Correction: Ambulatory management of pre- and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis patients with imipenem delivered through port-a-cath: A mixed methods study on treatment outcomes and challenges
Background. A pilot programme to treat multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) was implemented in Karakal... more Background. A pilot programme to treat multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) was implemented in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan in 2003. This region has particularly high levels of MDR-TB, with 13% and 40% among new and previously treated cases, respectively. Methodology. This study describes the treatment process and outcomes for the first cohort of patients enrolled in the programme, between October 2003 and January 2005. Confirmed MDR-TB cases were treated with an individualised, second-line drug regimen based on drug susceptibility test results, while suspected MDR-TB cases were treated with a standardised regimen pending susceptibility results. Principal Findings. Of 108 MDR-TB patients, 87 were started on treatment during the study period. Of these, 33 (38%) were infected with strains resistant to at least one second-line drug at baseline, but none had initial ofloxacin resistance. Treatment was successful for 54 (62%) patients, with 13 (15%) dying during treatment, 12 (14%) defaulting and 8 (8%) failing treatment. Poor clinical condition and baseline second-line resistance contributed to treatment failure or death. Treatment regimens were changed in 71 (82%) patients due to severe adverse events or drug resistance. Adverse events were most commonly attributed to cycloserine, ethionamide and p-aminosalicylic acid. Extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB) was found among 4 of the 6 patients who failed treatment and were still alive in November 2006. Conclusions. While acceptable treatment success was achieved, the complexity of treatment and the development of XDR-TB among treatment failures are important issues to be addressed when considering scaling up MDR-TB treatment.
Daru, South Fly District, Papua New Guinea is a high transmission setting for multidrug-resistant... more Daru, South Fly District, Papua New Guinea is a high transmission setting for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). An emergency response by the Government in 2014 established a high-quality model for treatment and care. Household contact screening and management commenced in 2016 with TB preventive treatment (TPT) for well young child (<5 years) contacts of people with drug-susceptible TB and later expanded to young child contacts of MDR-TB. The model of care is community-based and led by non-specialist health workers, under supervision. An electronic medical record system supports care, reporting and operational research. Community engagement and education has been central, with a concerted focus on peer-led counselling and patient-centred services to improve TPT uptake and completion. Challenges include the application of households as the unit of intervention for detection of active TB and TPT provision. Our implementation experience in Daru has highlighted significant p...
Reasons for permanently stopping individual drugs during MDR-TB treatment
<p>Abbreviations: E = ethambutol, Z = pyrazinamide, S = streptomycin, Km = kanamycin, Cm = ... more <p>Abbreviations: E = ethambutol, Z = pyrazinamide, S = streptomycin, Km = kanamycin, Cm = capreomycin, Ofx = ofloxacin, Eto = ethionamide, Cs = cycloserine, PAS = <i>p</i>-aminosalicylic acid, Amx/Clv = amoxicillin/clavulanate, Clz = clofazamine</p
Description of 87 MDR-TB patients started on treatment
*<p>Defined as one or more of the following: inability to walk unaided, high resting respir... more *<p>Defined as one or more of the following: inability to walk unaided, high resting respiratory rate (above 30/min) or BMI <16.0.</p
Univariate analysis of factors potentially contributing to the outcomes of death and failure (combined) and default
*<p><i>p</i><0.05. P values compare treatment success to death or failure, a... more *<p><i>p</i><0.05. P values compare treatment success to death or failure, and to default, respectively.</p
Background HIV programs are increasingly confronted with failing antiretroviral therapy (ART), in... more Background HIV programs are increasingly confronted with failing antiretroviral therapy (ART), including second-line regimens. WHO has provided guidelines on switching to third-line ART. In a Mé decins Sans Frontières clinic in Mumbai, India, receiving referred presumptive secondline ART failure cases, an evidence-based protocol consisting of viral load (VL) testing, enhanced adherence counselling (EAC) and genotype for switching was implemented. Objective To document the outcome and genotype of presumptive second-line ART failure cases switched to third-line or maintained on second-line ART. Design Retrospective cohort study of patients referred between January 2011 and September 2017. Results The cases (n = 120) were complex with median 9.2 years of ART exposure, poor adherence at baseline, and exposure to multiple ART regimens other than recommended by WHO. Out of 90 evaluated cases, 39(43%) were maintained on second-line ART. Forty-nine (54%) were ever switched to third-line ART. Twelve months virological suppression was 72% in the second-line and 93% in the third-line ART cohort, while retention in care was 80% and 94% respectively. Genotyping showed 62% resistance for PIs, and 52% triple class resistance to NRTIs, NNRTIs and PIs. Resistance was noted for the new class of integrase inhibitors, and for different drugs without any documented previous exposure to the same drug.
