Y. Machnes

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The Demand of Car Ownership: Evidence from Israeli Data

Consumption of private medical services by Israeli household with full coverage of health insurance

Public Health, 1980

in t9'76, at .lea~t 85% of tile lsraeii population was insured 'for medical care in l,.,,ur sick ... more in t9'76, at .lea~t 85% of tile lsraeii population was insured 'for medical care in l,.,,ur sick ~',mds. Three quarters of the insured population were members of rl~e larges~. Ow Ilis~adr.mh Sick .Fund which belongs to the Labour Federation. i Tile Labour Puny. whirls formed the Government untit 1977, supported the ttistadrut5 Sick Fund in several ways. The F.und ne~er had effective budget const~ain~t. The generous government finance allowed corlsla.laI increa.~e in quantity and quality.of medical sere-ices according to fhe scientific and teclmelogical change~. Ahhough not all workers we,re-free to choose their tick fund, the.~:e exisled m !he .cities compelition between four funds. The other thtee s:ma]ier funds were aIso ~en-p~ofit organizations which fought for equM support. All tSJnds cover most medical ca~e services wi'lh the exception of dental care and med~c~'l ap.pliances (spectacles, orthopaedic, etc.t and supphed directly most of t]le medical services given outside hospitals. The l tistadrmh Sick thind owt~;s about 30% of the .general hospitals" beds and hospita'lizes its members m ethel public ho.~pitz]s which belong either to the government o'r to charities and municipalities. According 1o t,he Central Bureau of St,atistics. "~ nalional expenditure on ~ledical cadre lr~ 1975-76 was 7% of aggregate consumplion. In another study. ~ al~e Bureau found ~hat htm.~t.'. holds devoted only 3-7% of their consumption Io medical care, distributed in ti~e fl:4lk~wW, g way: 1-3% :for insurance in ~he ,~ick funds, 1-3%for denial ca,re and 1-17/7. tk~r ~,thcr services. including 0-4% for pri~ate doctor c~re, The rest of the 1-]% "othe.r services" c~wcE., uni~sured services, such as hospitalization of the chronically ill. One can deduce ,from these figures t1:;11 households financed only a .minor paa't of the sick-funds" budgets,. Employers rand +he Government met most of the sick funds' expenses, Medical care supplied by sick funds ~nd hv the government is still provided to memberr; of the.sick fl,mds without direct p~yment. The funds, which had no real budge| constraims on their expenditures had J~, reason .ik~ acting eft]ciently wMle providing medical services. 'The cort~umcr's p~eference, us~alty expressed through Iris market demand and p~yment, is absent 'in most of ~t'te health-services. Medical care, however, may not Ieflect co~sumers" preferer~ces. A stud} of the demand fc, t private substitutes-for insured services can indicate deficiencies in the t~mvi.~,~.~ ,~f hoe public services. It can also .reflect eonsmne~s" preferences c(mcernir~g Ihe cove~ag;. :,.]esi~e~.~ ~"~m~ I'he he~kh insurance program° Members of sick funds can see their doctor without paymenl. In cases of eme.rgen.cy, on the Sabbath or at night,-tliey can see the doctor.on da~ty and the~ ~'isits to a clinic or house c,~ts are also covered by the funds. Arrangernems for supply of drugs varies beaween the funds. Most of.the insured are members of the ltisladruth Sick Fund, .which until 1975-76 pro~'ided .medicines without laayrrlent. The,'eafter it tbllowed the practice of other funds of c]~arging for d~em, in thi~ cast at the rate of I Israeli pound i.e. about $0-05 per item. in addi1[im, ~tae fuud sells several medicines, such as Aspirin, very cheaply: a packet of ten labtets costs.agorot $0.(12, Dft~gs prescribed by p:rivate physicians are also covered, if the Fund's doctor agrees to the treau~aeut.

