Papers by SMART M O V E S J O U R N A L IJELLH
Smart Moves Journal IJELLH, 2025
Indian literature, with its deep historical and cultural roots, has continually evolved to reflec... more Indian literature, with its deep historical and cultural roots, has continually evolved to reflect the shifting realities of its times. Among the most prominent and enduring motifs in this literary tradition are nature, war, and technology. These themes, while distinct, are often interwoven, offering a multifaceted lens through which Indian writers have examined the world around them. Nature has long served as a powerful muse, both symbolically and literally, in Indian literature. From the Vedic hymns that revered natural elements to contemporary eco-critical narratives, the environment remains central to literary expression. War, on the other hand, has been portrayed not only as a historical reality but also as a psychological and emotional crucible, shaping identities and moral dilemmas. The advent and proliferation of technology, especially in the modern era, have introduced new dimensions to literature-transforming narrative forms, expanding accessibility, and reconfiguring thematic preoccupations. This article explores how these three elements-nature, war, and technology-interact and evolve across different literary periods and genres in Indian writing. It underscores the dynamism of Indian literature in responding to environmental, political, and technological changes, portraying the Indian writer as a chronicler of a civilization in transition. The literary landscape thus becomes both a reflection and an agent of societal transformation.
Smart Moves Journal IJELLH, 2025
This quasi-experimental study investigates the impact of print media on English second language a... more This quasi-experimental study investigates the impact of print media on English second language acquisition among undergraduate students in Bangladesh. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 60 undergraduate students and 25 English language instructors across two government colleges and one university in Feni district. The study employed structured questionnaires and personal interviews to examine how various forms of print media—including newspapers, books, magazines, and journals—facilitate English language learning in EFL contexts. Results indicate that print media significantly enhances vocabulary acquisition, reading comprehension, and overall language proficiency. The experimental group exposed to systematic print media instruction demonstrated superior performance compared to traditional classroom-only approaches. Findings suggest that 66.65% of students reported positive effects of print media on language acquisition, with newspapers (50%) and books (23.33%) being the most effective tools. Teachers unanimously agreed (100%) that print media positively impacts all four language skills. The study concludes that integrating authentic print materials into EFL curricula can substantially improve undergraduate-level English language acquisition in Bangladesh, bridging the gap between classroom learning and real-world language application.
Smart Moves Journal IJELLH , 2025
The present study examines the history and remnants of the Hedge of India, a 2,504-mile customs l... more The present study examines the history and remnants of the Hedge of India, a 2,504-mile customs line established by the British to enforce the salt tax in the 19th century. The author's research, using historical records and maps, confirms the hedge's existence and details its evolution into a massive, labour-intensive barrier maintained by over 12,000 men. The article explains that the hedge was built to prevent salt smuggling into the Bengal Presidency, where the salt tax was particularly high. This tax had severe public health consequences, causing widespread health issues due to insufficient salt consumption. Abandoned in 1879, the hedge's physical traces were located by the author in the Agra and Jhansi districts, using historical maps, GPS technology, and assistance from local villagers. The search not only uncovers the hedge's physical remnants but also provides a deeper understanding of this overlooked symbol of British control and the lasting legacy of the salt tax on colonized India.
Smart Moves JOurnal IJELLH, 2025
John Donne, a central figure of the metaphysical tradition, is renowned for his intricate blendin... more John Donne, a central figure of the metaphysical tradition, is renowned for his intricate blending of intellect, emotion, and sensory experience. His poetry often grapples with the paradoxical nature of human existence, where the spiritual and physical realms are inseparably intertwined. This study explores Donne's fusion of spiritual and physical love, focusing on how he portrays the body and soul not as opposing forces but as complementary aspects of a unified human experience. Through a close reading of selected poems-including "The Ecstasy," "The Good-Morrow," and "Holy Sonnet XIV"-and drawing upon established literary criticism, the analysis demonstrates how Donne employs metaphysical conceits, theological references, and vivid erotic imagery to bridge the gap between sacred and sensual desire. His treatment of love transcends the conventional dichotomy of the holy and the profane, framing physical intimacy as a pathway to spiritual fulfillment. The study highlights Donne's innovative approach, showing how his poetic voice challenges the rigid moral binaries of his time while anticipating modern discussions on the integration of faith, love, and embodiment. Ultimately, Donne's work exemplifies the metaphysical ideal of harmonizing the corporeal with the divine, reaffirming his enduring significance in both literary and philosophical discourse.
