Sandra Bree

Les premiers divorcés de la banlieue parisienne sous la Troisième République L'apport de l'analyse individuelle à l'étude du divorce

Annales de Démographie Historique, 2020

De manière plutôt surprenante, il existe assez peu de recherches d’histoire sociale ou de démogra... more De manière plutôt surprenante, il existe assez peu de recherches d’histoire sociale ou de démographie historique sur la pratique du divorce en France à la fin du xixe siècle et au début du xxe. Sur les banlieues, le silence est total alors qu’elles offrent un cadre singulier pour le recours au divorce, surtout à partir de la seconde moitié du xixe siècle qui voit son explosion. Il s’agit en effet de territoires marqués par un fort brassage de population, par un encadrement religieux souvent plus relâché et par un travail féminin important. Cet environnement mérite une étude spécifique, dans le cas présent à partir du cas des périphéries parisiennes à travers deux communes : Ivry-sur-Seine et Noisy-le-Sec.
L’analyse porte tout d’abord sur les renseignements statistiques établis à l’époque par la Statistique générale de la France et le service de la statistique municipale de Paris : il en ressort un niveau de divortialité globalement supérieur à la moyenne nationale, mais inférieur à celui de Paris même, niveau en outre marqué par d’importantes variations entre communes banlieusardes. L’article compare ensuite, à Noisy-le-Sec et à Ivry, les caractéristiques au mariage (états matrimoniaux, âges, origines sociales, géographiques et culturelles, présence de l’entourage, etc.) des hommes et des femmes qui ont divorcé à celles des conjoints qui sont restés mariés : en passant en revue les facteurs, présents lors du mariage, qui ont pu accroître ou au contraire restreindre à court ou moyen terme le risque d’une rupture d’union, nous cherchons à tester nos principales hypothèses sur le rôle du détachement communautaire (mobilité, arrivée dans un cadre social en transformation rapide, réseau parentélaire local réduit, etc.) que le cadre banlieusard, dans sa diversité, serait susceptible de favoriser.

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Transitions démographiques et évolutions économiques en Belgique du 18e au 21e siècle

L’objet de cette etude est de mettre en evidence sur le temps long, tant d’un point de vue theori... more L’objet de cette etude est de mettre en evidence sur le temps long, tant d’un point de vue theorique qu’empirique, les interactions entre l’evolution de la population et de ses composantes demographiques, et certains processus et facteurs economiques. Une attention particuliere est accordee aux relations entre fecondite et economie dans le cadre des principales crises economiques qui ont emaille l’histoire de la Belgique au cours des derniers siecles. Ces periodes de recession ont necessite de la part des populations affectees la mise en place de strategies d’ajustement, notamment demographiques. Si dans les exemples presentes, ce sont le plus souvent les facteurs economiques qui determinent les comportements demographiques, il convient de souligner les implications socioeconomiques du vieillissement demographique – un processus amorce il y a pres de 150 ans – actuel et futur en termes de financement des pensions ou encore d’organisation du systeme de protection sociale.

Who attends the wedding? Parents and witnesses of suburban brides and grooms (1880-1912)

The History of the Family, 2021

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$Research paper thumbnail of Recognition and Information Extraction in Historical Handwritten Tables: Toward Understanding Early $$20^{th}$$ Century Paris Census$

Recognition and Information Extraction in Historical Handwritten Tables: Toward Understanding Early $$20^{th}$$ Century Paris Census

Lecture Notes in Computer Science, May 18, 2022

We aim to build a vast database (up to 9 million individuals) from the handwritten tabular nomina... more We aim to build a vast database (up to 9 million individuals) from the handwritten tabular nominal census of Paris of 1926, 1931 and 1936, each composed of about 100,000 handwritten simple pages in a tabular format. We created a complete pipeline that goes from the scan of double pages to text prediction while minimizing the need for segmentation labels. We describe how weighted finite state transducers, writer specialization and self-training further improved our results. We also introduce through this communication two annotated datasets for handwriting recognition that are now publicly available, and an open-source toolkit to apply WFST on CTC lattices.

Not a single meaning: Definition and evolution of singlehood in France and the United States

Journal of Family Theory & Review

Singlehood appears to be an understudied topic in the social sciences, and a particularly diverse... more Singlehood appears to be an understudied topic in the social sciences, and a particularly diverse field of research. Focusing on the United States and France, this article reviews existing literature to answer three questions that are prerequisites for theorizing singlehood (1) What is singlehood? We first discuss the diversity of terms used in ordinary language to designate singles, and the different statistical measures that coexist in the scholarly literature. (2) Who and how many are single? We show that different definitions lead to different counts of the single population and discuss the driving forces behind the rise in singlehood. (3) What is new? Drawing on literature on the couple norm and the single lifestyle, we then turn to the question of the specificity of the contemporary era. In the last section, we discuss the implications for theorizing singlehood. The answers to all three questions lead us to promote a life course approach to singlehood.

