Papers by Saad M A H M O O D Ali
Maǧallaẗ al-handasaẗ, Nov 1, 2016
The present paper deals with studying the effect of electrical discharge machining (EDM) and shot... more The present paper deals with studying the effect of electrical discharge machining (EDM) and shot blast peening parameters on work piece fatigue lives using copper and graphite electrodes. Response surface methodology (RSM) and the design of experiment (DOE) were used to plan and design the experimental work matrices for two EDM groups of experiments using kerosene dielectric alone, while the second was treated by the shot blast peening processes after EDM machining. To verify the experimental results, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to predict the EDM models for high carbon high chromium AISI D2 die steel. The work piece fatigue lives in terms of safety factors after EDM models were developed by FEM using ANSYS 15.0 software. The results appeared that the experimental fatigue safety factors (at 10 6 cycles) decreased by (11 %) after EDM using copper electrodes compared with as-received material and this value is higher by (3.35 %) when using graphite electrodes. The fatigue strength at the same number of cycles was (0.88) and (0.84) times the fatigue strength of asreceived material for copper and graphite electrodes respectively. While fatigue strength and safety factors increased after EDM when increasing shot peening time, at the higher shot peening time is by (19.1 %) when using copper electrodes and by (23.26 %) when using graphite electrodes.
Maǧallaẗ al-handasaẗ wa-al-tiknūlūǧiyā, Dec 5, 2023
The International Middle Eastern Simulation and Modelling Conference, MESM 2023, 2024
In the present work, an attempt was made to develop the optimal biomechanical properties for prod... more In the present work, an attempt was made to develop the optimal biomechanical properties for producing orthotic stents to repair congenital anomalies of the chest wall and pigeons' chests. The designed orthosis devices were fabricated for patients, especially young children, who suffer from pidgeon chest or any other type of deformity in the chest wall, including manubrium or xiphoid. The produced devices are a non-surgical alternative that will provide improved support for the treatment of chest deformities for many pathological conditions. It can be adjusted continuously to follow any changes or improvements in the chest wall, in a manner that provides comfort to the patient while walking, standing, and when performing daily activities. The manufactured orthotic stents are very easy to wear and remove. They are highly efficient, flexible, lightweight, low cost, and made out of suitable biocompatible materials to produce the proposed shapes of the fixators to ensure the appropriate distribution of pressure in the areas of contact with the ribs, which reduces the pain. These prevent allergic reactions or the formation of any bruises on the skin. Several adjustable mechanical sockets were made to suit a larger number of patients of different weights, ages, and levels of deformation of the protrusion of the thorax. The designed orthotic stents were produced to repair congenital malformations of the chest wall and pigeon chest for a 12-year-old boy, weighing 30 kg. He suffers from a noticeable progression and prominence in the rib cage. The patient felt comfortable and flexible in movement, and the device was integrated within the contours of the patient's chest. Many tests were also conducted on the patient to regulate his movement without pain and disturbance in any of the usual daily activities. The patient was followed up, once a month, and a simple additional regulation was performed each time. The patient expressed his feeling of relief and regained a large part of his self-confidence. The shape of the rib cage has become to a large extent similar to the normal rib cage, and he now continues his life in a better way, integrating into society.
The International Middle Eastern Simulation and Modelling Conference, MESM 2023, 2024
In the current project, efforts have been made to design and
fabricate a novel multi-purpose wire... more In the current project, efforts have been made to design and
fabricate a novel multi-purpose wireless system for
monitoring the health of newborns in a premature. The
device was fabricated after studying the anatomy of the
newborns, and their related diseases. The designed and
developed wireless system can be worn on the wrist of a
newborn's hand. It contains sensors to measure the newborn's
temperature, heart rate, the sound level of its crying voice,
and oxygen saturation in the blood. The performance of the
device was examined at Jalawla Children's Hospital in Diyala
Governorate, after calibrating it with the readings of multiple
devices from international origins. The desired readings were
measured from neonates who were in the incubators with
ages ranging between 15 to 40 days. The produced device is
a comprehensive device for the health monitoring of
newborns to help mothers, doctors, and medical assistants
who immediately know the condition of the newborns
directly or remotely. The produced prototype device was
produced according to medical engineering standards. It is
small in size, light and low in cost, safe for children, and
does not cause any skin irritations or allergies. The device
provides immediate signs if any of the desired measurements
drop or rise out of the safe level, where an alarm system
consisting of a bell sound and repeated light will be triggered
to alert the nursing staff and the parents of the newborns.