Smart Moves Journal IJELLH, 2025
For its scenic beauty, Kashmir is called the "Paradise on earth." Its rich cultural heritage adds... more For its scenic beauty, Kashmir is called the "Paradise on earth." Its rich cultural heritage adds to its beauty and charm. Music is an essential part of Kashmir's cultural legacy. A variety of songs are sung to adorn every celebration in Kashmir. There are different types of music in Kashmir, such as Wanvun, Rouf, Chhakar, Bachhi Nagma, Dhamaly, Lalnavun, Bhand Paethar, Ladishah, Leela, Sufiana Kalam etc. A number of books and articles have been written on Kashmiri music. This article focuses on wanvun associated with marriage ceremonies in Kashmir. It discusses the role of wanvun specific to various events and occasions of marriages in Kashmir. It also explores how the Wanvun sung in Kashmiri marriages not only reflect the joy and delight of the singers on these happy occasions but also how it depicts a variety of themes and ideas.
Smart Moves Journal IJELLH, 2025
This paper articulates the bonding between the Adi community with their environment, based on an ... more This paper articulates the bonding between the Adi community with their environment, based on an eco-critical reading of Mamang Dai's The Legends of Pensam where myth, memory and ecological wisdom add to a novel interface over time. It asserts that, in addition to encapsulating indigenous environmental consciousness, Dai's narrative also critiques anthropocentrism by offering a cosmology of all-encompassing reciprocity, reverence and interdependence. Through an analysis of animistic beliefs, oral traditions, and place-based practices, this study focuses on the capacity for nature-informed consciousness to resist cultural erasure and environmental decline, inspired by eco-spiritualism, bioregionalism, and ecofeminism. At the same time, the paper critiques the disruptive forces of modernization, colonial intrusion, and the Anthropocene, which threaten to sever this delicate human-nature bond. Through close textual analysis, supported by Dai’s interviews and critical scholarship, the study demonstrates how The Legends of Pensam engages with pressing ecological concerns while offering a counter-narrative to homogenizing development discourses. By explicating the Adis’ profound intimacy with their land and their resilient cultural memory, the novel bridges traditional ecological wisdom with contemporary environmental thought. Ultimately, this research accentuates how indigenous narratives like Dai’s enrich ecocritical discourse and reaffirm that the survival of human society is inseparable from the vitality of the natural world.
Smart Moves IJELLH, 2025
This study dives into the fresh trends of modern Bangladeshi poets who write in Englishthink Razi... more This study dives into the fresh trends of modern Bangladeshi poets who write in Englishthink Razia Khan, Kaiser Haq, Shamsad Mortuza, and Rumana Siddiqui. These writers aren't just using English for the sake of it; they're flipping the script, turning the old colonizer's language into a tool for telling their own stories, fighting back, and connecting with the world. Each poet brings their own flavor. Razia Khan's poetry starts out heavy, dealing with the horrors of the Liberation War, but then she shifts gears, getting personal and digging deep into motherhood and what it means to be a woman.
Smart Moves IJELLH, 2025
Through this paper it is attempted to explore the thoughts of the poet that she expressed in the ... more Through this paper it is attempted to explore the thoughts of the poet that she expressed in the poem entitled "The Miracle of Morning" regarding Covid-19 pandemic situation, and the response of the people towards facing critical and dangerous circumstances of Covid-19 pandemic. The collective hope and its healing impact is apparently presented by the poet. The imagery, language and the structure of the poem is studied analytically that reveals social unitedness, optimistic views of the people, emotional strength and heroic thoughts. However, the poem is written during the Covid-19 pandemic situation that offers poetic brooding over the loss, collective hope and resilience. The poem proves to be the greatest motivator and strength provider to the world to fight against pandemic situation of Covid-19 and to remain hopeful and positive. The purified notion of getting united, and emotionally connected in present and in future gives energy and strength for better future life.
