Papers by Marcin M Przybyła
Archeologia na obwodnicy Archeologia na obwodnicy Kazimierzy Wielkiej: od śladów wczesnych rolników po starszą epokę brązu w dolinie Nidzicy Archaeology on the Kazimierza Wielka bypass: from the traces of early farmers to the Early Bronze Age in the Nidzica Valley, 2024
The Funnel Beaker culture represents the predominant phase of settlement at site 5 in Kazimierza ... more The Funnel Beaker culture represents the predominant phase of settlement at site 5 in Kazimierza Wielka. The settlement appears to have undergone two construction phases. Evidence suggests the younger phase ended under dramatic circumstances, as indicated
by human remains found in four pits. These include three complete human skeletons discovered in settlement pits 8, 62 and 83. A human skull was discovered in feature 85. The ceramic materials from the settlement in Kazimierza Wielka exhibit traits characteristic of the developed Bronocice II phase and potentially the early Bronocice
III phase. This places the site within the classical phase of the Funnel Beaker culture in western Małopolska, dated to approximately 3600–3400 BC.
Kazimierza Wielka, stanowisko 12. Od neolitycznej osady do cmentarzyska z okresu wpływów rzymskich Kazimierza Wielka, site 12 From a Neolithic settlement to a cemetery from the Roman period, 2024
The Bronze Age settlement sequence ends with the settlement site of the Trzciniec culture (TC). I... more The Bronze Age settlement sequence ends with the settlement site of the Trzciniec culture (TC). It is represented by only ten pits, mostly trapezoidal ones, and a system of ditches. These features yielded a rather scarce collection of 140 pottery sherds and several flint artefacts.
The Trzciniec culture settlement developed in two stages. During the older phase, a relatively small open settlement was located in the upper part of the southern slope of the hill on which the site is situated. Later, the settlement was surrounded by a ditch enclosing a vast space of perhaps 10 hectares, in the lower part of the slope. The scope of the excavation allowed for capturing two short sections of the ditch, separated by a passage (Features 36 and 69). The ditches were up to 1.5 m wide, inversely trapezoidal or basin-shaped in profile, and about 0.5 m deep. The oval-shaped pit 130 was dug into the bottom layer of the southern part of the western ditch. It contained a deposit of human bones. They came from the incomplete skeletons of three adults (adultus) (a woman, a man, and a person of unspecified gender), three juveniles (iuvenis), and one child (infans II).
The TC settlement with ditch enclosure from Kazimierza Wielka belongs to the horizon of defensive settlements existing during 2000 - 1400 BC (A2 and B period of the Bronze Age) in Lesser Poland. This horizon consists of Mierzanowice and Trzciniec culture sites. Other TC fortified settlements are known from Słonowice, Samborzec, Ciuślice, Ciborowice, Kępa, Górka Stogniowska, Opatkowice-Ogrodzisko, Biskupice and Bronocice. Some are known only from non-invasive research, and only a few have been excavated. The ditches discovered on these sites are similar to the example recorded in Kazimierza Wielka.
The deposit of human bones found in the ditch surrounding the settlement is the only find of this type from the Trzciniec culture area. However, burials of human remains within such features have been known since the beginning of the Neolithic. In the Bronze Age, they appeared quite frequently on the Iberian Peninsula at the sites of the Bell Beaker culture. Few similar finds, corresponding chronologically to the feature from Kazimierza Wielka are known from Italy, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Poland. Probably, in the case of the Trzciniec culture, some relation between human burials and fortification structures existed. This is evidenced by the burial from the site in Słonowice, located below the fill of a ditch. In turn, at the settlements in Samborzec and Bronocice, the grave pits were located near ditches, probably under the accompanying embankments.
Human remains from Feature 31 have been radiocarbon-dated, and the result obtained is 3155 ± 35 BP. After calibration, it falls within the range 1496 – 1402 BC within the probability range of 68.3%. This suggests that the human bones were deposited during the younger part of the classic phase of TC. Stylistic analysis of pottery allowed for connecting at least some of the features with the older part of the classic phase. It seems that the beginning of the settlement can be dated to the end of phase A2 and the beginning of phase B of the Bronze Age (1650-1500 BC), whereas, its younger phase, associated with ditches and the deposit of human bones, dates back to the 15th century BC, which means the developed phase B of the Bronze Age.