Further work is needed to develop a smaller and lighter
portable version to allow more control by using artificial
intelligence to anticipate and immediately diagnose the
child's clinical condition and the type of pain or disease that
the newborn suffers from, at this age or older, and even for
adults who suffer from various diseases and accidents that
cause disability to the patient.
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 2024
The Cardiovascular disease is the leading and main cause of death worldwide. Researchers are cons... more The Cardiovascular disease is the leading and main cause of death worldwide. Researchers are constantly seeking to develop new monitoring systems, high-level identification and diagnosis technology for the early stages of the disease. This study aimed to design and manufactured a low-cost, wireless, ECG patient monitoring system for cardiovascular disease diagnosis. This was achieved using an Arduino, AD8232 heart rate sensor, and LabVIEW for pre-processing cardiac signals, to detect any abnormalities in the heart rhythm. This detection system followed two phases. Firstly, Arduino is used to collect data and deliver the input signals to LabVIEW. This was used to process and analyse the ECG signal as part two of the proposed technology. The analysis of heartbeats from the designed circuits are studied based on algorithms coded within Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE). The AD8232 sensor is used to measure the electrical activities (ECG signals) of the heart. The ECG sensor (AD8232) is an integrated signal conditioning block for ECG recordings of the patient through three electrodes attached to the patient’s body and other bio-potential measurement applications. In this study, a monitoring system of patient's health is proposed, via specialized sensors, to determine the heart rate, oxygen level, and temperature. The system operated by triggering alerts if any of the measured values were abnormal and produce alert messages to the specialist physician and the patient’s next-of-kin with the patient’s location. Three heart diseases (coronary heart disease and two types of Peripheral arterial diseases) were identified in this study, by comparing the PQRS ECG signals with the standard values of the waves. The technology proposed in this study is expected to assist doctors diagnose various heart diseases by detecting disturbances in heart rate. In this study, a clinical trial data set (cardiology ECG recording) was recorded to determine the clinical utility of this technique.
Keywords: Cardiovascular disease, ECG monitoring
AIP Conference Publication
Some children have problems concentrating and difficulty in using their hands for basic daily act... more Some children have problems concentrating and difficulty in using their hands for basic daily activities due to a condition known as ataxia, which has many causes. The impact of this thus varies from case to case. The idea underlying the current work is to design and manufacture a technological device inspired by traditional occupational therapy that can function in a toy-like manner while allowing users to improve their hand-eye coordination and focus, thus enabling affected children to be able to take better care of themselves and become more active members of society in time. The proposed device consists of a small lap desk, an electronic unit, thirteen LED buttons in four different colours, and a glove with five LEDs on each fingertip. The LED lights on the lap desk are turned on randomly, and the matching LED on one of the fingertips should then be turned on by the user. This product trains the brain, seeking to improve hand-eye coordination by repeated selection and activation of the appropriate button on the lap desk to match the colour on the glove, and pressing the button. A software program was therefore designed to create random runs of colour groups to ensure the brain is trained to respond quickly rather than memorising colour sequences. The device has shown effective initial results in terms of accelerating the learning and rehabilitation process, and, due to the current lack of technology use in occupational therapy
in the treatment of ataxia, the response speed of standard sessions is relatively slow. The utility of the proposed device lies in its ability to develop and accelerate cognitive assistance to help mitigate the impact of this condition, leading those with ataxia to a stage where they can become self-reliant in less time than traditional methods of occupational therapy.