Smart Moves IJELLH, 2025
Literature is a quiet representation of artistic work, and literary theory works as the regulator... more Literature is a quiet representation of artistic work, and literary theory works as the regulator that handles the way of the text. This paper introduces Reactive Defensive Oppression (RDO) as an original literary theory that redefines oppression as an emotional defence mechanism, rather than a stable exercise of hegemonic power. Where classical frameworks often read oppression through systems of patriarchy, race, and colonialism, RDO shifts its focus towards the psychological necessity behind those oppressive acts, especially those triggered by emotional instability, fear of dethronement, or emotional fragility. The theory argues that many oppressive characters do not act out of dominance, but from a deep internal panic, a desperate effort to protect perceived authority, relevance, or identity. RDO is organized into a triadic model: Passive RDO (emotional paralysis), Self-RDO (internalized oppression), and Ideological RDO (performative aggression rooted in insecurity). To demonstrate this framework across cross-cultural and gendered causes, this study conducts a comparative analysis of Mahesh Dattani's Bravely Fought the Queen and Alice Walker's The Color Purple, two texts that, despite geographical and cultural differences, reveal strikingly similar emotional
Smart Moves IJELLH, 2025
Peer feedback, a collaborative strategy where learners engage in mutual evaluation and constructi... more Peer feedback, a collaborative strategy where learners engage in mutual evaluation and constructive critique, has emerged as a cornerstone of learner-centered pedagogy in language education. By fostering critical thinking, metacognitive awareness, and communicative competence, it shifts the traditional teacher-dominated dynamic to one of shared responsibility and active participation. For ESL trainee teachers, this practice not only refines linguistic accuracy but also cultivates empathy and adaptability-skills vital for navigating diverse classroom contexts. Despite its pedagogical promise, the efficacy of peer feedback, hinges on learners' perceptions of its value, clarity, and applicability. Along these lines, this study examines how English as a Second Language (ESL) trainee teachers perceive peer feedback as a pedagogical strategy in materials design. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 18 postgraduate diploma students through questionnaires and semistructured group interviews. Results reveal positive attitudes toward peer feedback, with participants reporting significant benefits for materials development, language skills enhancement, and metacognitive awareness. Challenges identified include time constraints, interpersonal dynamics, and feedback literacy limitations. This research contributes to an
Smart Moves IJELLH, 2025
In recent years, India's education sector has seen major changes, particularly in curriculum refo... more In recent years, India's education sector has seen major changes, particularly in curriculum reforms across all educational levels. These changes are largely driven by the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which aims to overhaul the education system to be more comprehensive, adaptable, interdisciplinary, and aligned with the demands of the 21st century. This paper provides a detailed examination of these curriculum reforms, looking at the main changes, goals, methods, challenges and results. The NEP 2020 has introduced several innovative measures. In primary and secondary education, the emphasis is on foundational literacy and numeracy, flexible curricula, and shifting from rote learning to competency-based education. The reforms also highlight the importance of continuous formative assessment rather than high-stakes examinations. In higher education, the NEP 2020 aims to transform institutions into large, multidisciplinary universities, introduce an Academic Bank of Credits (ABC) to provide more flexibility in course selection and credit accumulation, and enhance the focus on research through the establishment of a National Research Foundation (NRF). The policy also calls for greater institutional autonomy to foster innovation in curriculum design and delivery. Implementing these reforms presents several challenges, including resource constraints, especially in rural areas, the need for extensive teacher training, and ensuring equity and access for all students.
Smart Moves IJELLH, 2025
This article explores the evolution of female agency in nationalist contexts through a comparativ... more This article explores the evolution of female agency in nationalist contexts through a comparative analysis of two seminal literary characters: Bimala from Rabindranath Tagore's Ghare Baire and Rehana from Tahmima Anam's The Golden Age. Bimala, set against the backdrop of early 20th-century Bengal, symbolizes the constraints placed on women within nationalist movements, driven by patriarchal and symbolic roles. In contrast, Rehana, during the Bangladesh Liberation War, represents a modern evolution of female agency, characterized by active participation and strategic influence. Utilizing contemporary critical theories, this study reveals how these characters reflect and critique their respective historical and cultural contexts. The article highlights how Bimala's limited agency underscores the historical constraints faced by women, while Rehana's assertiveness illustrates a significant shift towards empowered female participation in nation-building. By integrating theoretical frameworks from scholars like Rita Felski and Georgina Waylen, and drawing parallels with current sociopolitical developments in Bangladesh, the study underscores the importance of literary texts by women in understanding historical experiences and the dynamic nature of female agency. This comparative analysis not only enriches our understanding of gender and nationalism but also demonstrates how literature narrates and influences historical change.
Smart Moves IJELLH, 2025
Nature is a perennial source of inspiration for creative imagination. Its entire ecosystem is so ... more Nature is a perennial source of inspiration for creative imagination. Its entire ecosystem is so embedded in human mind that no literary or any other form of creative art can be produced without its semblance. However, in the wake of scientific and technological advancement with talks of environmental hazard, writers have started expressing more openly the need of conservation and existence of clean nature. Temsula Ao, a writer coming from the northeast of India, is a unique voice as a writer of nature. She is writer with immense ecocritical conscious and in her collection of short stories Laburnum for My Head, nature is present as a character. To her stories, nature is the same as Malgudi is to R.K. Narayan's writings. In her collection of short stories, she explores the geopolitical and social contexts of Nagaland to understand the interplay between environmental and human conflicts.
