Regional disparities are one of the sources of social inequality. The empirical study is based on... more Regional disparities are one of the sources of social inequality. The empirical study is based on theoretical concept of components of immigration-related ethnic conflicts. The chapter analyses immigration-related conflict risks sources. These conflicts manifest as tensions arising from the interaction between newcomers, often hailing from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds, and the established population. This study provides insights into immigration-related ethnic conflict risk levels across 75 Estonian municipalities, offering an understanding of regional risk factors and regional distribution of risks. Using the risk components, we quantify immigrationrelated conflict risk and use hierarchical cluster analysis to categorize municipalities into distinct types by interaction of conflict components. The empirical analyses reveal segregation of immigration-related ethnic conflict risk; however, this risk varies significantly among different municipality groups and is to a certain extent related with immigration. Three different groups of municipalities can be distinguished in Estonia. A total of 30% of all municipalities have elevated risk levels. In these municipalities, the readiness for conflict is higher than linear interaction with migration rates would predict. We conclude that immigration-related ethnic conflicts are dynamic phenomena shaped by the interplay of immigration processes and pre-existing ethnic divisions within societies.
Online behaviour related to child sexual abuse; Literature report
... Our special gratitude goes to all contributors outside the project core team who helped us to... more ... Our special gratitude goes to all contributors outside the project core team who helped us to complete the database: Rita Zukauskiene (Lithuania), Andrea Dürager (Austria), Miguel Angel Casado (Spain), Marios Vryonides (Cyprus), David Smahel (Czech Republic), Claudia ...
about ethnic identity includes psychological, but also more practical and tangible arguments rela... more about ethnic identity includes psychological, but also more practical and tangible arguments related to their and their children's life. The parents' increased interest in issues of ethnic identity was often related to their children's prospects. The findings suggest that parents' ethnic identity is influenced by one or more of the following mechanisms related to children's prospects: raised awareness, enhanced communication, and the development of a multi-ethnic identity. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies on parenthood and ethnic identity among parents of children with mixed ancestry in Estonia. Rodziny tworzone przez rodziców o różnym pochodzeniu etnicznym stanowią coraz liczniejszą grupę na całym świecie. Niniejszy artykuł analizuje wpływ rodzicielstwa na świadomość tożsamości etnicznej wśród rodziców dzieci o mieszanym pochodzeniu etnicznym w Estonii. Dane do badań zostały zebrane za pomocą wywiadów częściowo ustrukturyzowanych, przeprowadzonych osobno wśród matek i ojców. Wyniki badań pokazują, że rodzicielstwo jest wydarzeniem życiowym, które wpływa na świadomość tożsamości etnicznej w tej grupie rodziców. Rozważania dotyczące przyszłości dziecka aktywizują u rodziców refleksję nad tożsamością etniczną. Reflektowanie nad tożsamością etniczną obejmuje zarówno argumenty psychologiczne, jak i bardziej praktyczne i namacalne, związane z życiem rodziców i ich dzieci. Rosnące zainteresowanie rodziców tożsamością etniczną wynika często właśnie z namysłu nad perspektywami, jakie otwierają się przed ich dziećmi. Wyniki badań wskazują, że na tożsamość etniczną rodziców wpływa jeden lub więcej z następujących mechanizmów powiązanych z perspektywami rozwojowymi ich dzieci: podniesienie świadomości, wzmocnienie komunikacji oraz rozwój tożsamości wieloetnicznej. Według naszej wiedzy, jest to jedno z pierwszych badań dotyczących kwestii rodzicielstwa i tożsamości etnicznej, jakie zostały przeprowadzone w Estonii wśród rodziców dzieci o mieszanym pochodzeniu etnicznym.
We may assume K n c K*+i as there exist sets K' n such that ^^ -U K' n with 'n c K'n+i, and K' n ... more We may assume K n c K*+i as there exist sets K' n such that ^^ -U K' n with 'n c K'n+i, and K' n homeomorphic to K n for all n.
Estonian National Mental Health Study: Design and methods for a registry‐linked longitudinal survey
Brain and Behavior
ObjectivesThe Estonian National Mental Health Study (EMHS) was conducted in 2021–2022 to provide ... more ObjectivesThe Estonian National Mental Health Study (EMHS) was conducted in 2021–2022 to provide population‐wide data on mental health in the context of COVID‐19 pandemic. The main objective of this paper is to describe the rationale, design, and methods of the EMHS and to evaluate the survey response.MethodsRegionally representative stratified random sample of 20,000 persons aged 15 years and older was drawn from the Estonian Population Register for the study. Persons aged 18 years and older at the time of the sampling were enrolled into three survey waves where they were invited to complete an online or postal questionnaire about mental well‐being and disorders, and behavioral, cognitive, and other risk factors. Persons younger than 18 years of age were invited to fill an anonymous online questionnaire starting from wave 2. To complement and validate survey data, data on socio‐demographic, health‐related, and environmental variables were collected from six national administrative ...
