Papers by jean-francois Le Coq
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Dec 9, 2010
4 èmes Journées de recherches en sciences sociales ; Rennes 09 et 10 décembre 2010 Le Commerce Eq... more 4 èmes Journées de recherches en sciences sociales ; Rennes 09 et 10 décembre 2010 Le Commerce Equitable (CE) a connu une croissance accélérée depuis ces dernières années. Le nombre de coopératives certifiées est en forte augmentation. De nombreuses études analysent les évolutions du CE au nord ou les effets du CE sur les petits producteurs au sud. Mais alors que les Organisations de Producteurs (OP) est le niveau où se prend la décision de la certification, peu d'étude analysent les déterminants du choix de ces organisations. Cet article propose donc de comprendre leur choix d'adhérer au CE en caractérisant et d'analysant les stratégies des OP vis-àvis de la certification. En s'appuyant sur l'analyse de données empiriques collectées auprès de l'ensemble des coopératives de café du Costa Rica, nous mettons en évidence l'existence de différents groupes d'OP aux caractéristiques structurelles et aux modalités de participation au CE contrastés. Nous montrons que le choix de se certifier correspond à des stratégies différentes selon les caractéristiques structurelles des OP. Nous soulignons finalement que la connaissance et la prise en compte de cette diversité de situation des OP et de leur stratégie vis-à-vis du CE s'avère nécessaire pour que le CE reste un outil efficace pour soutenir les petites organisations des régions les plus vulnérables.
4 èmes Journées de recherches en sciences sociales ; Rennes 09 et 10 décembre 2010 Le Commerce Eq... more 4 èmes Journées de recherches en sciences sociales ; Rennes 09 et 10 décembre 2010 Le Commerce Equitable (CE) a connu une croissance accélérée depuis ces dernières années. Le nombre de coopératives certifiées est en forte augmentation. De nombreuses études analysent les évolutions du CE au nord ou les effets du CE sur les petits producteurs au sud. Mais alors que les Organisations de Producteurs (OP) est le niveau où se prend la décision de la certification, peu d'étude analysent les déterminants du choix de ces organisations. Cet article propose donc de comprendre leur choix d'adhérer au CE en caractérisant et d'analysant les stratégies des OP vis-àvis de la certification. En s'appuyant sur l'analyse de données empiriques collectées auprès de l'ensemble des coopératives de café du Costa Rica, nous mettons en évidence l'existence de différents groupes d'OP aux caractéristiques structurelles et aux modalités de participation au CE contrastés. Nous montrons que le choix de se certifier correspond à des stratégies différentes selon les caractéristiques structurelles des OP. Nous soulignons finalement que la connaissance et la prise en compte de cette diversité de situation des OP et de leur stratégie vis-à-vis du CE s'avère nécessaire pour que le CE reste un outil efficace pour soutenir les petites organisations des régions les plus vulnérables.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2009
Este informe es parte del proyecto CAFNET en su componente análisis de los sellos y de las Organi... more Este informe es parte del proyecto CAFNET en su componente análisis de los sellos y de las Organizaciones de Productores. Este informe es construido como un informe evolutivo. Esta primera versión corresponde a los resultados preliminares sobre la problemática con base a las informaciones disponibles en diciembre de 2008 por parte del proyecto. Las informaciones usadas por este informe sumen: -por parte las informaciones recogidas por diferentes trabajos preliminares de estudiantes llevados a cabo en 2007-2008 en el marco del proyecto CAFNET bajo la responsabilidad de
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2010
Cooperativas caficultoras : certificaciones, mercados y cambio climatico
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2010
Rapport
Este informe es parte del proyecto CAFNET en su componente análisis de los sellos y de las Organi... more Este informe es parte del proyecto CAFNET en su componente análisis de los sellos y de las Organizaciones de Productores. Este informe es construido como un informe evolutivo. Esta primera versión corresponde a los resultados preliminares sobre la problemática con base a las informaciones disponibles en diciembre de 2008 por parte del proyecto. Las informaciones usadas por este informe sumen: -por parte las informaciones recogidas por diferentes trabajos preliminares de estudiantes llevados a cabo en 2007-2008 en el marco del proyecto CAFNET bajo la responsabilidad de
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2010
Las organizaciones de productores y las modalidades de prestación de los servicios agrícolas: lec... more Las organizaciones de productores y las modalidades de prestación de los servicios agrícolas: lecciones de varios estudios de caso en Costa Rica Introducción D esde comienzos de la década de 1980, en los países del Sur se ha criticado ampliamente la prestación de servicios agrícolas a cargo de las instituciones públicas. Las limitaciones escasa adaptación a las necesidades reales de los productores, etc. Así, la implementación de servicios agrícolas guiados por la demanda y basados en una coordinación de mercado entre los destinatarios y demandas de los productores. Numerosos estudios han ilustrado el proceso general de repliegue del Estado y la puesta en marcha de diversas formas de coordinación
Global agri-food systems have undergone a rapid transformation towards closer vertical coordinati... more Global agri-food systems have undergone a rapid transformation towards closer vertical coordination and more stringent food quality and safety regulation. Contractual arrangements can provide farmers in developing countries with a safeguard and thus potentially support investments into farm-level upgrading and standard adoption. We use survey data from 171 pineapple growers in Costa Rica to analyze the determinants of contract choice and the dynamics of standard adoption. Furthermore, we evaluate the effects of different market arrangements on pineapple revenues, transaction risks and relational capital. Our analysis reveals that while contracts represent an important catalyst for farm-level upgrading, major transaction risks in the supply chain remain unsolved. In particular, farmers in formal contract schemes face high rejection rates and long payment delays, which is reflected in low levels of trust in the marketing relationship.