10.24113/smji.v13i7.11568, 2025
This paper critically examines the ideals and activism of Erode Venkata Ramasamy, popularly known... more This paper critically examines the ideals and activism of Erode Venkata Ramasamy, popularly known as Periyar, with particular attention to his anti-religious iconoclasm, critique of nationalism, and proto-feminist advocacy, emphasizing their relevance to current discourses on secularism, caste and gender justice. It explores the philosophical foundations
Smart Moves IJELLH, 2025
The paper attempts to explore the concept of renunciation and highlight its diverse meanings thro... more The paper attempts to explore the concept of renunciation and highlight its diverse meanings through selected verses of Buddhist nuns, Baul women, and women mystics. The theme of renunciation serves as a connecting thread across these narratives, linking them meaningfully across time and place without blurring their distinctiveness. An examination of the verses reveals many layers of the experience of renunciation, highlighting that the practice of renunciation can take unique forms and meanings for different women in diverse spiritual traditions. In societies where women's religious roles are traditionally performed within the domain of the household, and women are socialized as primary caregivers within family settings, renunciants tread a tightrope between individual spiritual practice and renouncing family ties. The paper attempts to bring to the fore creative ways in which women renunciants carve their spiritual journeys, which illuminate some of the ways in which diverse spiritual and philosophical Asian traditions are in dialogue with each other.
Smart Moves IJELLH, 2025
Anuradha Roy presents Gayatri, the protagonist in All the Lives We Never Lived,as a bol... more Anuradha Roy presents Gayatri, the protagonist in All the Lives We Never Lived,as a bold progressive woman. The story revolves around her quest forpeace and happiness in life.She chooses her dreams over her family to fulfilher desires. In our patriarchal society, a man is usually not questioned as much for dereliction of family duties and responsibilities as a woman is when she happens to shy away from taking care of her family and children. It is perhaps because man dominates society, and woman is relegated to the submissive and subservient position in family and society. Modern-day women writers, such as Anuradha Roy, often take on issues and social situations where women are assuming new roles to bring aboutchange in the social status of women. In All the Lives We Never Lived, Gayatri’s revolt against her husband is born out of her husband’s domineering nature
Smart Move IJELLH, 2025
This paper offers a Jungian psychoanalytic reading of Shatter Me, a young adult dystopian novel b... more This paper offers a Jungian psychoanalytic reading of Shatter Me, a young adult dystopian novel by Tahereh Mafi. It focuses on the psychological evolution of Juliette, the protagonist, who transitions from repression and isolation to empowerment and self-actualization. Based on the ideas of Carl Jung-collective unconscious, archetypes, the Shadow, and individuation-the analysis interprets the symbolic language and inner struggle of the novel. The repeated motifs, such as Juliette's visions of a bird, symbolize her unconscious desire for freedom and transformation. Her changing relationships, particularly with Warner and Adam, take Juliette's psyche through the integration of polarities within her. The paper also explores how Mafi's stream-of-consciousness style and fragmented syntax mirror Juliette's fractured mental state. Ultimately, this approach positions Shatter Me as more than a dystopian romance; it becomes a psychological allegory that reflects timeless struggles of identity, emotional trauma, and inner unity.
Smart Moves IJELLH, 2025
The novel The Only Story by Julian Barnes explores how memory plays an essential role in shaping ... more The novel The Only Story by Julian Barnes explores how memory plays an essential role in shaping love and identity through a reflective narration of the protagonist of the novel, reminiscing about his life and his affair with Susan, a middle-aged woman, dwelling deep into the intricate aspects of remembering and forgetting. The paper attempts to examine how the author portrays memory as both the cause of suffering and solace, emphasising its being selective, subjective and malleable. The protagonist's reminiscence of the past is more inclined towards emotional truth rather than factual accuracy, which highlights how one reconstructs the past to serve psychological needs through memory. How forgetting serves as a coping mechanism for the protagonist to manage the emotional hurt and pain of the struggles with Susan's struggles and eventual separation. Also, the act of forgetting proves to be insufficient
Smart Moves Journal IJELLH, 2024
In contemporary Indian literature, post-independent writers grapple with the complexities of iden... more In contemporary Indian literature, post-independent writers grapple with the complexities of identity and nationhood amidst historical legacies such as partition, migration, displacement, and violence. These issues delve into the primal origins of people and their subsequent diasporic experiences, which challenge their cultural and societal identities. This paper aims
Smart Moves Journal IJELLH, 2024
Jwalamukhi temple is the place of one of the fifty-one Shaktipeethas of Maa Durga. The temple pla... more Jwalamukhi temple is the place of one of the fifty-one Shaktipeethas of Maa Durga. The temple plays an important role in the socioeconomic conditions of the state. The temple alongwith an important hub of religious activities has been a significant place of social and economic activities which with the passage of time have increased both in degree and nature. The present paper seeks to look into the socioeconomic role of the Jwalamukhi temple both in the lives of the people of the area and also in the state of Himachal Pradesh.
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Papers by SMART M O V E S J O U R N A L IJELLH