Background. This study compared resting and exercise heat/hypoxic-stress induced 36 levels of pla... more Background. This study compared resting and exercise heat/hypoxic-stress induced 36 levels of plasma eHSP70 in humans using two commercially available ELISA kits. 37 . EDTA plasma samples were collected from 21 males during two separate 38 investigations. Participants in Part A completed a 60 min treadmill run in the heat 39 (HOT70; 33.0 ± 0.1 °C, 28.7 ± 0.8%, n = 6) at 70% V ̇O2max . Participants in Part B 40 completed 60 minutes of cycling exercise at 50% V ̇O2max in either hot (HOT50; 41 40.5°C, 25.4 RH%, n = 7) or hypoxic (HYP50; F I O 2 = 0.14, 21°C, 35% RH, n = 8) 42 conditions. Samples were collected prior to and immediately upon termination of 43 exercise and analysed for eHSP70 using EKS-715 high sensitivity HSP70 ELISA, and 44 new ENZ-KIT-101 AMP'D™ HSP70 high sensitivity ELISA. Results. ENZ-KIT was superior in detecting resting eHSP70 (1.54 ± 3.27 ng.mL -1 ; 46 range 0.08 to 14.01 ng.mL -1 ), with concentrations obtained from 100% of samples 47 compared to 19% with EKS-715 assay. The ENZ-KIT requires optimisation prior to 48 running samples in order to ensure participants fall within the standard curve, a step 49 not required with EKS-715. Using ENZ-KIT, a 1:4 dilution allowed for 50 quantification of resting HSP70 in 26/32 samples, with a 1:8 (n = 3) and 1:16 (n = 3) 51 dilution required to determine the remaining samples. After exercise eHSP70 was 52 detected in 6/21 and 21/21 samples using EKS-715 and ENZ-KIT respectively. 53 eHSP70 was increased from rest after HOT70 (p < 0.05), but not HOT50 (p > 0.05) or 54 HYP50 (p > 0.05) when analysed using ENZ-KIT. 55 Conclusion. It is recommended that future studies requiring the precise determination 56 of resting plasma eHSP70 use the ENZ-KIT (i.e., HSP70 Amp'd ® ELISA) instead of 57 the EKS-715 assay, despite additional assay development time and cost required.
ObjectiveTo describe the characteristics of athletes with solid-organ transplants (TxA) attending... more ObjectiveTo describe the characteristics of athletes with solid-organ transplants (TxA) attending the British and World Transplant Games.Methods220 TxA completed an online survey to explore transplant history, medications, training advice and support and limitations to training.ResultsTxA were predominantly caucasian, male, kidney recipients in their mid-forties and approximately 11 years post-transplant. The majority of TxA took some form of medication (immunosuppressants 88%, steroids 47%, antihypertensives 47%, statins 28%, antiplatelets 26%, antibiotics/antivirals/antifungals 20%). Stem cell recipients were least likely to require medication. Post-transplant complications were experienced by 40% of TxA, with 53% of these being rejection. Although over half the participants (57%) initially received exercise or training advice post-transplant, only 34% of these received this from their consultants or immediate medical team. Only 1% had been specifically directed towards transplant...
This study investigates differences in pre-to post-expedition energy expenditure, substrate utili... more This study investigates differences in pre-to post-expedition energy expenditure, substrate utilisation and body composition, between the all-male Spear17 (SP-17) and all-female Ice Maiden (IM) transantarctic expeditions (IM: N = 6, 61 days, 1700 km; SP-17: N = 5, 67 days, 1750 km). Energy expenditure and substrate utilisation were measured by a standardised 36 h calorimetry protocol; body composition was determined using air displacement plethysmography. Energy balance calculation were used to assess the physical challenge. There was difference in the daily energy expenditure (IM: 4,939 kcal day -1 ; SP-17: 6,461 kcal day -1 , p = 0.004); differences related to physical activity were small, but statistically significant (IM = 2,282 kcal day -1 ; SP-17 = 3,174 kcal day -1 ; p = 0.004). Bodyweight loss was modest (IM = 7.8%, SP-17 = 6.5%; p > 0.05) as was fat loss (IM = 30.4%, SP-17 = 40.4%; p > 0.05). Lean tissue weight change was statistically significant (IM = -2.5%, SP-17 = + 1.0%; p = 0.05). No difference was found in resting or sleeping energy expenditure, normalised to lean tissue weight (p > 0.05); nor in energy expenditure when exercising at 80, 100 and 120 steps min -1 , normalised to body weight (p > 0.05). Similarly, no difference was found in the change in normalised substrate utilisation for any of the activities (p > 0.05). Analysis suggested that higher daily energy expenditures for the men in Spear-17 was the result of higher physical demands resulting in a reduced demand for energy to thermoregulate compared to the women in Ice Maiden. The lack of differences between men and women in the change in energy expenditure and substrate utilisation, suggests no sex difference in response to exposure to extreme environments. There is an increasing involvement of women in extreme activities often in adverse environmental conditions that are characterised by a deficit in Energy Availability (EA), the difference between the calorific intake and the energy expended. These activities, which include extreme sports 1 , expeditionary travel and military combat training 2 , have traditionally been undertaken by men with the result that the majority of the research looking at physiological adaptation and responses, particularly during expeditionary travel in polar regions and to altitude,
