An enigma in the process of domestication of many of our common vegetables is what they looked li... more An enigma in the process of domestication of many of our common vegetables is what they looked like and the speed of the process at which they were transformed from the wild progenitors to the modern cultivars. Many vegetables were either domesticated in antiquity or introduced into Europe, often by trade with Africa, the Middle East, or the Americas. Based on genetic information, we often know or can deduce center of origin and the progenitor species of our common vegetables, but we do not have a record of their early history once introduced into Europe. One window to the process of domestication of vegetables is still life art from the Renaissance period. The emphasis of the art form "natura morta" emphasized realism, which allows us to, in some cases, identify species and market classes based on accurate morphological details.
Grouping Consulting Committee. These university partners made significant contributions in the in... more Grouping Consulting Committee. These university partners made significant contributions in the initial consumer survey development, specifically in the ethnic crop identification and selection process. We acknowledge the Language Institute at Rutgers and, in particular, Professors R. Van Ness Simmons and Phyllis Zatlin for their assistance in securing translators from their respective Asian and Spanish language departments to prepare bilingual versions of the ethnic consumer surveys. Morris Gbolo, Brian Hulme, and Vivian Quinn of Rutgers Cooperative Extension are recognized and appreciated for their field trial management. We also thank Drs. Chung Park and Qing-Li Wu of Rutgers Plant Biology and Pathology for their valuable assistance and support relative to Asian ethnic crops.
The Abstracts that follow are arranged by type of session (Posters fi rst, then Orals, Colloquia,... more The Abstracts that follow are arranged by type of session (Posters fi rst, then Orals, Colloquia, and Workshops). The Poster abstract numbers correspond to the Poster Board number at which the Poster will be presented. Cranberry plants exclusively utilize ammonium forms of nitrogen. Nitrifi cation of applied ammonium and subsequent leaching through sandy soils is a potential problem for growers. Peat, sand, and striped soils were collected in cranberry beds in central Wisconsin and soil pH was adjusted to 3.5, 4.5, or 5.5. Twenty-fi ve grams of dry soil was placed in fl asks and half the fl asks were sterilized. Distilled water was added to half of the samples, and the other half received 15 N-labeled ammonium. Flasks were incubated at 20°C for up to 70 days. Striped soils showed no nitrifi cation at pH 3.5 or 4.5 during the 70 day incubation. At pH 5.5, nitrifi cation began at 20 days and was almost complete at 70 days. Nitrifi cation did not occur at any pH in sandy soils. This research suggests that ammonium fertilizer applied to cranberry is likely taken up before nitrifi cation would occur. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multifl orum), which grows prolifi cally during the strawberry production season in the Gulf South, has the potential to serve as a living mulch if its growth is controlled. Sublethal dosages of Embark, a plant growth regulator, and the herbicides Poast and Rely were determined on ryegrass. Growth retardation was rated from 0 = none to 6 = dead. In 1993, all Poast dosages (1/8X -1X, where X = 8 ml•L -1 ) were lethal. Embark regulated ryegrass growth, but its study was discontinued because of the unlikelihood that it could be labeled for use on strawberries. Results of the 1994 study suggested that prime oil in the spray may cause an inordinate amount of vegetative browning. In 1995, three levels of oil (1/256X, 1/64X, and 1/32X, where X = 8 ml•L -1 ) were HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 32(3), JUNE 1997 428 used with each of four levels of Poast (0, 1/32, 1/64, and 1/128X). Increased levels of oil generally caused increased browning at each level of Poast, but no browning occurred where oil only was applied in the spray. In contrast to results in 1995, oil at 1/32X with no Poast caused considerable browning (score = 3.25) in 1996. The most desirable control (score = 2.75) was accomplished by a spray containing 1/128X Poast and 1/64X oil. The most desirable control by Rely (score = 3.25) was accomplished by 1/64 and 1/32X sprays. Rely is not labeled for strawberries although it is labeled for other fruit crops. Chemical names used: 2-[1-(ethoxylmino)buty1]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propy1]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1one (Poast); Paraffi n Base Petroleum Oil + polyol Fatty acid Esters (Prime oil); N- [2,4dimethyl-5-[[(trifl uoromethyl)-sulfony]amino]phenyl] acetamide (Embark); ammonium-Dl-homoalanin-4-yl-(methyl) phosphinate (Rely). A fi eld study was conducted to evaluate individual and collective infl uences of three soil moisture-supplementing practices (irrigation, incorporated peatmoss, and mulching) on root system development in 'Gulfcoast' southern highbush blueberries. Root growth was least in plants not mulched and greatest in plants receiving all three supplements. Ranking of individual treatments on root dry weight production was mulch > incorporated peatmoss = irrigation. Mulching resulted in uniform root distribution from the plant crown outward and in root growth concentrated in the upper 15 cm of soil. Other practices (peatmoss > irrigation) tended to concentrate the root system near the crown area and resulted (peatmoss = irrigation) in greater root depth. Soil moisture appeared to be the major factor infl uencing root distribution. Experiments were conducted to determine the temperatures at which different densities of INA bacteria incite ice crystallization on 'Totem' strawberry fl owers and to determine if there is a relationship between densities of INA bacteria on strawberry fl owers and fl oral injury. Primary fl owers were inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae at 10 6 cells/ml buffer, incubated at 25°C day/10°C night and 100% RH for 48 h, and exposed to -2.0°C. No ice nucleation occurred on these inoculated fl owers and all of the fl owers survived. However, when inoculated fl owers were subjected to lower temperatures, ice nucleation occurred at -2.2°C and few of the fl owers survived. In contrast, ice crystals formed on the surface of most non-inoculated fl owers at -2.8°C and 21% of the fl owers survived exposure to -3.5°C. When INA bacterial densities were ≈10 5 colony forming units/g dry wt, fl oral injury occurred at a warmer temperature than to fl owers that had lower bacterial densities. Apartado Postal No. 125, Caborca, Son.