Engineering and Technology Journal, 2023
Metal Matrix Composite (MCC) reveals considerably better properties, such as low density, high te... more Metal Matrix Composite (MCC) reveals considerably better properties, such as low density, high tensile strength, hardness, and good resistance to wear compared with every alloy or other metal. The current study concentrated upon the assessment of the properties of aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) synthesis with the Al-7075 as a matrix and the MSGNPs that sieved to (35 nm) at different weight fractions percentages as reinforcements using stir-casting method and compared with Al7075/B4C-WC nanocomposites. These experiments aim to select the appropriate type and percentage of reinforcement particles for producing Al-7075 composites with the best mechanical properties. The mechanical properties, as well as the metallurgical features for analyzing the microstructure and the distribution of (MSGNP, SiC-WC) into the composite alloy specimens, have been studied utilizing the mechanical tests and the Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) SEM pictures. By reviewing the mechanical test results, they manifested that the value of the composite's ultimate strength was enhanced with the additive concentration of nanoglass. The maximum tensile strength was obtained for the sample comprising 4% MSGNP—the composite with 6 wt.% B4C and WC have the highest hardness value, which means the increase of the added composite material beyond 10% will decrease the hardness. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination results illustrate the various phases of the two-theta value-generated diffraction patterns for the Al-7075/MSGNP and Al-7075/B4C-WC workpieces materials. These examinations show that the matrix of Al and the clear glass are the two major composite constituents and contain B4C, WC, and aluminum matrix, which are consistent with what was shown by the optical microstructure of the composite. The Al-7075 microstructure analysis also demonstrated a virtuous metallic bonding between the particles of Al and the uniformly dispersed and transparent glass particles at the optimal addition of 8wt%. Such enhancement was ascribed to the reinforcement's sufficiency and the uniform dispersion of MSGNP. Therefore, the addition of 8 wt.% was chosen in the present work.
Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal, 2023
The primary aim of the current study is to investigate the influence of input parameters of near ... more The primary aim of the current study is to investigate the influence of input parameters of near dry electric discharge machine (ND-EDM) upon the output performances including the MRR, EWR, SR and WLT for the fabricated new metal matrix composite (MMCs) of aluminum A7075 matrix nanocomposites by adding 8% of Microscopic Slide Glass Nanoparticles (MSGNPs) as reinforcements to improve the metallurgical and mechanical properties of Al-7075/MSGNP composites using stir-casting method. In ND-EDM the dielectric medium plays a significant role in the procedure responses. In the current work, the vegetable oil with gases, such as air, Ar, mix (Ar+N 2), and Freon were used as a dielectric media. The obtained results show that the highest MRR achieved when using the vegetable oil + Freon gas, reached 29.425 mm 3 /min, and then 26.943 mm 3 /min when using the vegetable oil + Air as a dielectric. The lowest EWR achieved when employing the vegetable oil + Argon gas, reached 0.120 mm 3 /min, and then 0.175 mm 3 /min. The lowest SR values obtained for all the designed experiments reached 3.287 µm when using Ip (10 A), Ton (1600 µsec), and Ar additive gas, followed by 4.567 µm when adding Freon gases to the dielectric. In the ND-EDM, the average of recast white layer thickness in the case of vegetable oil + air, vegetable oil + Ar, vegetable oil + mix (Ar-N 2), and vegetable oil + Freon was 1.505, 1.180, 0.456, and 0 μm, respectively. These unique results can be used to increase the service and fatigue life of parts and machines that are exposed to sudden dynamic mechanical or thermal loads, without the need for additional operations to remove this brittle layer, which causes the failure of these parts with a short service life. The created mathematical models displayed a higher value of R-Square and the adjusted R-square, which manifest a better fit. Normal probability plots of the residuals for MRR, EWR, and SR elucidated an obvious pattern (i.e., the points were stabilized in a straight line) which indicates that every factor affects the mentioned responses and the outcomes of these responses from the regression model (predicted value by factorial) and the true values (from the experiments).