The perceptions and experiences of health and health seeking behaviour for the community living in the slum areas of Kamrangirchar and Hazaribag, Dhaka, Bangladesh: a qualitative study
Background Childhood and adolescent drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) is one of the neglected infectious ... more Background Childhood and adolescent drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) is one of the neglected infectious diseases. Limited evidence exists around programmatic outcomes of children and adolescents receiving DR-TB treatment. The study aimed to determine the final treatment outcomes, culture conversion rates and factors associated with unsuccessful treatment outcome in children and adolescents with DR-TB. Methods This is a descriptive study including children (0–9 years) and adolescents (10–19 years) with DR-TB were who were initiated on ambulatory based treatment between January 2017-June 2018 in Shatabdi hospital, Mumbai, India where National TB elimination programme(NTEP) Mumbai collaborates with chest physicians and Médecins Sans Frontières(MSF) in providing comprehensive care to DR-TB patients. The patients with available end-of-treatment outcomes were included. The data was censored on February 2020. Result A total of 268 patients were included; 16 (6%) of them were children (0–9 years)....
Background Childhood multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) still affects around 25000 children every ye... more Background Childhood multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) still affects around 25000 children every year across the globe. Though the treatment success rates for drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) in children are better than adults, children and adolescents face unique hurdles during DR-TB (MDR-TB, Pre-XDR TB and XDR-TB) treatment. This study aimed to understand the patients, guardians and healthcare providers’ perspectives about DR-TB treatment journey of patients and caregivers. Methods This is a qualitative study involving in depth-interviews of purposively selected adolescents (n = 6), patients guardians (for children and adolescents, n = 5) and health care providers (n = 8) of Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) clinic, Mumbai, India. In-depth face to face interviews were conducted in English or Hindi language using interview guides during September-November 2019. The interviews were audio-recorded after consent. Thematic network analysis was used to summarize textual data. ATLAS.ti (version 7) w...
The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 2020
SETTING: Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) clinic in Mumbai, India.OBJECTIVE: To determine the final... more SETTING: Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) clinic in Mumbai, India.OBJECTIVE: To determine the final treatment outcomes, culture conversion and adverse events (AEs) during treatment among children and adolescents (0–19 years) with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) who received ambulatory injectable-free treatment, including bedaquiline (BDQ) and/or delamanid (DLM) during September 2014–January 2020.DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study based on review of routinely collected programme data.RESULTS: Twenty-four patients were included; the median age was 15.5 years (min-max 3–19) and 15 (63%) were females. None were HIV-coinfected. All had fluoroquinolone resistance. Twelve received treatment, including BDQ and DLM, 11 received DLM and one BDQ. The median exposure to BDQ (n = 13) and DLM (n = 23) was 82 (IQR 80–93) and 82 (IQR 77–96) weeks, respectively. Seventeen (94%) patients with positive culture at baseline (n = 18) had negative culture during treatment; median time f...
Background The Médecins Sans Frontières Clinic in Mumbai, India, has been providing concomitant b... more Background The Médecins Sans Frontières Clinic in Mumbai, India, has been providing concomitant bedaquiline (BDQ) and delamanid (DLM) in treatment regimen for patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) and limited therapeutic options, referred from other healthcare institutions, since 2016. The study documents the end-of-treatment outcomes, culture-conversion rates, and serious adverse events (SAEs) during treatment. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study based on routinely collected program data. In clinic, treatment regimens are designed based on culture drug sensitivity test patterns and previous drug exposures, and are provided for 20–22 months. BDQ and DLM are extended beyond 24 weeks as off-label use. Patients who initiated DR-TB treatment including BDQ and DLM (concomitantly for at least 4 weeks) during February 2016–February 2018 were included. Results Of the 70 patients included, the median age was 25 (interquartile range [IQR], 22–32) years and 56% were femal...
Background Imipenem, an intravenous antibiotic is recommended for use in drug resistant tuberculo... more Background Imipenem, an intravenous antibiotic is recommended for use in drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) when an effective regimen with combination of other second line drugs is not possible. Though the treatment success rates with carbapenems are promising, the twice daily injection of Imipenem usually requires patients to be hospitalized. The Mé decins Sans Frontières independent clinic in Mumbai, India implemented ambulatory and home based management of patients receiving Imipenem through the use of port-a-cath. Objective We aimed to describe the adverse events and treatment outcomes of ambulatory pre-and XDR-TB patients initiated on imipenem through port-a-cath between January 2015 and June 2018 and to explore the challenges with this regimen as perceived by healthcare providers and patients. Methods A convergent mixed methods study with quantitative (longitudinal descriptive study using the routine data) and qualitative (descriptive study) part conducted concurrently. For the quantitative component, all XDR-TB and pre-XDR-TB initiated on imipenem containing regimen during January 2015-June 2018 were included. For qualitative component, interviews were carried out including patients who initiated on imipenem (n = 5) and healthcare providers (n = 7) involved in providing treatment. Treatment outcomes, culture conversion and
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