Papers by Vincent Stanford
The Detection and Characterization of Ions, DNA, and Proteins Using Nanometer-Scale Pores
Biology is controlled by interactions between different types of soft condensed matter including ... more Biology is controlled by interactions between different types of soft condensed matter including DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. 1 Hydrogen bonding and other atomatom interactions permit biological macromolecules to adopt three-dimensional structures that are robust ...
This paper describes the 1998 TREC-7 Spoken Document Retrieval (SDR) Track which implemented an e... more This paper describes the 1998 TREC-7 Spoken Document Retrieval (SDR) Track which implemented an evaluation of retrieval of broadcast news excerpts using a combination of automatic speech recognition and information retrieval technologies. The motivations behind the SDR Track and background regarding its development and implementation are discussed. The SDR evaluation collection and topics are described and summaries and analyses of the results of the track are presented. Alternative metrics for automatic speech recognition as applicable to retrieval applications are also explored. Finally, plans for future SDR tracks are described.
Journal of Chemical Physics, Apr 2, 2010
We previously demonstrated that individual molecules of single-stranded DNA can be driven electro... more We previously demonstrated that individual molecules of single-stranded DNA can be driven electrophoretically through a single Staphylococcus aureus ␣-hemolysin ion channel. Polynucleotides thread through the channel as extended chains and the polymer-induced ionic current blockades exhibit stable modes during the interactions. We show here that polynucleotides can be used to probe structural features of the ␣-hemolysin channel itself. Specifically, both the pore length and channel aperture profile can be estimated. The results are consistent with the channel crystal structure and suggest that polymer-based "molecular rulers" may prove useful in deducing the structures of nanometer-scale pores in general.
Bulletin of the American Physical Society, Mar 11, 2008
A thorough understanding of the noise properties of emerging nanoelectronic devices such as those... more A thorough understanding of the noise properties of emerging nanoelectronic devices such as those based on semiconductor nanowires is critical because the signal-to-noise ratio is a fundamental factor limiting their performance. We present the systematic characterization of the low frequency noise properties of Si and ZnO semiconductor nanowire field effect transistors. At room temperature, the noise power spectra have a classic 1/f dependence while random telegraph signals (RTS's) are observed in the drain current at 4.2 K leading to a Lorentzian type noise spectra. The RTS's are characterized by estimating a hidden Markov model based on a Gaussian mixture, and quantified using a Viterbi decoder to measure the discrete current switching events. This analysis enables the estimation of parameters such as event lifetime, event amplitudes, and trap cross-section. Under some conditions, three-level switching is observed that can be attributed to two near-interface oxide traps. These data illustrate that the characterization of two-and multi-level RTS's is a valuable tool to determine the energetic and spatial position of individual defects in semiconductor nanoelectronic devices.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Nov 1, 2006
The need for very large fingerprint benchmarks to test the efficacy of emerging commercial techno... more The need for very large fingerprint benchmarks to test the efficacy of emerging commercial technologies for fingerprint minutia detection, matching, compression, and retrieval is well recognized. It is driving more intensive use of networked parallel processing clusters. This report demonstrated the feasibility of a parallel fingerprint matching hosted in the NIST Data Flow System Version II middleware layer, and identified specific hardware and software constraints that cause performance problems when introducing parallelism. The starting point consisted in a standalone matcher that takes two fingerprint images as an input and provides a matching score by using the well-known Bozorth fingerprint matcher. The publicly available NIST Special Database 14 and tools were used for matching and in order to handle fingerprint images and perform the minutia detection and print matching. Scalability to about 100 compute cores was shown using conventional gigabit Ethernet connectivity. 1 Acknowledgements and Disclaimers The authors gratefully acknowledge the collaborative support from the Image Group including Mike Garris, and his sponsors, without whose support this work would have been impossible. We also wish to acknowledge Shahram Orandi, Craig Watson, Wayne Solomon, Ken Ko, and Mike Indovina whose assistance with the complex software environment necessary to process fingerprint evaluations was also essential. The Image Group's public datasets and reference implementation of algorithms for the Bozorth fingerprint matcher were also used. We note that any mention of open source or commercial software products such as Linux or Microsoft Windows ™ and hardware lines like Intel microprocessors are purely for descriptive purposes and do not constitute recommendations by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, or certification or warrant that they are fit for any particular purpose. Finally, the authors gratefully acknowledge the very helpful reviews of the manuscript contributed by Dr. Steve Barry of MITRE Corporation. The final document is better for his reviews. • A neural-network based fingerprint pattern classification system, called PCASYS, automatically categorizes a fingerprint image into the class of arch, left or right loop, scar, tented arch, or whorl. This is an updated system that includes the use of a robust Multi-Layered Perceptron (MLP) neural network. It is the only known no cost system of its kind.