Iranian Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, 2023
In the present work, development models of a new artificial human soft heart and artificial heart... more In the present work, development models of a new artificial human soft heart and artificial heart valves using nanocomposite materials and synthetics were designed, manufactured, and tested. The fabricated mechanical artificial heart valves were examined to determine the best service life for each type. The fatigue life results were implemented by using the transient repeated and continuously applied blood pressure on each produced value to simulate diastolic and systolic that occur in the natural heart at each pulse cycle. The obtained results showed that a 3D printing of a new generation soft artificial heart for a permanent replacement was implemented as an alternative to the high-cost available temporary implant mechanical hearts, which may exceed the price by tens and hundreds of thousands of dollars, with a working life of not more than five years. The obtained fatigue safety factors for the produced artificial valves using different materials and designs were decreased with the complexity of the movement of the moving parts of the valve. The highest rates were obtained when using the valves with flat, simple movement in one direction like the single-leaflet type valve, where all the used materials are suitable for the production of this type of valve. The highest obtained safety factor was reached (15). The lowest rates were recorded when using the highly flexible and strong PSN4 nanocomposite material for fabricating the mitral tri-leaflet valve (thick.= 1.0 mm) reached 1.91. This value decreases to 0.99 when using the same type and material of valve but with a thickness equal to 0.5 mm. It can be noted here that the only suitable for the manufacture of this artificial valve type is the nanocomposite polyetherimide/ silicone rubber with nano silica (PSN4), whereas the other used materials failed because the fatigue factor values are less than 1. The service life span of this material is about 9200 x 106 cycles, which is equivalent to about 290 years, followed by SIBSTAR 103 with a default age of 209.6 x 106 cycles or 9 years.
ETI - The European Technology Institute, 2023
The main goal of the current work is to design, fabricate, and control a prosthetic upper limb pr... more The main goal of the current work is to design, fabricate, and control a prosthetic upper limb prototype that (as much as possible) simulates the shape, size, and motion of the natural arm, by using five servo motors. In this work, the designed and fabricated lightweight, high efficiency
and low-cost five-fingered soft robotic upper prosthetic arm prototype were presented and implemented that enabled the people who have undergone an amputation in their upper arm by restoring some functions to the arm,
allowing them to be completely self-sufficient without the need for any assistance from others. The fabricated arm showed high flexibility with a cosmetic shape to obtain the best possible mechanisms for grasping various objects.
The produced arm is capable of performing both catching and unfolding motion in all the required degrees of motion including, the ability to move each finger (up to a single phalanx) individually to match the real arm with its motion capabilities and efficiency. The fabricated arm was controlled by the voice commands and the Arduino Uno processor using a high versatility, distinguished, and efficient programming based on the c++ language, where the code is translated into the aforementioned motions of
the prosthetic arm using various motors that were connected to the fingers. The fabricated prosthetic arm was simple, responsible, and quite functional suitable for human daily activities to ensure a normal life.
International Journal of Engineering, 2023
Heart valve replacement is a major health burden and is required by millions of people worldwide,... more Heart valve replacement is a major health burden and is required by millions of people worldwide, which invites the continuous need to discover and manufacture more effective and permanent artificial replacements. In the present work, unique models of eight artificial heart valves were designed and examined using seven synthetic and nanocomposite materials. The designed valves were examined to determine the best designs and materials in terms of durability, flexibility, and energy consumption, and to improve the biomechanical performance by using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and the Design Expert System 13. The highest values of the equivalent stress due to the applied blood pressure on the moving parts on each type of manufactured heart valve occur in valves with three dimensions moving parts, reached in the mitral tri-leaflet valve 14.13 MPa, followed by the tricuspid aortic valve. The equivalent stresses for other types of valves produced with simple surface action were lower than 2 MPa. The strain energy that is expended during the process of diastole and systole was found to be directly proportional to the strength and flexibility of the materials used. The energy consumption rates decrease when using highly elastic materials such as TPE and PSN4. The values of this energy also increase with an increase in the area of the moving parts of the valve, especially when faced with the process of closing blood flow, as with the use of the tricuspid aortic valve (TAV). The highest total deformation resulted in the valve body when using TPU, followed by TPE, nylon, PETG, and PLA, while the lowest deformation rates were observed when using PSN4, which ranged from 5x105 to 0.1 mm, followed by SIBSTAR103 nanostructured rubber. The obtained values of stress safety factors were decreased with the complexity of the movement for the moving parts of the valve. The highest rates were recorded when using the tricuspid mitral valve, reaching 2.45 when using the high-strength and flexible PSN4 nanomaterial. It can be concluded that the best materials for manufacturing these four types of valves are the PSN4, followed by SIBSTAR103T, TPU, and TPE. The use of PETG, PLA, and nylon materials is not recommended for the manufacture of any prosthetic heart valves, due to their lack of strength, flexibility, and high brittleness, especially for PETG and PLA materials. It was also noted here that PSN4 is the only material suitable for the manufacture of mitral tri-leaflet and tricuspid mitral valve artificial valves. For other types of valves manufactured with a single leaflet, high safety stress factors were obtained because their movement is simple, flat, and in one direction, where the highest values were observed when testing a single hemispherical leaflet type valve, then the conical caged ball and the caged ball type, respectively.