Recognition and Information Extraction in Historical Handwritten Tables: Toward Understanding Early 20th Century Paris Census

International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems, 2022

We aim to build a vast database (up to 9 million individuals) from the handwritten tabular nomina... more We aim to build a vast database (up to 9 million individuals) from the handwritten tabular nominal census of Paris of 1926, 1931 and 1936, each composed of about 100,000 handwritten simple pages in a tabular format. We created a complete pipeline that goes from the scan of double pages to text prediction while minimizing the need for segmentation labels. We describe how weighted finite state transducers, writer specialization and self-training further improved our results. We also introduce through this communication two annotated datasets for handwriting recognition that are now publicly available, and an open-source toolkit to apply WFST on CTC lattices.

Not a single meaning: Definition and evolution of singlehood in France and the United States

Journal of Family Theory and Review, 2023

Singlehood appears to be an understudied topic in the social sciences, and a particularly diverse... more Singlehood appears to be an understudied topic in the social sciences, and a particularly diverse field of research. Focusing on the United States and France, this article reviews existing literature to answer three questions that are prerequisites for theorizing singlehood (1) What is singlehood? We first discuss the diversity of terms used in ordinary language to designate singles, and the different statistical measures that coexist in the scholarly literature. (2) Who and how many are single? We show that different definitions lead to different counts of the single population and discuss the driving forces behind the rise in singlehood. (3) What is new? Drawing on literature on the couple norm and the single lifestyle, we then turn to the question of the specificity of the contemporary era. In the last section, we discuss the implications for theorizing singlehood. The answers to all three questions lead us to promote a life course approach to singlehood.

Évolution de la taille des familles au fil des générations en France (1850-1966)

Population, Apr 1, 2017

Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour Ined Éditions.

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The low levels of fertility during the interbellum in France

Les accouchements hors domicile à Paris au XIXe siècle

Book chapter. Sixteenth Conference of the CUDEP (University Conference of Demographic studies), A... more

REPÈRES DÉMOGRAPHIQUES

Parisiennes Citoyennes, Engagements pour l'émancipation des femmes 1789-2000, 2022

Brée Sandra, « Repères démographiques » in Bard Christine, Parisiennes Citoyennes, Engagements po... more

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Bree Les amoureux des bancs publics 3

Revue Historique, 2022

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Unions et naissances en dehors du mariage

Article d’encyclopédie en ligneJusqu’au milieu du xviiie siècle, la procréation en dehors du mari... more Article d’encyclopédie en ligneJusqu’au milieu du xviiie siècle, la procréation en dehors du mariage est encore un comportement marginal même si elle est admise dans certains pays européens comme conséquence éventuelle du rituel de séduction prémarital. Ces naissances, alors appelées « illégitimes » ou « naturelles », augmentent ensuite alors que l’Europe s’industrialise et s’urbanise. C’est dans les villes, en effet, loin du contrôle social, familial et religieux des campagnes, que la natalité hors mariage est la plus fréquente, conséquence de relations à plus ou moins long terme ou de circonstances plus dramatiques comme la prostitution ou le viol. Après une hausse des naissances hors mariage pendant les deux guerres mondiales, c’est surtout à partir des années 1970 que leur nombre s’accroît très fortement et très rapidement. Le mariage cesse alors d’être une norme et de plus en plus de couples cohabitent et ont des enfants sans se marier. Aujourd’hui, près de 45 % des enfants eur...

Paris, l’inféconde

Fertility evolution in Belgium and France during the 20th century. An investigation of the causes of low fertility during the interwar period

Launching Conference of the European Society of Historical Demography, Alghero, Italy, September ... more

The Impact of World War I on Marriages, Divorces, and Gender Relations in Europe

Basil is a spice plant that is widely used as a culinary additive, fragrance, attraction, and ant... more Basil is a spice plant that is widely used as a culinary additive, fragrance, attraction, and anti-bacterial because it produces essential oils, basil oil. This research aimed to identify the effect of adding rice husk ash on different basil's cultivars on growth and yield of basil (Ocimum basilicum). This research used 4 x 2 factorial experiment pattern with Completely Randomized Design consisting of 5 replication. The first treatment was various type of basil's cultivars such as Genovese cultivars (K1) and Dark Opal cultivars (K2). The second treatment was doses of rice husk ash such as control or without giving rice husk ash (M0), 30 g/pot (M1), 35 g/pot (M2), and 40 g/pot (M3). The observed parameters were soil bulk density and porosity, plant height, leaves total, roots length, and leaves simplisia. The results showed that the application of husk ash can affect the increase in physical properties of the soil, but has not directly affected the growth parameters and yield of leaf simplisia. Dark Opal cultivars on all growth parameters showed higher yields, but Genovese cultivars showed higher yields or simplisia.