Context. Anecdotal reports suggest elite sports clubs combine lower body positive pressure (LBPP)... more Context. Anecdotal reports suggest elite sports clubs combine lower body positive pressure (LBPP) rehabilitation with a hypoxic stimulus in order to maintain or increase physiological and metabolic strain, which are reduced during LBPP. However the effects of hypoxia on cardiovascular and metabolic response during LBPP rehabilitation is unknown. Objective. Evaluate the use of normobaric hypoxia as a means to increase physiological strain during body weight supported (BWS) running. Setting. Controlled laboratory. Participants. Seven familiarized males (mean ± SD; age, 20 ± 1 years; height, 1.77 ± 0.05 meters; mass, 69.4 ± 5.1 kg; haemoglobin 15.2 ± 0.8 g . dL -1 ). completed a normoxic and hypoxic (FIO2 = 0.14) trial, during which they ran at 8km . hr -1 on an Alter-G TM treadmill with 0, 30 and 60% BWS in a randomised order for 10 minutes interspersed with 5 minutes of recovery. Arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate, oxygen delivery and measurments of metabolic strain via indirect calorimetry. Hypoxic exercise reduced SpO2 and elevated heart rate at each level of BWS compared to normoxia. However, the reduction in SpO2 was attenuated at 60% BWS compared to 0% and 30% and consequently oxygen delivery was better maintained at 60% BWS. 2 Conclusion. Hypoxia is a practically useful means of increasing physiological strain during BWS rehabilitation. In light of the maintenance of SpO2 and oxygen delivery at increasing levels of BWS, fixed haemoglobin saturations rather than a fixed altitude is recommended in order to maintain an aerobic stimulus.
Cross Adaptation and Cross Tolerance in Human Health and Disease
Frontiers research topics, 2019
This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics... more This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contac
Pre-to postexpedition changes in the energy usage of women undertaking sustained expeditionary po... more Pre-to postexpedition changes in the energy usage of women undertaking sustained expeditionary polar travel.
Energy and macronutrient intake of ultra-endurance runners (UER n=74; control (CON) n=12) during ... more Energy and macronutrient intake of ultra-endurance runners (UER n=74; control (CON) n=12) during a 5-days 225km mult i-stage ultra-marathon (MSUM ) in the heat (T max 32-40˚C), were determined through dietary recall interview and analysed by dietary analysis software. Body mass (BM) and urinary ketones were determined pre-and post-stage. Recovery, appetite and gastrointestinal symptoms were mon itored daily. Pre-stage BM, total daily energy (overall mean : 3348kcal/day), protein (1.5g/kgBM/day), carbohydrate (7.5g/kg BM/day) and fat (1.4g/kg BM/day) intakes did not differ between stages in UER. CON presented a daily macronutrient profile closer to benchmark reco mmendations than UER. Carbohydrate intake pre-stage (102g), during running (24g/h) and immed iately post-stage (1.7g/kg BM), and protein intake post-stage (0.3g/kgBM) did not differ between stages, and were below benchmark reco mmendations in the majority of UER. Post-stage urinary ketones increased in UER as competit ion progressed (Stage 1: 16% vs. Stage 5: 32%). Gastrointestinal distresses and appetite suppression were reported by 85% and 72% of UER, respectively, along the MSUM. Correlations between subjective symptomology, energy and carbohydrate intakes were observed in UER (P<0.05). Sub-optimal macronutrient profile, carbohydrate intake, and recovery nutrition throughout the MSUM suggests energy quantity and quality may be compro mised in ultra-runners along competition; indicating that specialised nutritional education may be beneficial in this population.
Bournemouth University Research Online (Bournemouth University), 2007
Recent technological developments in applied sport psychology utilising video-taping and playback... more Recent technological developments in applied sport psychology utilising video-taping and playback techniques to enhance athletic performance have become increasingly attractive to coaches, athletes and sport psychologists (Ives et al., 2002;
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, May 1, 2017
immediately after exercise, and 30 min into each hour of recovery. Muscle biopsies were taken fro... more immediately after exercise, and 30 min into each hour of recovery. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis pre-exercise and after a 4-h exposure period. Samples were analyzed using qRT-PCR to assess gene expression related to mitochondrial development. RESULTS: Arterial oxygen saturation was lower in HH and NH trials compared to the NN trial (p < 0.001) and lower in the HH compared to NH (p = 0.001). PGC-1α, GABPA, ERRα, and NRF1 mRNA were not different between the three conditions or from pre-exercise (p = 0.804, 0.650, 0.956, 0.563, respectively). TFAM mRNA increased in NH from pre-exercise to post-exercise (p = 0.036) and was higher than NN (p = 0.011). CONCLUSION: These data indicate that gene expression related to mitochondrial development is only marginally affected (TFAM) by the type of hypoxic environment after a 4-h treatment despite differences in arterial oxygen saturation.
Uploads
Papers by Doug Thake