The Abstracts that follow are arranged by type of session (Posters fi rst, then Orals, Colloquia,... more The Abstracts that follow are arranged by type of session (Posters fi rst, then Orals, Colloquia, and Workshops). The Poster abstract numbers correspond to the Poster Board number at which the Poster will be presented.
Germanium has been reported as a mineral element affecting plant cell metabolism. Many trials to ... more Germanium has been reported as a mineral element affecting plant cell metabolism. Many trials to supply germanium to fruit have been carried out since tests have confi rmed germanium's role as a medical substance. Supplying germanium to orchards by soil and foliar application was not effective because of loss from rainfall. Also, tree injection with germanium solution required the insertion of a tube to the tree xylem at each injection site. In order to increase germanium absorption by fruit, this study carried out the postharvest dipping of fruit into germanium solution. 'Niitaka' pear ( Pyrus pyrifolia ) fruit was treated with two types of germanium, GeO (inorganic type) and Ge-132 (organic type), in a concentration of 50 mg·L -1 just after harvest in early Oct. 2004. Flesh browning after peeling the fruit was delayed by germanium treatment, and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activities were lowered. Postharvest potentials were maintained at high levels for fruit fi rmness, physiological disorders, and decayed fruit during cold storage at 0 to 1 °C for 2 months. Antioxidant and some phenolic compounds were higher than those of control fruit.
determine the effect of root-cutting length on adventitious shoot yield and the management practi... more determine the effect of root-cutting length on adventitious shoot yield and the management practices necessary to produce nursery-quality blackberry plants. The fi rst portion of the study measured the average number of shoots produced from 7.6 and 15.2 cm long root cuttings of APF-44 blackberry-a primocanefruiting clone (not available in commerce) from the University of Arkansas breeding program. Cuttings were forced in a shallow bin containing soilless potting media. The average number of shoots per root cutting from 7.6-and 15.2-cm-long root cuttings averaged 1.6 and 2.7 shoots per root cutting, respectively. Rooting percentage of shoots was near 100% regardless of root cutting length and produced rooted plants of equal quality. The latter part of the study included various treatments on the rooted shoots that might affect the productivity and quality of the fi nal product intended for nursery sales in early fall. With the aim of producing a fl owering/fruiting shrub by late September, three treatments were applied: pot dimension, fertilizer rate, and shoot tipping. Fertilizer rate had the greatest impact of all treatments. Above normal summer/fall temperatures may explain lack of fruiting on APF-44 blackberries, but the dimension and size of some plants provided a portion of the intended aesthetic.
The Abstracts that follow are arranged in numerical sequence by the abstract number. For Poster S... more The Abstracts that follow are arranged in numerical sequence by the abstract number. For Poster Sessions, the number preceded by PB (i.e., PB XXX) indicates the poster board number on which the poster will be mounted. A participatory, on-farm research project was initiated in 1992 in an effort to enhance mutual learning, knowledge, and experience of integrating cover crops into western Oregon vegetable production systems. A major goal of the project was to include growers, agribusiness representatives, governmental agency, Extension and university researchers in a collaborative learning process, emphasizing grower participation in the design and implementation of on-farm research and demonstration projects. To facilitate this participation from the planning stage forward, four "focus sessions" were hosted by lead farmers in different areas of the Willamette Valley to define growers' needs and interests relating to on-farm research and demonstration trials.
These university partners made significant contributions in the initial consumer survey developme... more These university partners made significant contributions in the initial consumer survey development, specifically in the ethnic crop identification and selection process. We acknowledge the Language Institute at Rutgers and, in particular, Professors R. Van Ness Simmons and Phyllis Zatlin for their assistance in securing translators from their respective Asian and Spanish language departments to prepare bilingual versions of the ethnic consumer surveys. Morris Gbolo, Brian Hulme, and Vivian Quinn of Rutgers Cooperative Extension are recognized and appreciated for their field trial management. We also thank Drs. Chung Park and Qing-Li Wu of Rutgers Plant Biology and Pathology for their valuable assistance and support relative to Asian ethnic crops.
Grouping Consulting Committee. These university partners made significant contributions in the in... more Grouping Consulting Committee. These university partners made significant contributions in the initial consumer survey development, specifically in the ethnic crop identification and selection process. We acknowledge the Language Institute at Rutgers and, in particular, Professors R. Van Ness Simmons and Phyllis Zatlin for their assistance in securing translators from their respective Asian and Spanish language departments to prepare bilingual versions of the ethnic consumer surveys. Morris Gbolo, Brian Hulme, and Vivian Quinn of Rutgers Cooperative Extension are recognized and appreciated for their field trial management. We also thank Drs. Chung Park and Qing-Li Wu of Rutgers Plant Biology and Pathology for their valuable assistance and support relative to Asian ethnic crops.
This study was undertaken to examine the possible niche markets which East Coast farmers might be... more This study was undertaken to examine the possible niche markets which East Coast farmers might be able to use to regain their advantage. Their future economic success could hinge on shifting the focus from traditional fruits and vegetables to high-value specialty ethnic produce for which there might be a growing demand. The study results indicate that there is a strong
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