Kazimierza Wielka, stanowisko 12 Od neolitycznej osady do cmentarzyska z okresu wpływów rzymskich Kazimierza Wielka, site 12 From a Neolithic settlement to a cemetery from the Roman period, 2024
At site 12 in Kazimierza Wielka remains of a settlement of the Mierzanowice culture (MC) from the... more At site 12 in Kazimierza Wielka remains of a settlement of the Mierzanowice culture (MC) from the Early Bronze Age have been discovered. Nine features can be associated with this culture: trapezoidal pits, basin-shaped pits, one hearth, and one clay pit. A total of 381 pottery sherds and several flint artefacts have been found in their fills. The identified vessel forms from the site include mugs, beakers, amphorae, semi-spherical bowls, and pots. They are characterized by a very elaborate cord ornamentation. The ornaments were executed using a Z-twisted cord, typical for the early phases of the MC. The most frequently recorded motif is zone ornamentation in the form of multiplied double horizontal cord impressions on the neck of the vessel and vertical ones in the upper part of its belly. Multiple triple, quadruple, and even fivefold cord impressions occurred horizontally on the necks of the vessels and vertically on the surface of the lugs and in the upper parts of the belly. In one case, the motif of parallel, horizontal, and closely placed cord impressions has been recorded (so-called carpet-like design). A few examples of pottery sherds are decorated with incised motifs, finger imprints, and knobs.
Most of the vessels discovered in Kazimierza Wielka have good analogies at sites from the Proto-Mierzanowice and Early-Mierzanowice phases in Karwina, Kościelec, Opatkowice, Sadowie, Szarbia Zwierzyniecka and Żerniki Górne in western Lesser Poland; in Dobkowice, Jarosław, Mirocin, Rozbórz and Sietesza in the Rzeszów Foothills, or the town of Veselé in southwestern Slovakia. The semi-spherical bowl with a rim thickened on the inside, found in pit 52, has very few analogies at the MC sites in Wola Więcławska and Miechów. However, such vessels are very typical of the Bell Beaker culture. In Poland, they are known, for example, from the burial sites in Samborzec and Złota and the settlement site in Kornice.
Three radiocarbon dates for the MC archaeological material from Kazimierza Wielka have been obtained. Two determinations have been made for animal bones from Feature 34. Using the R_Combine function for both results allowed for narrowing down the obtained dates to 3713±25 BP, which refers to 2191 -2039 BC. For animal bones from Feature 52, a date of 3765 ± 35 BP has been obtained. It can be related to 2281-2136 BC with a probability of 65.1%. The settlement site discovered in Kazimierza Wielka developed during the early MC phase, which is currently dated to 2200-2050 BC. It undoubtedly occupies an older chronological position within this early phase, as evidenced by, among others, the presence of the Proto-Mierzanowice phase traits and elements of the Bell Beaker culture.
Kazimierza Wielka, stanowisko 12. Od neolitycznej osady do cmentarzyska z okresu wpływów rzymskich Kazimierza Wielka, site 12 From a Neolithic settlement to a cemetery from the Roman period, 2024
At an archaeological site in Kazimierza Wielka, the remains of the late phase of Funnel Beaker cu... more At an archaeological site in Kazimierza Wielka, the remains of the late phase of Funnel Beaker culture with Baden influences have been discovered. This phase is sometimes referred to as the Funnel Beaker-Baden phase. Archaeological material associated with this phase has been recorded in the fills of 15 pits with trapezoidal or basin-shaped cross-sections. Almost all artefacts found in their fills are pottery fragments. The excavated features yielded a total of 746 pottery sherds and only single spindle whorls, as well as several bone and flint tools. The reconstructed vessel forms include mugs, vases, amphorae, pots, jugs, and beakers. These vessels are not abundantly decorated with engraved ornaments, in the form of horizontal, vertical, and diagonal grooves. Other types of decoration, like circular impressions and small, hemispherical knobs are also uncommon. Fragments of conical salt beakers have also been discovered at the site, probably confirming local salt production. Similar finds come from most of the large settlements of the Funnel Beaker-Baden phase.