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Decline in fertility in Paris: An intraurban spatial analysis

Population, Space and Place, 2022

The decline in fertility has been the subject of much research, particularly on the countries tha... more The decline in fertility has been the subject of much research, particularly on the countries that were the precursors of this historic decline. But, if research has focused on the mechanisms of the adoption of birth control, studies about the changes in fertility in cities are less frequent. To fill this gap, this article proposes to study Paris, the city where the lowest marital fertility levels were measured during the 19th century (Brée, 2017; 10.4000/lectures.22911). The objective of this paper is to understand the spread of this intensive birth control on an intraurban scale. This approach is original because there is almost no study that examines 19th century changes in fertility on an intraurban scale. We use spatial statistics and spatial panel modelling to consider both the incidence of birth control behaviour and the socio-economic characteristics of the districts studied, and those of the neighbouring districts, to distinguish between adaptation and diffusion effects. These methods constitute another originality of the article insofar as this type of model remains very little used in historical demography. The results highlight important spatial disparities within Paris. We also show both the importance of the social composition on the level of fertility in the districts and the strong effect of the behaviours in the neighbouring districts in the fertility change.

Decline in fertility in Paris: An intraurban spatial analysis

Population, Space and Place, 2022

The decline in fertility has been the subject of much research, particularly on the countries tha... more The decline in fertility has been the subject of much research, particularly on the countries that were the precursors of this historic decline. But, if research has focused on the mechanisms of the adoption of birth control, studies about the changes in fertility in cities are less frequent. To fill this gap, this article proposes to study Paris, the city where the lowest marital fertility levels were measured during the 19th century (Brée, 2017; 10.4000/lectures.22911). The objective of this paper is to understand the spread of this intensive birth control on an intraurban scale. This approach is original because there is almost no study that examines 19th century changes in fertility on an intraurban scale. We use spatial statistics and spatial panel modelling to consider both the incidence of birth control behaviour and the socio-economic characteristics of the districts studied, and those of the neighbouring districts, to distinguish between adaptation and diffusion effects. These methods constitute another originality of the article insofar as this type of model remains very little used in historical demography. The results highlight important spatial disparities within Paris. We also show both the importance of the social composition on the level of fertility in the districts and the strong effect of the behaviours in the neighbouring districts in the fertility change.

Fécondité différentielle au début du XXe siècle selon la classe sociale des femmes. Les cas de la Belgique et de la France

Annales de démographie historique, 2019

The purpose of this article is to analyze the relationship between fertility and the social class... more The purpose of this article is to analyze the relationship between fertility and the social class of women whose reproductive lives took place during the first decades of the 20th century in France and Belgium. The educational level of these women is considered as a measure of social belonging and the analysis is based on the use of retrospective data from the Belgian population censuses and the Family surveys conducted in France. During this « end of transition » period, marked by socio-economic and political contexts of crisis, are there significant fertility differences between social categories? And do the « mechanisms » of fertility restriction (stopping behaviours, postponement of birth, permanent celibacy, etc.) vary according to these categories? Analyses show that fertility decline is generalized, regardless of women’s social class, but occurs to varying degrees. The anteriority of the movement in a particular group is difficult to confirm, as the historical perspective of the data does not allow us to observe the first signs of fertility dropout. Stopping behaviours are the most widespread, with increasingly effective birth control, especially at the top of the social pyramid.

Where did the first divorced people live in Paris and its suburbs?

The History of the Family, 2019

ABSTRACT Following the law of 1884 that re-authorised divorce in France, divorce was more frequen... more ABSTRACT Following the law of 1884 that re-authorised divorce in France, divorce was more frequent in the large cities before spreading to other urban areas and then to rural ones. Divorce rates were especially high in the Seine département from 1884 to the eve of the First World War. In this region, divorced people lived more frequently in Paris than in the suburbs. More precisely, they resided more often on the Right Bank of the Seine in Paris proper (intra-muros) and, as an extension of this area, in the suburban cities to the west and, to the east, around the Bois de Vincennes. A comparison of the share of divorced men and women to the economic, demographic and cultural characteristics of the 20 Paris arrondissements and 74 suburban municipalities in the Seine département shows that a portion of the spatial distribution can be explained by the occupational structures of the area. Divorced people seldom lived in the most rural areas. This urban/rural divide can be explained by two main factors that can be complementary: the economic possibility to divorce – and here we will add the economic possibility for women to leave live alone after a divorce – and the social and cultural acceptance of divorce.

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Papers by Sandra Bree

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