Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture, Dec 1, 2014
W artykule przedstawiono analizę możliwości wykorzystania i rozwoju obszarów leśnych o odpowiedni... more W artykule przedstawiono analizę możliwości wykorzystania i rozwoju obszarów leśnych o odpowiedniej strukturze drzewostanu, jako ujemnego źródła emisji CO 2 ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem warunków panujących w Polsce. Skala finansowania energetyki jest tak wielka, iż przekierowanie odpowiednich kwot pieniędzy w obszary leśne nie wydaje się być działaniem niewykonalnym. Jedną z możliwości obniżających koszt takiego działania mogłoby być przekazywanie przez agencję rynku rolnego części nieużytków do zalesiania na określony czas, po którym obszar ten jako użytek leśny stawałby się terenem o określonej wartości dodanej. Wykazano, że koszty inwestycji w naturalny sposób pochłaniania CO 2 mogą być nawet dziesięciokrotnie niższe od kosztów budowy instalacji wychwytywania CO 2 ze spalin i magazynowania. Lasy o odpowiedniej strukturze drzewostanu uczestniczą w kształtowaniu poziomu stężeń tego tlenku w atmosferze. Pod względem ekonomicznym inwestowanie w takie źródła wymaga znacznie mniejszych nakładów w porównaniu z proponowanymi metodami sekwestracji dwutlenku węgla. Obecnie wielkość naturalnych źródeł absorpcji CO 2 oraz wysiłki podejmowane w kierunku zwiększenia ich efektywności nie są brane pod uwagę przy doborze kryteriów przydziału limitów emisyjnych poszczególnym krajom Unii Europejskiej. Polska posiada znaczne obszary nieużytków możliwych do zagospodarowania pod uprawy leśne. Zaistnienie odpowiednich przepisów mogłoby stworzyć szansę dla polskiego przemysłu w zakresie dotrzymania zobowiązań proekologicznych przy możliwych do zaakceptowania nakładach finansowych. Problem wymaga dalszych wnikliwych badań.
Zmiana ilości aktywnych centrów węglowych na powierzchni ziaren w procesie spalania karbonizatu
Karbo, 2010
... CNO =[CNO]/S(8) gdzie S jest sumą wszystkich koncentracji okupowanych centrów aktywnych opisa... more ... CNO =[CNO]/S(8) gdzie S jest sumą wszystkich koncentracji okupowanych centrów aktywnych opisanych w modelu: S=[C]+[CO]+[CN]+[CNO](9) PIOTR MOCEK, WOJCIECH BIALIK, STANISŁAW ... 8. Gil S., Influence of combustion pressure on fuel-N conversion to No, N2o and ...
In this paper, a system which uses hot furnace gases from a metallurgical process to heat compres... more In this paper, a system which uses hot furnace gases from a metallurgical process to heat compressed air necessary for another energy process is presented. The applied construction of the recuperator ensures high temperatures of the heated air needed for its utilisation in a separate process. Their levels depend on the processes in the reactor. A limitation to the construction of the installation is creep resistance of the materials used to assemble the recuperator modules which operate under high-temperature regimes. The well-prepared gas dynamic design of the recuperator ensured low pressure loss for the flowing air. Furnace gases leaving the recuperation system still have a high energy potential which can be utilised. As it is not possible to manage such large amounts of additional energy, the problem will be solved in the future when necessary.
The authors of the study focused on the problem of hydrogasifying coal extracted from a particula... more The authors of the study focused on the problem of hydrogasifying coal extracted from a particular location. Since hydrogen is transparent to radiation, it can only be heated by convection. To achieve this, we developed a swirler and utilized Fluent software (version 19.0) to simulate the primary flow vectors and the temperature distribution of hydrogen in the hydrogasification reactor. The process was carried out under varying conditions, including temperatures ranging up to 1173 K, pressures of up to 8 MPa, and gas flow rates between 0.5 and 5 dmn3 min−1. The results showed that the carbon reactivity of the char was high up to a certain level of carbon conversion. In this study, the kinetic equations of the hydrogasification process were developed based on the theory of active centers. The researchers also evaluated the kinetic constants at the maximum reaction rate for the analyzed chars. The analysis was conducted for four extreme cases of process parameters, which included temp...