AIP Conference Proceeding, 2023
Amputation is always considered a major health problem that causes panic and leads to body disfig... more Amputation is always considered a major health problem that causes panic and leads to body disfigurement and changes in the life and activity of amputees and their independence. The process of adaptation with prosthetic limbs is a major problem in the field of rehabilitation. Not only does it require extra effort from the patient to adapt to a new condition in terms of movement and balance, but it is also not easy to get a perfect fit between the socket and the amputated tip. The present work aims to design and manufacture a low-cost, lightweight, flexible, and highly efficient regulated lower limb prosthesis socket for a 22-year-old male weighing 78 kg. The socket recess on the leg of the amputee patient can be adjusted to be comfortable, flexible, and integrated with the details of the amputation area. The socket was designed and manufactured with the characteristics of rapid and continuous regulation to ensure a tight fit of the socket with the amputated limb. It enables the patient to quickly adapt and to ensure patient comfort during normal daily activities as well as during wearing and removing the prosthesis where the dimensions and size of the amputated leg of the patient change after the prosthesis was installed due to dynamic loads to which it was subjected. The pneumatic control system consists of the manufactured socket, the mechanism for controlling air pressure and the system of air gates were designed to adjust the socket to work with a number of mechanical stresses with variable directions to ensure the best fixation of the prosthesis, the highest comfort and to restore a large part of the daily activities lost by patients of different ages, weights, and levels of amputation in their lower limbs.
AIP Conference Proceding, 2023
The purpose of electrical stimulation is to take advantage of the physiological effects of electr... more The purpose of electrical stimulation is to take advantage of the physiological effects of electrical current on muscles to strengthen muscles, delay muscle atrophy, treat pain, increase range of motion, treat frozen shoulder, and other treatments. In the recent period, paralysis has increased the incidence of muscle and nerves as a result of the increase in accidents and sports injuries, which calls for the need to treat these injuries and relieve pain through electrical stimulation. The current work focuses on the design, construction, and testing of the electrical muscle stimulator and measurement of muscle activity device by using a specific current and difference potential on the muscle to achieve a muscle physiological response or to activate a specific mechanism in it. In order to design the device, cases that can be treated with electrical stimulation were studied, then an electronic circuit was designed that controls many transactions and applies electrical signals with variable voltage and frequency, where the physiotherapist chooses the values required for these transactions to obtain treatment patterns commensurate with the different cases of illnesses and responses of patients. The working principle of the current device is based on the generation of sine, triangular or square waves that are fed into a DC generator to obtain a constant therapeutic current, the values of which and at the time of application were controlled by controlling the input voltage of the generator by a microcontroller. The EMS-produced device is a portable and low-cost diagnostic device that can be used in the medical, sports, and therapeutic fields, to assess the functions and health of muscles, diagnose patients with muscular problems, and research biomechanics, neuromuscular physiology, etc. The device also provides information on the generated electrical signals that are immune from environmental noise, which the clinician can use to make a diagnosis or achieve the most appropriate response.