The radiocarbon designation has been made for feature 102, and the date obtained was 4370 ± 35 BP, i.e. 3016-2919 cal. BC (68.3% probability range). In the AMS dating group, this is the youngest result obtained for the Funnel Beaker - Baden phase feature. It is possible to synchronize it with the Br V phase of the settlement site in Bronocice. The settlement of the Beaker-Baden phase discovered in Kazimierza Wielka is one of only a few sites of this group developing in the Nidzica river basin. Most currently known Funnel Beaker - Baden phase sites are large defensive settlements. They are located in Bronocice, Gniazdowice, Miechów, Marchocice, and Muniaczkowice. Open settlements are known from Książnice Wielkie, Kępa, Szarbia Zwierzyniecka, and Smrokowo.
Kazimierza Wielka, stanowisko 12. Od neolitycznej osady do cmentarzyska z okresu wpływów rzymskich, 2024
The oldest phase of the discussed part of site 12 in Kazimierza Wielka is related to the Malice c... more The oldest phase of the discussed part of site 12 in Kazimierza Wielka is related to the Malice culture (MalC). It is represented by 17 features. These are mostly shallow basin-shaped pits, and three features can be defined as clay pits. Within one of the clay pits an unequipped skeletal burial of a young woman has been discovered (Feature 128). It complements the group of so far known burials of the MalC, which consists of several dozen examples. A total of 258 ceramic fragments, 13 flint artefacts, and animal bones have been obtained from the fills of all of the MalC features.
Reconstructed ceramic forms are represented by pear-shaped beakers, amphorae, bowls, hollow-pedestalled bowls, boat-shaped vessels, and pots. Additionally, a fragment of a clay model of a human foot has been found in the fill of clay pit 31. The vessels discovered in Kazimierza Wielka are characterized by rich and diversified ornamentation. Stitch decoration was used frequently, especially in the case of pear-shaped beakers, and the stitches predominantly formed triangular motifs. Impressed decoration in the form of circular pits, finger-nail impressions, and vertical or slightly diagonal notches was also ubiquitous. Incised ornaments appeared very rarely, including those in the form of the so-called tremolo motif, whereas plastic ornaments like sculpted bands or knobs were represented quite numerously. Good analogies for the vessels discovered in Kazimierza Wielka can be found at other MalC sites from the classic phase, such as Brzezie, Targowisko, Modlnica, Kraków - Mogiła, Ćmielów and Las Stocki, and the Górna Wierzchowska Cave in Wierzchów. The clay human foot discovered in Kazimierza Wielka, probably originally part of a vessel, is one of the few examples of MalC figurative art. Yet it has good analogies at the sites of the Linear Pottery culture (LBK) and the Malice culture, for example at site 16 in Rzeszów.
Two samples taken from the MalC archaeological material have been tested using the radiocarbon method. The first determination was made for an animal bone from the lower layer of clay pit 31. In this case, the result obtained is 5600 ± 40 BP, and after the calibration, it falls within the range 4456-4362 BC within a probability range of 68.3%, and 4532-4350 BC within a probability range of 95.4%. Subsequent dating has been made for a human bone from burial 128. The data obtained is 5735 ± 35 BP, which after calibration falls within the range of 4657-4506 BC, within a probability range of 68.3%, and 4687-4462BC within a probability range of 95.4%. Analysis of the ceramic forms and ornamentation, as well as the results of radiocarbon dating allowed for associating the settlement site from Kazimierza Wielka with the classic phase (Ib) of the MalC.