The homogeneous stirred reactor designed for kinetic studies of the combustion of hydrocarbons wi... more The homogeneous stirred reactor designed for kinetic studies of the combustion of hydrocarbons with intensive internal recirculation in high temperature combustion chamber is described. The originality of our reactor lies in its construction which allows to intensively mix fuel and flue gases, measure gas temperature as well as obtain samples which can be used to investigate diffusion flames. The cylindrical construction enables to use the reactor in laboratory cylindrical electrically heated ovens. The CFD analysis of the reactors, the mixing parameters (turbulent Peclet number and mixing level) and the volume average temperature in the reactors were elaborated on the basis of the typical dimensions of classical reactors to kinetics research as well as the own reactor design. The results of the analysis allow to reveal advantages of our construction.
In this paper, a system which uses hot furnace gases from a metallurgical process to heat compres... more In this paper, a system which uses hot furnace gases from a metallurgical process to heat compressed air necessary for another energy process is presented. The applied construction of the recuperator ensures high temperatures of the heated air needed for its utilisation in a separate process. Their levels depend on the processes in the reactor. A limitation to the construction of the installation is creep resistance of the materials used to assemble the recuperator modules which operate under high-temperature regimes. The well-prepared gas dynamic design of the recuperator ensured low pressure loss for the flowing air. Furnace gases leaving the recuperation system still have a high energy potential which can be utilised. As it is not possible to manage such large amounts of additional energy, the problem will be solved in the future when necessary.
Modeling combustion of the gas from oxygen underground coal gasification in the jet stirred reactor
The paper presents modeling results of gas composition with CO/H2/CH4/CO2/O2/H2O/N2 as well as me... more The paper presents modeling results of gas composition with CO/H2/CH4/CO2/O2/H2O/N2 as well as methane combustion, in the temperature range 1100 ÷ 1600 K and at air to fuel ratio 1.35. The substrata composition simulated the gas from oxygen Underground Coal Gasification (UCG). The jet stirred reactor (JSR) was used to kinetic investigations. The GRI 3.0 reaction mechanisms of methane combustion were tested. The CHEMKIN-CFD was used to the numerical tests. The results confirmed earlier observation that the components of gaseous fuels influence the temperature in the reaction zone. Despite of hydrogen presence in the investigated fuel the temperature decreased in the reaction zone by 70 K. It could be explained by the impact of water vapour and carbon dioxide.
The homogeneous stirred reactor designed for kinetic studies of the combustion of hydrocarbons wi... more The homogeneous stirred reactor designed for kinetic studies of the combustion of hydrocarbons with intensive internal recirculation in high temperature combustion chamber is described. The originality of our reactor lies in its construction which allows to intensively mix fuel and flue gases, measure gas temperature as well as obtain samples which can be used to investigate diffusion flames. The cylindrical construction enables to use the reactor in laboratory cylindrical electrically heated ovens. The CFD analysis of the reactors, the mixing parameters (turbulent Peclet number and mixing level) and the volume average temperature in the reactors were elaborated on the basis of the typical dimensions of classical reactors to kinetics research as well as the own reactor design. The results of the analysis allow to reveal advantages of our construction.
In the paper, the course of post-reaction gas afterburning generated during the metallurgical pro... more In the paper, the course of post-reaction gas afterburning generated during the metallurgical process where the reduction of metal and semi-metal oxides is performed with the use of carbon is presented. Process waste gases can be an alternative source of energy to be used in the same process or converted to another. The participation of chemical enthalpy in the total energy stream of the post-reaction gas is 93 %, the rest is physical enthalpy. In the study, particular attention was paid to the proper mixing of fuel and oxidizer and to maintaining an appropriate ratio of excess combustion air λa. The dynamics of the post-reaction gas combustion processes was calculated according to several popular models but the best results were obtained using the two-step mechanism with reaction constants according to Westbrook-Dryer.
In this article, the results from a pilot-scale, underground coal gasification (UCG) experiment c... more In this article, the results from a pilot-scale, underground coal gasification (UCG) experiment conducted in an operating coal mine "Wieczorek" were presented. The 60-day gasification trial demonstrated that through the appropriate selection of the test site and by applying all safety standards essential for the coal mining industry, UCG in an active mine can be conducted safely and efficiently. The idea of the technical realization of the UCG process, as well as selected gasification results, such as the primary mass balance parameters, gas production rate, coal consumption rate, coal gasification efficiency and the changes in gas composition, were presented.
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Papers by Piotr Mocek