AIP Conference Proceding, 2023
Diseases of the human musculoskeletal system are increasingly common, especially those affecting ... more Diseases of the human musculoskeletal system are increasingly common, especially those affecting the knee joint, for various reasons, including those that result from aging of the human body or rheumatic disease. Continuous passive movement (CPM) that is performed by an external force is used to rehabilitate the knee and is one of the assistive techniques to restore its functions. Early knee motion recovery therapy has a positive effect on reducing postoperative pain, hospitalization duration, and knee swelling. In the current work, efforts have been made to study and discuss the current
issues related to the components, designs, fabricating, and methods of treatment of continuous passive motion (CPM) machine. Review and study the latest research and studies related to the design of continuous passive motion (CPM) machine and the related study of lower limbs diseases, and the advantages and complications of the process. The design, development, and fabrication of a simple, lightweight continuous passive motion (CPM) machine as an affiant way to help ease knee pain through physical therapy was implemented. The design and manufacture of several device parts included the use of the mechanical design program ANSYS 18.0. and 3D printing processes were implemented. The efficiency of the produced (CPM) machine with the three speeds provided by the device was tested and examined on several patients
with paralysis as a result of strokes, risk after knee surgery, and severe pain in the lower extremities. The device showed a great help to patients in reducing pain, and the risk of DVT after knee surgery in increasing a joint’s range of motion, reducing the length of hospital stays, and reducing the need for manual movement of the joint while people are under anesthetics.
Ingeniería e Investigación , 2023
Below-knee prosthetics are used to restore the functional activity and appearance of persons with... more Below-knee prosthetics are used to restore the functional activity and appearance of persons with lower limb amputation. This work attempted to design and manufacture a low-cost, novel, comfortable, lightweight, durable, and flexible smart below-knee foot prosthesis prototype. This prosthesis foot was designed according to the natural leg measurement of an adult male patient. The foot is composed of rigid PVC layers interspersed with elastic strips of PTFE, and the axis of the ankle joint is flexible and consists of metal layers and a composite of polymeric damping strips with different mechanical properties, making it flexible and allowing it to absorb shocks and store and release energy. The design, modeling, and simulation of the manufactured prosthetic foot were performed via the ANSYS 18.0 software and the finite element method (FEM), where a large number of parallel and oblique planes and sketches were created. This work included four adult patients weighing 50, 75, 90, and 120 kg with different walking cycles. The results show that the highest equivalent von Mises stress and total deformations for the prosthetic limb occur at the beginning of the walking step, while the highest equivalent elastic strains and strain energy release rates are observed at the end of the walking step, regardless of the weight. This prototype can satisfactorily perform the biomechanical functions of a natural human foot, and it can be produced in attractive sizes, models, and shapes to suit different levels of below-knee amputations for different ages and weights, especially for patients with limited income.
3rd International Conference on Nanotechnology & Nanoscience, 2023
The biomechanical behavior investigating of the soft artificial heart is a hard task since it is ... more The biomechanical behavior investigating of the soft artificial heart is a hard task since it is very complicated in material properties and geometry. The current work was focused on designed, modeled, developed and analyzed of a low cost, new generation, real size, easily operable, durable and low power consumption soft artificial heart required to replace the living heart permanently. The investigation and numerical simulation of the artificial heart were implemented by using the ANSYS 15.7 and SolidWorks 17 software programs, the fluent fluid flow (CFX), the Multiphysics static structural and fluent fluid poly-flow (CFD) analysis systems to determine the dynamic response during the activity of the blood flow cycles of the pressurized blood on the heart performance. The biomechanics analyzing and modeling of the soft artificial heart were implemented by using the finite element technique. To verifying and improving the biomechanical performances, the response surface methodology (RSM) and the Design Expert 11.0 software program were used. During the maximum level of absolute pressure applied on air pressurized chambers and ventricles, the simulation results and the animated graphs showed that the performance of the designed and produced soft artificial heart is completely safe. The results also show that the total deformation, strain energy, the maximum principal elastic strain, the fatigue lives, and the stress and fatigue safety factors reached their optimum values when using the Nano-composite elastomers SIBSTAR 103T and the polyetherimide/silicone (PSN4).