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The demand for work-loss days due to illness

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 1992

We estimate the demand for work-loss days due to illness in the construction industry. We found t... more We estimate the demand for work-loss days due to illness in the construction industry. We found the effects of education, sex, age and profession on the rate of work-loss days. Ethnicity had no effect on work-loss rates. The examined industry passed reorganization during the period under investigation and fired 55% of its workers. We found a significant relationship between work-loss rates and the existence of a prior signal to be dismissed. Labor contracts in many places insure workers against loss of income in case of illness. Workers can miss a certain number of days (usually up to 30 days) each year without experiencing an economic loss. The number of permitted 'sick' days not used in any one year may often be accumulated over the years. When the illness is short (e.g., up to two days long) there is often no need to bring a medical certificate from a doctor and the worker may instead be required to sign a declaration that he or she missed work due to illness. [For example, see the Construction Workers Trade Union (1983).] Under such labor contracts moral hazard problems exist and cheating occurs. Detectives hired by employers have found instances of 'sick' workers moonlighting while on sick leave. Empirically, sick days are not uniformly distributed throughout the year. There are peaks before weekends and before holidays when alternatives in the market and at home are attractive, since an outside job begun at the end of a week can often be completed during the weekend. Grossman (1972) measured health by the negative value of 'Work-Loss Days'. This measure, however, may be inaccurate since, as shown by Silber (1970), the number of work-loss days is determined by more than just the health of the workers. This is so because the demand for work-loss days is also determined by economic and social factors. Although workers don't lose income due to absence from work, one of our hypotheses is that the price of

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The demand for private health care under national health insurance

The European Journal of Health Economics, 2006

The demand for private health care under national health insurance The case of the self-employed ... more The demand for private health care under national health insurance The case of the self-employed Original Papers Health insurance schemes and the demand for medical care differ from nation to nation. The aim of this study was to explore the demand for private medical care and supplemental health insurance in a country where a universal health insurance law disconnects consumers' payment from the health services that they receive. Using a theoretical model we show the difference in the demand for private medical care between the self-employed and wage-earners. This demand is then estimated empirically. Income, age, education, health status, marital status, origin, profession, and status at work are examined to explain the demand for private medical care and for supplemental health insurance in Israel.

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An economic model of mental hospitals

Empirical Economics, 1979

Summary The aim of the paper is to study the composition of intermediate products supplied by non... more Summary The aim of the paper is to study the composition of intermediate products supplied by non profit institutions. In case the institution is financed according to part of the intermediate products supplied by it, we expect it to choose distorted composition of production factors. We studied Israeli mental hospitals. The aim of mental hospitals is to maximize the probability

Consumption of dental services by ethnic groups in Israel

Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 1980

This study analyzes tbe consumption of dental services in Israel and is based on data collected o... more This study analyzes tbe consumption of dental services in Israel and is based on data collected on hoti.schold.s and their expendiuire.s on dental health. Aledical and social research in Israel generally take into account the signilicance of the ethnic dimension to explain findings. In accordance with this established research mode, interview subjects were di\'idcd into two groups: households with bolh parents born in Asian or African countries, and others. .Analysis of the data established a dilTcrence between the two groups in their expenditincs ou dental services. While .several sttidies focused primarily on llie sociologic aspects of llie problem, lillie altempt has been made to isolate the inlluence ol economic factors on dental care. This sttidy demonstrates thai income and other socioeconomic variables chaiaclerizing ihe various ethnic groups arc the underlying catises Ibr the diflerence in dental care expenditure.

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The demand for car ownership: evidence from Israeli data

The continued increase in traffic volumes in large urban areas has generated much interest among ... more The continued increase in traffic volumes in large urban areas has generated much interest among transportation professionals in understanding the issues involved. Economists have undertaken major efforts to study and comprehend the basic factors affecting the demand for travel in general and for car ownership in particular. The aim of this paper was to analyze the role played by permanent income (PI) as a major factor in determining the demand for car ownership. The results obtained lend support to the fundamental hypothesis that PI plays a role in determining car ownership. While current income performs well in explaining the probability of owning a car, its replacement with a variable representing PI resulted in an improvement in the fit of logit and multi-logit models. Other variables that have been shown to be important determinants of car ownership are the number of household wage earners and city size.

Health and the allocation of public expenditures

Health Policy, 1990

In a crosscountry study we use a multiple regression in order to estimate the contribution of sev... more

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Deductible insurance and production

Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 1995

... Mathematics and Economics 17 (1995) 119-123 MATHEMATICS & ECONOMICS Deductible insurance ... more

Health Reform Monitor

The demand for car ownership: evidence from Israeli data

by Joseph Deutsch and Y. Machnes

Y. Machnes

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