Families formed by parents with different ethnic backgrounds are a growing group around the world... more Families formed by parents with different ethnic backgrounds are a growing group around the world. This article examines the influence of parenthood on the awareness of ethnic identity among parents of mixed-background children in Estonia. Information was collected through semi-structured interviews conducted separately among mothers and fathers. The results show that parenthood is a life event that influences the awareness of ethnic identity in this group of parents. Reflecting on the child’s future activates parents’ ethnic identity processing. Thinking about ethnic identity includes psychological, but also more practical and tangible arguments related to their and their children’s life. The parents’ increased interest in issues of ethnic identity was often related to their children’s prospects. The findings suggest that parents’ ethnic identity is influenced by one or more of the following mechanisms related to children’s prospects: raised awareness, enhanced communication, and t...
Despite global commitments and efforts, a gender-based division of paid and unpaid work persists.... more Despite global commitments and efforts, a gender-based division of paid and unpaid work persists. To identify how psychological factors, national policies, and the broader sociocultural context contribute to this inequality, we assessed parental leave intentions in young adults (18-30 years old) planning to have children (N = 13,942; 8,880 identified as women; 5,062 identified as men) across 37 countries that varied in parental leave policies and societal gender equality. In all countries, women intended to take longer leave than men. National parental leave policies and women’s political representation partially explained cross-national variations in the gender gap. Gender gaps in leave intentions were paradoxically larger in countries with more gender-egalitarian parental leave policies (i.e., longer leave available to both fathers and mothers). Interestingly, this cross-national variation in the gender gap was driven by cross-national variations in women’s (rather than men’s) lea...
naiste osalemise põhjused erinevad (vt lisa, joonis 5.1). Eesti naised nimetasid koolituses osale... more naiste osalemise põhjused erinevad (vt lisa, joonis 5.1). Eesti naised nimetasid koolituses osalemise põhjusena meestest rohkem varianti „teha oma tööd paremini“ (vastavalt 53% ja 44%). Mehed seevastu ütlesid naistest sagedamini, et olid kohustatud koolituses osalema (vastavalt 7% ja 4%) või soovisid saada tunnistust (vastavalt 9% ja 2%). Soolised erinevused tulenevad vähemalt osaliselt meeste ja naiste erinevatest ametikohtadest tööturul.
Uuringus sisalduva teabe kasutamisel palume viidata allikale: Ainsaar, M., Strenze, T. (toim) (20... more Uuringus sisalduva teabe kasutamisel palume viidata allikale: Ainsaar, M., Strenze, T. (toim) (2019) Väärtused kui inimvara ja nende seos ühiskonna arenguga. Tallinn, Tartu: Arenguseire Keskus, Tartu Ülikool. Arenguseire Keskus on Riigikogu juures tegutsev mõttekoda, mille ülesandeks on ühiskonna pikaajaliste arengute analüüsimine, uute trendide ja arengusuundade avastamine ning arengustsenaariumite koostamine.
This chapter provides an extended look at health politics and the social health insurance system ... more This chapter provides an extended look at health politics and the social health insurance system in Estonia. The chapter traces the historical development of the Estonian healthcare system through a series of regime changes, all of which affected healthcare. The post-1991 transformation of Estonia’s health system went rapidly and was marked by relatively high consensus and professionalism. Consequently, stable financing and a large tax component allowed Estonia’s national health fund to avoid the heavy dependence on out-of-pocket payments characteristic of many other transition countries. Despite plans for decentralized social insurance, by 2000 the decision was made to centralize the social insurance system, which has become essentially a single-payer system. This has allowed quite a bit of leverage for setting healthcare priorities. But, as the chapter argues, given the pressure for austerity after the 2008 financial crisis, reduced capacity has led to longer waiting times.