Influence of Electrodes and Parameters on Micro-EDM Drilling Performances of 304L Stainless Steel
The current work concerns with studying the effect of micro electrical discharge machining (Micro... more The current work concerns with studying the effect of micro electrical discharge machining (Micro-EDM) parameters, including; the types of electrodes, the pulse current and the pulse on time on the process responses performances like; material removal rates (MRR), tool wear ratio (TWR), surface roughness (SR), overcut (OC) and the holes taper for micro-EDM holes-drilling of a biomaterial stainless steel 304L workpieces with 250–300 μm dimensions. The experimental results were designed and modeled by using the response surface methodology (RSM), the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the statistical Expert system 10.0 software program. The results show that the use of higher pulse current up to (16 A) improved the MRR, OC and the taperness of the produced micro-holes, while the use of lower pulse current (8 A) improved the EWR. The using of pulse on duration values up to (75 μs) improved the taperness of the produced micro-holes, while it has fewer influences on the other output parameters. Results also indicated that the MRR reached a maximum value of (0.81×10−3 mm3/min) when using the copper electrodes. This value is higher by 49.4% than when using the tinned coated copper electrodes. The lower value obtained of EWR when using the graphite electrodes reached (0.01×10−3 gm/min). This value is too low when compared with using the copper or tinned coated copper electrodes. The best values of OC obtained when using the tinned coated copper electrodes, reached (−1.89 μm). This value is improved by 23.2% than when using the copper electrodes. The results also show that the best minimum hole taperness obtained when using the copper electrodes (0.31°). This value is lower by 41.9% than when using the tinned coated copper electrodes.
Maǧallaẗ al-handasaẗ wa-al-tiknūlūǧiyā, Jun 1, 2015
This paper attempted to study the induced surface residual stresses due the effect of Electrical ... more This paper attempted to study the induced surface residual stresses due the effect of Electrical discharge machining (EDM) input parameters, (the pulse current, the pulse-on time and the type of electrode). The work included the use of two types of electrode, the copper and graphite as well as using or without using the graphite powder mixing with the kerosene dielectric (PMEDM) for machining AISI D2 dies steel. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used for design the experimental work matrices. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used, and models were built to predict the surface residual stresses. The obtained results showed that the minimum tensile surface residual stresses obtained when using the copper electrodes with pulse current (22 A) and pulse on duration (40 µs) when working with kerosene dielectric alone and (8 A) with (120 µs) when working with graphite powder mixing. The results concluded that the using of graphite electrodes and kerosene dielectric alone or with powder mixing induced minimum residual stresses with pulse current (22 A) and pulse on duration (120 µs). The copper electrodes with kerosene dielectric and graphite powder mixing improved the induced tensile residual stresses by about (80 %) lower than when using kerosene dielectric alone and about (50%) lower than with graphite electrodes and the kerosene dielectric alone or with graphite mixing powder.
Technology Effect of Different Types of Electrodes on Surface Residual Stresses Induced by Edm Process for Aisi D2 Die Steel
Electrical-discharge machining (EDM) technique has been increasingly adapted to new industrial ap... more Electrical-discharge machining (EDM) technique has been increasingly adapted to new industrial applications within the field of aerospace, medical, die and mould production, precision tooling, etc. This paper concerns with studying the effect of EDM input parameters (type of electrode, peak current, and pulse-on time) on the surface residual stresses. Response surface methodology (RSM) has been used to plan the experiments. The experimental plan adopts the two level full factorial design (FFD). To verify the experimental results, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used and regression models are built to predict the EDM output performance characteristics, including the surface residual stresses for AISI D2 die steel in terms of an empirical equations. The results obtained when using the copper and graphite electrodes showed that the minimum tensile surface residual stresses reaches with pulse current (22 A) and pulse on duration (120 µs). The results concluded that the using of copper electrodes induced tensile residual stresses about (13.3%) lower than when using graphite electrodes.
journal of Mechanical Engineering
Ceramic/polymer Nano composites in the view of possessing design uniqueness and property combinat... more Ceramic/polymer Nano composites in the view of possessing design uniqueness and property combinations have gained a great attention and reported to be the materials of the 21st century that are not found in conventional composites. In the present work, an attempt has been made to study, develop and improve the bio-mechanic for a designed and fabricated Ceramic/polymer bio-composite for a human natural bone repair and replacement in the case of complex fracture and bone diseases by adding the Nano fillers ceramic particles to the Polymer Matrix Nano composites (PMNC) for fabricated a hybrid Titanium dioxide and yttria stabilized zirconia reinforced high density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix bio-composites properties. These bioactive composites have been investigated by using hot pressing technique at different compression pressures of (30, 60, and 90 MPa) at a compounding temperature of (180, 190, and 200 °C). The SOLIDWORKS 17.0 and the finite element ANSYS 15.7 software programs were ...