PREHISTORY IN THE BALKANS INTERREGIONAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATIONAL PRACTICES
There were two fieldwork seasons at the archeological site of Vlaho in 2023 and this paper encomp... more There were two fieldwork seasons at the archeological site of Vlaho in 2023 and this paper encompases those performed in May and June, but also the ongoing radiocarbon, archaeobotanical and archeozoological
analysis. The excavation was performed in the Trench 5 i.e. area continuously explored since 2021 and provided entirely new insight into the architecture of this Early Neolithic settlement. There are ten buildings and two ditches recorded in this season, as well as a number of structures and channels related to them. Besides excavations, fieldwork in first the half of 2023 also considered geophysical scanning of the unsurveyed parts of Vlaho, but also on two more Chalcolithic sites in its vicinity. Along with the fieldwork research, the documentation of finds was also performed, while the radiocarbon, archaeobotanical and archeozoological analysis were done afterwards i.e. after the provision of samples from the excavation. They furthermore contribute to the early dating of Vlaho around 6400 calBC and emphasize the variety of domesticated plants and animals present in different stages of this Early Neolithic settlement.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne, 2023
This article presents an inhumation burial of a young woman from a biritual Early Roman Iron Age ... more This article presents an inhumation burial of a young woman from a biritual Early Roman Iron Age cemetery in Kazimierza
Wielka, site 12, western Lesser Poland. The text draws attention to the furnishing of buried woman unusual of the Przeworsk
Culture environment. She was furnished with ornaments and parts of clothing that have analogies in the Eastern Zone of the Przeworsk
Culture and in the Wielbark Culture. Additionally, the funerary rites observed were not characteristic of the area, indicating
the foreign origin of the buried woman. The article also draws attention to a further 17 inhumations from this site, as well as other
newly discovered cemeteries of
Materiały kultury mierzanowickiej ze stanowiska 1 w Zakrzowie, pow. wielicki, 2022
Osada kultury mierzanowickiej z wczesnej epoki brązu ze stanowiska 1 w Zakrzowie
Materiały kultury mierzanowickiej ze stanowiska 2 w Zakrzowie, pow. wielicki, 2022
Osada kultury mierzanowickiej z wczesnej epoki brązu w Zakrzowie st.2
Osadnictwo kultury mierzanowickiej na stanowisku 15 w Krakowie-Bieżanowie, 2022
Osada kultury mierzanowickiej z wczesnej epoki brązu w Krakowie-Bieżanowie
NAJNOWSZE WYNIKI BADAŃ NAD OKRESEM WĘDRÓWEK LUDÓW – ODKRYCIA W MORAWIANKACH W KONTEKŚCIE GROBU Z JAKUSZOWIC, 2024
Cmentarzysko z okresu wędrówek ludów
WSTĘPNE WYNIKI BADAŃ WYKOPALISKOWYCH NA WIELOKULTUROWYM STANOWISKU 12 W KAZIMIERZY WIELKIEJ, 2024
Cmentarzysko birytualne z okresu wpływów rzymskich, otoczona rowem osada kultury trzcinieckiej, o... more Cmentarzysko birytualne z okresu wpływów rzymskich, otoczona rowem osada kultury trzcinieckiej, osada kultury mierzanowickiej, osada kultury malickiej
Okres lateński i wpływów rzymskich w Karpatach, 2022
Odkrycie interesującego grobu z mieczem, ostrzem włóczni i innymi elementami uzbrojenia z młodsze... more Odkrycie interesującego grobu z mieczem, ostrzem włóczni i innymi elementami uzbrojenia z młodszego okresu przedrzymskiego
Nature Communications volume 14, 2023
Due to postmortem DNA degradation andmicrobial colonization,most ancient genomes have low depth o... more Due to postmortem DNA degradation andmicrobial colonization,most ancient genomes have low depth of coverage, hindering genotype calling. Genotype imputation can improve genotyping accuracy for low-coverage genomes. However, it is unknown how accurate ancient DNA imputation is and whether imputation introduces bias to downstream analyses. Here we re-sequence an ancient trio (mother, father, son) and downsample and impute a total of 43 ancient genomes, including 42 high-coverage (above 10x) genomes.We assess imputation accuracy across ancestries, time, depth of coverage, and sequencing technology.We find that ancient and modern DNA imputation accuracies are comparable. When own sampled at 1x, 36 of the 42 genomes are imputed with low error rates (below 5%) while African genomes have higher error rates. We validate imputation and phasing results using the ancient trio data and an
orthogonal approach based on Mendel’s rules of inheritance. We further
compare the downstreamanalysis results between imputed and high-coverage genomes, notably principal component analysis, genetic clustering, and runs of homozygosity, observing similar results starting from0.5x coverage, except for the African genomes. These results suggest that, for most populations and depths of coverage as low as 0.5x, imputation is a reliable method that can improve ancient DNA studies.
Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia 18, 2023
The barrow site in Zbudza is located in the East Slovak Lowland. In 1980, Elena Miroššayová carri... more The barrow site in Zbudza is located in the East Slovak Lowland. In 1980, Elena Miroššayová carried out excavations on
the burial mound (no. 1) located behind the old Jewish cemetery. The central burial pit and clusters of pottery and traces of
hearths were discovered. Some potsherds possess ornamentation typical for the Corded Ware culture. The charcoal found
near the burial pit were radiocarbon dated to 4140±35 BP (Poz-151727), which can be correlated to the years 2866–2632
BC. At the site in Zbudza and the neighbouring Trnava pri Laborci, thanks to the LIDAR data, about 20 burial mounds
in various states of preservation and different chronological positions were registered. Some of them should be associated
with the presence of the Corded Ware and Yamna cultures from the 3rd millennium BC. Geophysical prospection of burial
no. 2 located in the part of the village called “Imrička” was conducted in 2021.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 75/1, 2023
Barrows in the forest-steppe between the Dnister and Southern Bug, Ukraine. Initial results of co... more Barrows in the forest-steppe between the Dnister and Southern Bug, Ukraine. Initial results of comprehensive research. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 75/1, 299-333. The article presents the preliminary results of research by a Polish-Ukrainian team who in 2018-2023 worked on the project of comprehensive exploration of barrows situated in the forest-steppe between the Southern Bug and Dnister in modern Ukraine. There, two major stages of erecting and using barrows were distinguished for the 3 rd and 1 st millennia BC. Two barrows discussed herein, explored as part of the project, were erected in the second stage. Barrow 3 in Ivanivtsi-Antonivka can be dated to the second half of the 10 th-first half of the 8 th century BC, whereas Barrow 6 in Sloboda Noskovetska to the late 8 th-early 7 th century BC. The older one was erected and then used by communities related to the early period of the Chornolis culture. The younger one is at present one of the main pre-Scythian complexes of eastern Podillia. The multi-component set of artefacts deposited under its mound represents a mixture of the Chornolis culture, Basarabi-Şoldăneşti influences and the impact of early steppe nomads (Kimmerians?). This well illustrates the complex cultural mosaic found in the forest-steppe between the Southern Bug and Dnister rivers.
Baltic-Pontic Studies
The grave of the Globular Amphora culture from site 2 in Koszyce, near Kraków, has already been t... more The grave of the Globular Amphora culture from site 2 in Koszyce, near Kraków, has already been the subject of a separate monograph and specialised analyses. This article addresses the chronology of the mass burial, resulting from a comparison of 23 radiocarbon dates obtained in three laboratories. The chronometric data were then juxtaposed with the results of isotopic analyses of strontium (87Sr/86Sr), carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N). The analysis of the results indicates that the burial from Koszyce should most likely be dated to around 2880–2870 BC, which is slightly earlier than assumed in previous studies. It comes from a time when the Final Eneolithic barrow communities of the Corded Ware culture had already been present in the loess uplands of western Lesser Poland, and the burial ritual of some of the GAC groups was evolving towards the ritual of the Złota culture. The similar dating of these cultural phenomena makes it difficult to determine which community was responsibl...
Antiquity
Recent study of Vlaho in Pelagonia confirms that it is the earliest known Neolithic settlement in... more Recent study of Vlaho in Pelagonia confirms that it is the earliest known Neolithic settlement in North Macedonia. Multidisciplinary research of the architecture and material reveals a complex enclosure site dating to the seventh millennium BC, with dozens of ditches, daub buildings, white painted pottery and domesticated plants and animals.
Baltic-Pontic Studies, 2021
Globular amphora Culture, Central and eastern Groups: insiGht into new ChronometriC and taxonomiC... more Globular amphora Culture, Central and eastern Groups: insiGht into new ChronometriC and taxonomiC data andrzej bronicki Victor dzhos marek Florek nadezhda Kotova oleksandra Kozak sergey makhortykh wojciech pasterkiewicz Michał Podsiadło oleksandr pozikhovskyi Marcin M. Przybyła tetyana rudych anita szczepanek marzena szmyt barbara witkowska
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Papers by Marcin M Przybyła
by human remains found in four pits. These include three complete human skeletons discovered in settlement pits 8, 62 and 83. A human skull was discovered in feature 85. The ceramic materials from the settlement in Kazimierza Wielka exhibit traits characteristic of the developed Bronocice II phase and potentially the early Bronocice
III phase. This places the site within the classical phase of the Funnel Beaker culture in western Małopolska, dated to approximately 3600–3400 BC.
The Trzciniec culture settlement developed in two stages. During the older phase, a relatively small open settlement was located in the upper part of the southern slope of the hill on which the site is situated. Later, the settlement was surrounded by a ditch enclosing a vast space of perhaps 10 hectares, in the lower part of the slope. The scope of the excavation allowed for capturing two short sections of the ditch, separated by a passage (Features 36 and 69). The ditches were up to 1.5 m wide, inversely trapezoidal or basin-shaped in profile, and about 0.5 m deep. The oval-shaped pit 130 was dug into the bottom layer of the southern part of the western ditch. It contained a deposit of human bones. They came from the incomplete skeletons of three adults (adultus) (a woman, a man, and a person of unspecified gender), three juveniles (iuvenis), and one child (infans II).