Selected Rural Growth in Estonia 1989–2000 – Sub- or Counterurbanisation? Different Analyses – Different Results
Trames. Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences
Introduction There is no common understanding of the essence of suburbanisation and counterurbani... more Introduction There is no common understanding of the essence of suburbanisation and counterurbanisation (Berry 1976, Frey 1987, 1988, Champion 1989, Johnston 2000, Tammaru 2001). Both terms refer to a situation of population outflow from more densely populated towns, but the borderline between suburbanisation and counterurbanisation remains ambiguous. In this paper we will define counterurbanisation as an outflow of population from bigger towns into smaller towns and rural areas (sometimes also called deurbanisation, desurbanisation, or disurbanisation), and suburbanisation as an outflow of population mainly into the nearest hinterland of bigger towns (also called spillover, or seen as continuous growth of towns over their borders). Consequently, the distance of migration from bigger towns is an essential differentiator between suburbanisation and counterurbanisation. Large amounts of literature have been dedicated to the essence and trends of urbanisation and counterurbanisation (Berry & Dahman 1977, Champion 1989, 1992). Although there are some reports about earlier signs of urban reversal of concentration in London and America (Korcelli 1984), the counterurbanisation process became well known and was most visible in the 1970s in USA. Many authors have stressed that the growth rate of rural areas was in favour of more peripheral regions, smaller settlements, or cities of intermediate scale (Champion 1992). After 1970, the process accelerated. According to Hall and Hay (1980; 87), "cores virtually ceased to grow and with continuing losses from the non-metropolitan areas--the rings actually accounted for more than the entire net growth of the population". These generalisations included rather substantial variations among individual countries analysed in the study by Hall and Hay. It was found that counterurbanisation was related to the hierarchy of towns. As the correlation between hierarchy rank and the rate of population growth was negative, the main contributors to counterurbanisation were revealed to be the towns in higher hierarchical order. Korcelli (1984) found that, despite the fact that metropolitan areas were still growing, they were decentralising people from cores into rings, mainly because of stagnation of older metropolitan centres. Using the USA population census data from 1990-2000, Lopez and Hynes (2003) got the same results. The sprawls index showed shifts towards a more equal population distribution. Later, large amounts of migration research (Fielding 1987, Findlay & White 1986, Champion 1989) have shown that, despite the fact that the changes took place in different countries at different times, the majority of countries have passed deconscentration stages at some period of development. In 1989, Fielding concluded that most of the countries in Western Europe have records of counterurbanisation from the 1970s. In the 1980s, signs of reurbanisation of towns were found (Ogden & Hall 2000). Although in 1990 the changes towards concentration occurred in many countries, there was no clear understanding of a general future trend. The question remained--was deconcentration a major shift in population redistribution (see Zelinsky 1971, Frey 1995, Long & Nucci 1997, Wardwell 1977, Johnston & Beale 1994, Champion 1992), a mere temporary exception in a long process of concentration (Champion 1989, Fielding 1993, Frey 1987, Frey 1988, Johnston & Beale1994), or something else. Once again, metropolitan centres had started to grow, and the reasons were diverse and complex, sometimes the growth was related to commuter dormitories, sometimes to retirement settlements. The latest Europe-wide research project (Rees & Kupiszewski 1999) reported different concentration and deconcentration results for different countries. The picture has been unclear also in Estonia. Low reliability of data and different methods used to study migration, have given variable results. …
This volume presents a study in the framework of the international project "Comparative analysis ... more This volume presents a study in the framework of the international project "Comparative analysis on the effectiveness of the population policy in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia within the EU context" (GYVPOLBALT) funded by the Lithuanian State Science and Studies Foundation. The Lithuanian State Science and Studies Foundation have a sustained interest in demographic issues in Lithuania and the other two Baltic countries. In 1998, the foundation was one of the sponsors of the international conference "Regularities and inconsistencies of demographic development in the Baltic Countries", which was organized by the Department of Demography of the Lithuanian Institute of Philosophy in Vilnius, Lithuania. On the basis of the papers presented at the conference, two volumes on demographic trends and population policies in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania have been published. Along with the proceedings of a similar conference called "Demographic development in the Baltic Countries" and held in Tallinn (Estonia) in 1997, these two volumes (special issues of the journal Revue Baltic) Demographic development in the countries of transition, and Mortality in the Baltic countries at the end of the 20 th century were some of the most systematic comparative publications on the demographic issues in the Baltic countries. The present volume builds on previous experience, with a focus on the most recent demographic, family, and fertility trends and family policy responses. It is expected that policymakers of the three countries will be an important audience of this book, which is the result of the continuous collective efforts of colleagues working in scientific institutions in four countries:
Multilingual families and their position in European societies
Človek a spoločnosť, 2022
Background: European Union (EU) statistics show that the percentage of people living in immigrant... more Background: European Union (EU) statistics show that the percentage of people living in immigrant or mixed households is growing (Eurostat, 2017). Authors concur that fostering multilingualism brings benefits for the family members’ wellbeing (Portes & Hao, 2002) and cohesion (Müller et al., 2020) and for their connection with the society where they live (Vuorenkoski et al., 2000). Research goal: The aim of this study is to analyse the diversity of multilingual families and to describe their social environment in Europe. We study the proportion of people living in multilingual families, their demographic background, and their integration into society. Furthermore, we classify certain European countries according to the characteristics of their multilingual households to better understand the environments in which multilingual families live. Method: We use European Social Survey (ESS) data on immigration background and integration attitudes to analyse multilingual family members from...
This chapter analyses the social protection system in Estonia mainly from the immigration viewpoi... more This chapter analyses the social protection system in Estonia mainly from the immigration viewpoint. Perhaps because of low immigration rates in recent decades, immigration and emigration issues are seldom explicitly regulated in the Estonian legal system. Our findings indicate that social security rights are based mostly on legal resident status in Estonia, although EU foreign residents sometimes benefit from some better conditions, mainly in terms of taking into account employment records in other EU countries. Missing waiting periods for entitlement to social benefits guarantee that newly arrived immigrants have similar rights with long-term residents.
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