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Papers by Saad M A H M O O D Ali
fabricate a novel multi-purpose wireless system for
monitoring the health of newborns in a premature. The
device was fabricated after studying the anatomy of the
newborns, and their related diseases. The designed and
developed wireless system can be worn on the wrist of a
newborn's hand. It contains sensors to measure the newborn's
temperature, heart rate, the sound level of its crying voice,
and oxygen saturation in the blood. The performance of the
device was examined at Jalawla Children's Hospital in Diyala
Governorate, after calibrating it with the readings of multiple
devices from international origins. The desired readings were
measured from neonates who were in the incubators with
ages ranging between 15 to 40 days. The produced device is
a comprehensive device for the health monitoring of
newborns to help mothers, doctors, and medical assistants
who immediately know the condition of the newborns
directly or remotely. The produced prototype device was
produced according to medical engineering standards. It is
small in size, light and low in cost, safe for children, and
does not cause any skin irritations or allergies. The device
provides immediate signs if any of the desired measurements
drop or rise out of the safe level, where an alarm system
consisting of a bell sound and repeated light will be triggered
to alert the nursing staff and the parents of the newborns.
Further work is needed to develop a smaller and lighter
portable version to allow more control by using artificial
intelligence to anticipate and immediately diagnose the
child's clinical condition and the type of pain or disease that
the newborn suffers from, at this age or older, and even for
adults who suffer from various diseases and accidents that
cause disability to the patient.
Keywords: Cardiovascular disease, ECG monitoring
in the treatment of ataxia, the response speed of standard sessions is relatively slow. The utility of the proposed device lies in its ability to develop and accelerate cognitive assistance to help mitigate the impact of this condition, leading those with ataxia to a stage where they can become self-reliant in less time than traditional methods of occupational therapy.
and low-cost five-fingered soft robotic upper prosthetic arm prototype were presented and implemented that enabled the people who have undergone an amputation in their upper arm by restoring some functions to the arm,
allowing them to be completely self-sufficient without the need for any assistance from others. The fabricated arm showed high flexibility with a cosmetic shape to obtain the best possible mechanisms for grasping various objects.
The produced arm is capable of performing both catching and unfolding motion in all the required degrees of motion including, the ability to move each finger (up to a single phalanx) individually to match the real arm with its motion capabilities and efficiency. The fabricated arm was controlled by the voice commands and the Arduino Uno processor using a high versatility, distinguished, and efficient programming based on the c++ language, where the code is translated into the aforementioned motions of
the prosthetic arm using various motors that were connected to the fingers. The fabricated prosthetic arm was simple, responsible, and quite functional suitable for human daily activities to ensure a normal life.
issues related to the components, designs, fabricating, and methods of treatment of continuous passive motion (CPM) machine. Review and study the latest research and studies related to the design of continuous passive motion (CPM) machine and the related study of lower limbs diseases, and the advantages and complications of the process. The design, development, and fabrication of a simple, lightweight continuous passive motion (CPM) machine as an affiant way to help ease knee pain through physical therapy was implemented. The design and manufacture of several device parts included the use of the mechanical design program ANSYS 18.0. and 3D printing processes were implemented. The efficiency of the produced (CPM) machine with the three speeds provided by the device was tested and examined on several patients
with paralysis as a result of strokes, risk after knee surgery, and severe pain in the lower extremities. The device showed a great help to patients in reducing pain, and the risk of DVT after knee surgery in increasing a joint’s range of motion, reducing the length of hospital stays, and reducing the need for manual movement of the joint while people are under anesthetics.