A forest transition is observed in many countries around the world (Barbier et al., 2010) and in ... more A forest transition is observed in many countries around the world (Barbier et al., 2010) and in particular in Central America (Reno et al., 2012). Many explanations have been given to the deforestation phase and to the reforestation that follows (Meyfroidt el al., 2010). Our research question is to investigate types of agricultural dynamics associated with forest recovery. Our theoretical framework is based on a typology of drivers of land use changes (GeistL RapidEye in 2012), mapping of census data, and interviews with key actors. We identified three types of agricultural dynamics associated with reforestation: 1) expansion of the sugar cane agroindustry in irrigated zone at the expense of food production (rice) driven by the dynamic of private agroindustry and privileged access to public investment in irrigation infrastructure and a transition from pasture to forest; 2) the integration of a diversified agriculture within an integrated rural development in hinterland zone, with c...
Policy process and empowermen of farmer organizations: How models can help
The participation of stakeholders in the design of common rules is a condition for their acceptan... more The participation of stakeholders in the design of common rules is a condition for their acceptance. The main questions addressed in this communication are as follows. What are the main issues regarding the successful inclusion of stakeholders in negotiations for policies design? What sort of models could be used and how can they be used to facilitate the negotiation processes? This presentation proposes a review of the main issues related to policy design and strengthening of farmer organizations (FOs). Then it proposes a preliminary comparative review of some models and tools used in socioeconomics studies at different scales and their application to facilitate multistakeholder's decisions and negotiation processes. Finally it draws some recommendations and remarks on the use of models to help stakeholders in decision making. We show that (1) the process of model construction is as important as the output of the model from the perspective of FOs empowerment (learning process, ...
As a pioneer case of Payment for environmental services (PES), the PES program of Costa Rica has ... more As a pioneer case of Payment for environmental services (PES), the PES program of Costa Rica has been largely analysed regarding efficiency and equity. However, distinctions between regions and types of land users have not been thoroughly analysed. Based on the results of a survey of 190 beneficiaries of PES program in two regions of the countries (respectively the Huertar norte region in the North and the Osa peninsula in the South), we capture the motivations of land users to join the PES program. Quantitative and qualitative analysis reveal that beyond the limits due to constraint of legal access to PES programs, the motivation to join PES differs according to characteristics, strategy and perceptions of land users. We draw a typology of PES beneficiaries that differs regarding their motivations and use of PES. We shows motivations and use of PES also differ according to regional factors (historical and cultural factors as well as development options) and to types of PES (conserv...
Raízes: Revista de Ciências Sociais e Econômicas, 2018
A agricultura familiar (AF) revalorizou a pequena agricultura enfocando em uma série de vantagen... more A agricultura familiar (AF) revalorizou a pequena agricultura enfocando em uma série de vantagens sociais, ambientais e produtivas. Partindo de elementos da análise da política e ação pública, revisamos a evolução de diferentes políticas na promoção da agricultura familiar. A existência de políticas de apoio antes da Declaração do AIAF2014 indica que a AF não foi um tema conjuntural. A AF foi apontada como um elemento na estratégia de combate à pobre- za com um enfoque de desenvolvimento rural. Nova institucionalidade permite que a AF siga vigente na agenda de políticas. A AF tem um grande potencial para contribuir na resolução de problemas de desenvolvimento local. Os desafios futuros apontam para a identificação e regis- tro dos produtores, diferenciação da produção, inovação nas formas de mercado e de sistemas financeiros, e inclusão explícita nas estratégias de desenvolvimento territorial rural.