The TC settlement with ditch enclosure from Kazimierza Wielka belongs to the horizon of defensive settlements existing during 2000 - 1400 BC (A2 and B period of the Bronze Age) in Lesser Poland. This horizon consists of Mierzanowice and Trzciniec culture sites. Other TC fortified settlements are known from Słonowice, Samborzec, Ciuślice, Ciborowice, Kępa, Górka Stogniowska, Opatkowice-Ogrodzisko, Biskupice and Bronocice. Some are known only from non-invasive research, and only a few have been excavated. The ditches discovered on these sites are similar to the example recorded in Kazimierza Wielka.
The deposit of human bones found in the ditch surrounding the settlement is the only find of this type from the Trzciniec culture area. However, burials of human remains within such features have been known since the beginning of the Neolithic. In the Bronze Age, they appeared quite frequently on the Iberian Peninsula at the sites of the Bell Beaker culture. Few similar finds, corresponding chronologically to the feature from Kazimierza Wielka are known from Italy, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Poland. Probably, in the case of the Trzciniec culture, some relation between human burials and fortification structures existed. This is evidenced by the burial from the site in Słonowice, located below the fill of a ditch. In turn, at the settlements in Samborzec and Bronocice, the grave pits were located near ditches, probably under the accompanying embankments.
Human remains from Feature 31 have been radiocarbon-dated, and the result obtained is 3155 ± 35 BP. After calibration, it falls within the range 1496 – 1402 BC within the probability range of 68.3%. This suggests that the human bones were deposited during the younger part of the classic phase of TC. Stylistic analysis of pottery allowed for connecting at least some of the features with the older part of the classic phase. It seems that the beginning of the settlement can be dated to the end of phase A2 and the beginning of phase B of the Bronze Age (1650-1500 BC), whereas, its younger phase, associated with ditches and the deposit of human bones, dates back to the 15th century BC, which means the developed phase B of the Bronze Age.
Most of the vessels discovered in Kazimierza Wielka have good analogies at sites from the Proto-Mierzanowice and Early-Mierzanowice phases in Karwina, Kościelec, Opatkowice, Sadowie, Szarbia Zwierzyniecka and Żerniki Górne in western Lesser Poland; in Dobkowice, Jarosław, Mirocin, Rozbórz and Sietesza in the Rzeszów Foothills, or the town of Veselé in southwestern Slovakia. The semi-spherical bowl with a rim thickened on the inside, found in pit 52, has very few analogies at the MC sites in Wola Więcławska and Miechów. However, such vessels are very typical of the Bell Beaker culture. In Poland, they are known, for example, from the burial sites in Samborzec and Złota and the settlement site in Kornice.
Three radiocarbon dates for the MC archaeological material from Kazimierza Wielka have been obtained. Two determinations have been made for animal bones from Feature 34. Using the R_Combine function for both results allowed for narrowing down the obtained dates to 3713±25 BP, which refers to 2191 -2039 BC. For animal bones from Feature 52, a date of 3765 ± 35 BP has been obtained. It can be related to 2281-2136 BC with a probability of 65.1%. The settlement site discovered in Kazimierza Wielka developed during the early MC phase, which is currently dated to 2200-2050 BC. It undoubtedly occupies an older chronological position within this early phase, as evidenced by, among others, the presence of the Proto-Mierzanowice phase traits and elements of the Bell Beaker culture.
The radiocarbon designation has been made for feature 102, and the date obtained was 4370 ± 35 BP, i.e. 3016-2919 cal. BC (68.3% probability range). In the AMS dating group, this is the youngest result obtained for the Funnel Beaker - Baden phase feature. It is possible to synchronize it with the Br V phase of the settlement site in Bronocice. The settlement of the Beaker-Baden phase discovered in Kazimierza Wielka is one of only a few sites of this group developing in the Nidzica river basin. Most currently known Funnel Beaker - Baden phase sites are large defensive settlements. They are located in Bronocice, Gniazdowice, Miechów, Marchocice, and Muniaczkowice. Open settlements are known from Książnice Wielkie, Kępa, Szarbia Zwierzyniecka, and Smrokowo.
