation of patients was 32.71 ± 10.93 years. There was not a significant relationship between parosmia and gender (p value=0.317), age (p value=0.271), previous history of allergic symptoms (p value=0.083), family history of the disease (p value=0.638), taste disorder (p-value=0.768), and smoking (p-value=0.558). 31 cases (58.49 % of Patients) with parosmia had complete remission within 4-6 weeks. Conclusion: Due to the high prevalence of olfactory disorders, especially parosmia in patients with COVID-19, parosmia and other olfactory disorders can be used to screen and triage patients with COVID-19, especially moderate and mild patients. Patients with parosmia should be followed for at least 4 to 6 weeks and if they do not recover for up to 12 weeks, they should be referred to ENT specialists for more specific measures.

The present scoping review provides evidence for the application of leech therapy in the treatment of plastic and reconstructive surgery, musculoskeletal diseases, osteoarthritis, etc.. Traditionality The first recorded report of the use of leeches is in a medical poem, Alexipharma, for Nicander of Colophon, born 200 B.C.. There is also evidence of the using leeches by large scholars such as Avicenna in The Canon of Medicine and Abd-el-Latif al-Baghdadi in Al-Mukhtarat fi al-Tibb. Barbers-surgeons in the middle ages used to use leeches to shed blood for treating some kind of diseases. With the development of modern medicine, the first use of medical leeches occurred in the 1960's, for intravenous congestion after reconstructive surgery. In 2004 the FDA approved leech therapy to accelerate tissue transplantation.

Background and Objectives: Brucellosis is one of the common zoonosis. This study aimed to map out epidemiological aspects of the disease in the city of Divandarreh, Kurdistan province, Iran between 2013 and October 2016. Material and Methods: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional, in which the population under the study were census-based and all cases were included in the study between 2013 and 2016. The research method was referring to patients' files in the city health center and collecting information as followed in the checklist designed based on the variables of the research. Results: During the study period, 790 cases were diagnosed with brucellosis. The highest prevalence was among men (52.55 per 10,000), in the summer season (34 per 10,000), among ranchers (51.46 per 10,000) and in the age group of 20-35 years old. Conclusion: Divandarreh is one of the areas with high prevalence of brucellosis in Kurdistan province. Due to the high economic costs of this disease, more effort is needed to educate the people of the region about not keeping the livestock in their place of residence and not to drink raw milk. it is also suggested that the level of cooperation between the Department of Veterinary Medicine and the City Health Center should increase.

Background & Aims: The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) has been on the rise, especially among the youth in Iran. MS is more common in the individuals in their 20s and 40s, while women are also twice as likely to develop MS compared to men. Statistics suggest that there are 2.5 million MS patients worldwide, and this figure has been reported to be 15-30 cases per 100,000 in Iran. According to the Iranian MS Association, approximately 50,000 Iranians have MS, including 9,000 registered cases, and the rate is constantly increasing. Some of the main symptoms of MS are neurological, sensory, motor, and balance disorders, and fatigue is considered to be the most debilitating and common symptom; about one-third of MS patients report fatigue within the first three years of the disease diagnosis. Fatigue is an early symptom in 40% of MS patients, and 38% experience fatigue as the first diagnostic symptom. Extensive research has assessed the correlations between MS and various demographic variables, including individual factors (age, gender, education level), familial factors (family history of the disease), social factors (support of social institutions), economic factors (monthly income), emotional factors (family support), and disease-related factors (age at onset, length of hospital stay, medication). The present study aimed to measure fatigue in a large population of MS patients and determine its association with demographic variables. Materials & Methods: This correlational study was conducted on 296 MS patients referring to the Iranian MS Association in Tehran, Iran during June-August 2019 via computation within a specific period. Fatigue was measured using Krupp fatigue intensity (1989), which has been used in extensive medical research. The minimum and maximum possible scores in this scale are nine and 63, respectively. Scores 9-18 indicate low fatigue, scores 18-45 indicate moderate fatigue, and scores above 45 show high fatigue. In Iran, Shahvaroughi Farahani et al. (2009) have measured the internal consistency of the items in this scale, which has been confirmed at the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.96, showing that the items of this questionnaire measure a concept. In addition, the intraclass correlation-coefficient test has been applied to evaluate the relative reproducibility of the Persian version of the questionnaire, with the value reported to be 0.93. The inclusion criteria of our study were the ability to communicate, basic literacy, dealing with MS for a minimum of one year, and not being in the acute stage of the disease. Participation was completely voluntary and free. The patients were assured of confidentiality terms regarding their personal information, which was only disclosed to the research team and used for scientific purposes. Data of the patients were collected anonymously, and a code was assigned to each questionnaire to prevent the disclosure of information. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's and Spearman's correlation-coefficient, D'Agostino-Pearson omnibus test, a correlation matrix, and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed ranks test. Results: In total, 296 MS patients were enrolled in the study with the mean age of 37.15 ± 8.85 years and mean disease duration of 29.95 ± 22.06 years. Regarding the treatment costs, 18 patients reported low treatment costs, 74 cases reported moderate costs, while 102 and 63 patients reported high and extremely high treatment costs, respectively. Notably, the variable of medical expenses was correlated with the type of patient insurance (P=0.009), and the patients with armed forces insurance paid the least expenses for their treatment. The mean exercise duration of the MS patients was 4.34 ± 2.91 hours per week, and the mean total fatigue score was 39.18 ±14.56. According to the obtained results, 31 patients (10.5%) had low fatigue, 157 patients (53.3%) had moderate fatigue, and 108 patients (36.2%) had high fatigue. A significant association was also observed

Background and Objectives: Internet addiction is an emerging problem that can affect social aspects of one’s life in negative ways. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between internet addiction and students’ lifestyle. Material and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional analytic study. Research population consisted of all university students of the faculty of nursing and midwifery of Iran University of Medical Sciences which was carried out in 2017. Data collecting tools used in the present research were Young's Internet Addiction questionnaire and Lifestyle Questionnaire. Results: The current study suggested that 206 (68.6%) of the participants had no addiction, 86 (28.8%) were susceptible to addiction, and 8 (2.6%) were addicted to the internet. Also, internet addiction was related to the aspects of lifestyle including mental health, spiritual health and avoidance of drugs and narcotics. Conclusion: There is a relationship between internet addict...