Understanding the governance of the Payment for Environmental Services Programme in Costa Rica: A policy process perspective
Ecosystem Services, 2015
Costa Rica was a pioneer in implementing the concept of ecosystem services through a dedicated po... more Costa Rica was a pioneer in implementing the concept of ecosystem services through a dedicated policy instrument: the Payment for Environmental Services programme (PESP) formalised in February 1996 in the 4th forestry law. However, the policy process that led to the design of the PESP and its consequences for its subsequent governance have never been fully analysed. Our paper aims at answering three questions: why PESP was adopted, what are the factors which enabled the speedy adoption of PESP, and how does the policy process affect the governance of the programme. Between 2008 and 2012, we interviewed 42 key representatives and stakeholders involved in the policy process. We also reviewed laws, decrees, and academic and grey literature. We combined the sequential policy cycle model to identify the sequences of the genesis of the PESP from the problem setting to the decision sequence, and a cognitive approach to the policy process to identify the internal and external factors that led to its genesis. We show that the PESP was rapidly adopted because of the particular domestic context, plus several internal and exogenous factors. First, deforestation was widely acknowledged and forestry incentive instruments already existed as did consolidated forestry organisations and institutions. Second, compromises were reached between leading actors in a context in which the forestry sector interest group was the most powerful. Third, public subsidies were banned in the framework of an international agreement on trade while the international carbon market offered new opportunities. The key elements of the governance of the Costa Rican PESP, such as its scope, nature and decision structure, reflect the existing balance of power between interest groups from different sectors (forestry, conservation, agriculture) involved in the management of forested areas. We conclude that analysing the policy process is important to understand PES governance and to promote sound PES development.
Rural Producers’ Organizations’ Participation in Policy-Making Processes: Explaining Dynamics Through a Comprehensive Modelling of Strategic Behaviours
This paper contributes to the debate on the role of rural producers' organizations in the con... more This paper contributes to the debate on the role of rural producers' organizations in the context of liberalization processes. It aims to explain the observed diversity in the implementation of liberalized economic policies that occurred in four farm sectors (coffee, milk, beans and pineapple). We use Partial Least Square (PLS) modelling in a comprehensive way to explain organizations' strategic behaviours and results in term of policy design influence. We relate organizations' results to (1) their human, technical and financial resources; (2) their mental models and (3) their trajectories. Our results indicate that organizations can efficiently contribute to integrate farmers into dynamic markets through their participation in policy-making processes, but nevertheless that their success is function of a path-dependent logic and depends notably on cognitive considerations. Finally, we draw some implications of these results on the way to enhance organizations' capabilities to influence policy-making processes. We discuss the possible application of this methodology to better understand the role of actors in the evolution of environmental service-provision incentives mechanisms. (Resume d'auteur)
Les politiques de Paiement pour services environnementaux sont considérés comme des dispositifs i... more Les politiques de Paiement pour services environnementaux sont considérés comme des dispositifs innovants pour affronter les enjeux de conservation et de changement climatique. Néanmoins, même si les expériences locales se multiplient, les expériences de programmes nationaux sont peu nombreuses ainsi que la compréhension de leur condition d'émergence et d'évolutions. Le Programme National de Paiement pour Service Environnementaux (PPSE), adopté dès 1996 au Costa Rica, constitue une innovation singulière en termes d'instrument de politique publique pour lutter contre déforestation. Ce document de travail analyse les conditions qui ont permis l'adoption rapide puis l'évolution de cet instrument de politique. Mobilisant un cadre d'analyse cognitif des politique publique sur la longue durée, le cadre d'analyse des coalitions de cause (Advocacy Coalition Framework -ACF) développé par Sabatier et Jenkins (1993), nous montrons que 1) le PPSE constitue un changement cognitif de la vision de la foret, 2) son adoption correspond à un changement des coalitions de cause dominantes dans le système politiques de gestion des espaces ruraux forestiers et 3) que ce changement est induit par une redistribution des ressources résultantes de modifications des variables externes et internes au système. Cette analyse permet de discuter les hypothèses de changement des politiques publiques énoncés dans le cadre de l'ACF et de mettre en perspective les évolutions récentes du PPSE à l'aune des processus d'apprentissage et d'évolution des coalitions de cause au Costa Rica.
Climate Change is a raising issue for the planet. Although agriculture is called to play a role i... more Climate Change is a raising issue for the planet. Although agriculture is called to play a role in CC, the integration of CC in agriculture policy agenda is still limited and difficult. The Costa Rica exhibit an interesting paradox. Whereas Costa Rica is a leading and pioneer country regarding conservation and CC mitigation involvement, its agricultural agenda is still poorly integrating these issues. Combining new institutional and policy analytical frameworks, this paper intends to identify explicative factors of this paradox. Based on literature review and direct interview of actors involved in policy process, we analyze the evolution of agricultural and environmental policy agendas and institutions, the panorama of existing representative organizations of agricultural sector, and the recent initiatives that integrate environment and CC issues in agriculture. We show that Costa Rican paradox derived from the conjunction of 4 explicative factors: 1) the institutional reforms of public administration in the early 90s, 2) the diversity and conflictive interests among representative actors of the agricultural sector, 3) the limited integration of environmental issue in the mental model of the leading representatives actors of the agricultural sector, and 4) the asymmetric balance of power between organization. We finally conclude on some practical recommendations to promote the integration of CC in agricultural sectors and the emergence of sounded agroenvironmental agenda. l
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Papers by jean-francois Le Coq