Reconstructed ceramic forms are represented by pear-shaped beakers, amphorae, bowls, hollow-pedestalled bowls, boat-shaped vessels, and pots. Additionally, a fragment of a clay model of a human foot has been found in the fill of clay pit 31. The vessels discovered in Kazimierza Wielka are characterized by rich and diversified ornamentation. Stitch decoration was used frequently, especially in the case of pear-shaped beakers, and the stitches predominantly formed triangular motifs. Impressed decoration in the form of circular pits, finger-nail impressions, and vertical or slightly diagonal notches was also ubiquitous. Incised ornaments appeared very rarely, including those in the form of the so-called tremolo motif, whereas plastic ornaments like sculpted bands or knobs were represented quite numerously. Good analogies for the vessels discovered in Kazimierza Wielka can be found at other MalC sites from the classic phase, such as Brzezie, Targowisko, Modlnica, Kraków - Mogiła, Ćmielów and Las Stocki, and the Górna Wierzchowska Cave in Wierzchów. The clay human foot discovered in Kazimierza Wielka, probably originally part of a vessel, is one of the few examples of MalC figurative art. Yet it has good analogies at the sites of the Linear Pottery culture (LBK) and the Malice culture, for example at site 16 in Rzeszów.
Two samples taken from the MalC archaeological material have been tested using the radiocarbon method. The first determination was made for an animal bone from the lower layer of clay pit 31. In this case, the result obtained is 5600 ± 40 BP, and after the calibration, it falls within the range 4456-4362 BC within a probability range of 68.3%, and 4532-4350 BC within a probability range of 95.4%. Subsequent dating has been made for a human bone from burial 128. The data obtained is 5735 ± 35 BP, which after calibration falls within the range of 4657-4506 BC, within a probability range of 68.3%, and 4687-4462BC within a probability range of 95.4%. Analysis of the ceramic forms and ornamentation, as well as the results of radiocarbon dating allowed for associating the settlement site from Kazimierza Wielka with the classic phase (Ib) of the MalC.
analysis. The excavation was performed in the Trench 5 i.e. area continuously explored since 2021 and provided entirely new insight into the architecture of this Early Neolithic settlement. There are ten buildings and two ditches recorded in this season, as well as a number of structures and channels related to them. Besides excavations, fieldwork in first the half of 2023 also considered geophysical scanning of the unsurveyed parts of Vlaho, but also on two more Chalcolithic sites in its vicinity. Along with the fieldwork research, the documentation of finds was also performed, while the radiocarbon, archaeobotanical and archeozoological analysis were done afterwards i.e. after the provision of samples from the excavation. They furthermore contribute to the early dating of Vlaho around 6400 calBC and emphasize the variety of domesticated plants and animals present in different stages of this Early Neolithic settlement.
Wielka, site 12, western Lesser Poland. The text draws attention to the furnishing of buried woman unusual of the Przeworsk
Culture environment. She was furnished with ornaments and parts of clothing that have analogies in the Eastern Zone of the Przeworsk
Culture and in the Wielbark Culture. Additionally, the funerary rites observed were not characteristic of the area, indicating
the foreign origin of the buried woman. The article also draws attention to a further 17 inhumations from this site, as well as other
newly discovered cemeteries of
orthogonal approach based on Mendel’s rules of inheritance. We further
compare the downstreamanalysis results between imputed and high-coverage genomes, notably principal component analysis, genetic clustering, and runs of homozygosity, observing similar results starting from0.5x coverage, except for the African genomes. These results suggest that, for most populations and depths of coverage as low as 0.5x, imputation is a reliable method that can improve ancient DNA studies.
the burial mound (no. 1) located behind the old Jewish cemetery. The central burial pit and clusters of pottery and traces of
hearths were discovered. Some potsherds possess ornamentation typical for the Corded Ware culture. The charcoal found
near the burial pit were radiocarbon dated to 4140±35 BP (Poz-151727), which can be correlated to the years 2866–2632
BC. At the site in Zbudza and the neighbouring Trnava pri Laborci, thanks to the LIDAR data, about 20 burial mounds
in various states of preservation and different chronological positions were registered. Some of them should be associated
with the presence of the Corded Ware and Yamna cultures from the 3rd millennium BC. Geophysical prospection of burial
no. 2 located in the part of the village called “Imrička” was conducted in 2021.