Nanoelectronic devices based upon self-assembled semiconductor nanowires are excellent research t... more Nanoelectronic devices based upon self-assembled semiconductor nanowires are excellent research tools for investigating the behavior of structures with sub-lithographic features as well as a promising basis for future information processing technologies. We describe two unique approaches to successfully fabricate nanowire devices, one based upon harvesting and positioning nanowires and one based upon the direct growth of nanowires in predefined locations. Test structures are fabricated and electronically characterized to probe the fundamental properties of chemical-vapor-deposition grown silicon nanowires. Important information about current transport and fluctuations in materials and devices can be derived from noise measurements, and low frequency 1/f noise has traditionally been utilized as a quality and reliability indicator for semiconductor devices. Both low frequency 1/f noise and random telegraph signals are shown here to be powerful methods for probing trapping defects in nanoelectronic devices
Using HMMs to Quantify Signals from DNA Driven Through a Nanometer Scale Pore
International Workshop on Genomic Signal Processing and Statistics, Oct 1, 2002
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Aug 1, 2006
IEEE Pervasive Computing, Jul 1, 2002
Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry, Jul 1, 2008
There are thousands of different nanometer-scale pores in biology, many of which act as sensors f... more There are thousands of different nanometer-scale pores in biology, many of which act as sensors for specific chemical agents. Recent work suggests that protein and solid-state nanopores have many potential uses in a wide variety of analytical applications. In this review we survey this field of research and discuss the prospects for advances that could be made in the near future.
Interspeech 2017, 2017
In 2018, the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) conducted the most recent... more In 2018, the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) conducted the most recent in an ongoing series of speaker recognition evaluations (SRE). SRE18 was organized in a similar manner to SRE16, focusing on speaker detection over conversational telephony speech (CTS) collected outside north America. SRE18 also featured several new aspects including: two new data domains, namely voice over internet protocol (VoIP) and audio extracted from amateur online videos (AfV), as well as a new language (Tunisian Arabic). A total of 78 organizations (forming 48 teams) from academia and industry participated in SRE18 and submitted 129 valid system outputs under fixed and open training conditions first introduced in SRE16. This paper presents an overview of the evaluation and several analyses of system performance for all primary conditions in SRE18. The evaluation results suggest that 1) speaker recognition on AfV was more challenging than on telephony data, 2) speaker representations (aka embeddings) extracted using end-to-end neural network frameworks were most effective, 3) top performing systems exhibited similar performance, and 4) greatest performance improvements were largely due to data augmentation, use of extended and more complex models for data representation, as well as effective use of the provided development sets.
IEEE Pervasive Computing, 2003
2003 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2003. Proceedings. (ICASSP '03)., Jan 23, 2004
Pervasive computing devices, sensors, and networks, provide infrastructure for context-aware smar... more Pervasive computing devices, sensors, and networks, provide infrastructure for context-aware smart meeting rooms that sense ongoing human activities and respond to them. These technologies require advances in areas including networking, distributed computing, sensor data acquisition, signal processing, speech recognition, human identification, and natural language processing. Open interoperability and metrology standards for the sensor and recognition technologies can aid R&D programs in making these advances. To address this need the NIST Smart Space and Meeting Room projects are developing tools for data formats, transport, distributed processing, and metadata. We are using them to create annotated multi modal research corpora and measurement algorithms for smart meeting rooms, which we are making available to the research and development community.
Beam me up, Doctor McCoy
IEEE Pervasive Computing, Jul 1, 2003
... voice response development, Java and Web-based tools such as Voice XML, and back ... as the p... more ... voice response development, Java and Web-based tools such as Voice XML, and back ... as the protocol of choice enabling applications requiring support for voice, streaming multimedia ...VOICEXML (WWW.VOICEXML.ORG). Back to Top. The Voice Extensible Markup Language, ...
IEEE Pervasive Computing, Oct 1, 2002
IEEE Pervasive Computing, 2002
The Graph Analysis And Design Technique (GADT) i s a visually oriented systems development enviro... more The Graph Analysis And Design Technique (GADT) i s a visually oriented systems development environment t h a t is based on industrial and military techniques of s o f t w a r e documentation. It is a consistent s e t of graphics tools t h a t supports t h e systems development process from requirements analysis through implementation. The GADT environment maintains a graphic representation of s o f t w a r e a t t h e level of existing manual documentation methods such a s SADT* and provides a semantics for t h e execution of this representation with a library of primitive Ada** units.
IEEE Pervasive Computing, Apr 1, 2002
IEEE Pervasive Computing, Apr 1, 2003
W hat if networked computers were as cheap as paper clips and could be attached to things as easi... more W hat if networked computers were as cheap as paper clips and could be attached to things as easily as a yellow sticky? We are about to find out, because such computers are being deployed across the world as you read this. They are, of course, Radio Frequency Identification tags-low-power, short-range communication devices that we can embed into everyday objects to track location, monitor security, and record the status of events or even environmental conditions. Conceptualizing them simply as ID tags greatly underestimates their capabilities, considering some have local computing power, persistent storage, and communication capabilities.
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Papers by Vincent Stanford