Marc Busch

Deconstructing Pokémon Go – An Empirical Study on Player Personality Characteristics

by Rita Orji, Elke Mattheiss, and Marc Busch

Pokémon Go can be considered a successful persuasive game to promote physical activity. This stud... more Pokémon Go can be considered a successful persuasive game to promote physical activity. This study provides an in-depth analysis of Pokémon Go players' characteristics that relate to adoption and continued play of the game. Based on online studies at two different points in time (at the initial release and three months later) we analyzed differences in personality traits between players and non-players, as well as between players who continued playing the game and those who stopped playing. The results show that people who played the game score lower in " Conscientiousness " and higher in " Player Motivation " than non-players. Furthermore, people who continued playing the game three months later have a lower score in " Neuroticism " than those who stopped playing. Insights into player characteristics from our empirical analysis of Pokémon Go contribute to answering the key research question regarding to which personality character‐ istics the persuasive game experience should be personalized.

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The HEXAD Gamification User Types Questionnaire: Background and Development Process

by Gustavo F Tondello, Marc Busch, and Andrzej Marczewski

The HEXAD gamification user types are attempting a segmentation of users based on their receptivi... more The HEXAD gamification user types are attempting a segmentation of users based on their receptivity to varying gamification strategies. The underlying model is based on research on human motivation, player types, and years of practical design experiences. This model presents the first typology to classify users of gamified systems, enabling clustering them based on intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors. The HEXAD model is comprised of the following six gamification user types: Socializers, Free Spirits, Achievers, Philanthropists, Players, and Disruptors. We have developed a questionnaire to assess how a user is represented by the different gamification user types. The following paper will present the development process of the questionnaire. Application venues will be discussed.

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The Gamification User Types Hexad Scale

by Gustavo F Tondello, Marc Busch, and Andrzej Marczewski

Proceedings of the 2016 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play - CHI PLAY '16, 2016

Several studies have indicated the need for personalizing gamified systems to users' personalitie... more Several studies have indicated the need for personalizing gamified systems to users' personalities. However, mapping user personality onto design elements is difficult. Hexad is a gamification user types model that attempts this mapping but lacks a standard procedure to assess user preferences. Therefore, we created a 24-items survey response scale to score users' preferences towards the six different motivations in the Hexad framework. We used internal and testretest reliability analysis, as well as factor analysis, to validate this new scale. Further analysis revealed significant associations of the Hexad user types with the Big Five personality traits. In addition, a correlation analysis confirmed the framework's validity as a measure of user preference towards different game design elements. This scale instrument contributes to games user research because it enables accurate measures of user preference in gamification.

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More than Sex: The Role of Femininity and Masculinity in the Design of Personalized Persuasive Games

by Rita Orji, Rita Orji, Michaela R Reisinger, Elke Mattheiss, and Marc Busch

The goal of persuasive games is to change behavior and attitudes in a desirable manner, e.g., to ... more The goal of persuasive games is to change behavior and attitudes in a desirable manner, e.g., to promote physical activity. Research has shown that personalized persuasive approaches are more successful than one-size-fits-all approaches. As a means for personalization, sex has been investigated with results showing that women are overall more persuadable than men. We argue that considering only a dichotomous sex-type categorization may not be able to fully capture the differences in the persuasiveness of persuasion strategies. To that end we apply a dimensional approach of capturing gender identity – femininity and masculinity. We investigate the relationship between masculinity, femininity, sex and the persuasiveness of ten persuasion strategies in an online study (n = 592). Results show that femininity is significantly associated with seven of the ten strategies, while sex does only show differences for two strategies, suggesting gender identity could be a reliable variable for personalizing persuasive games.

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A Case Study for Universal Design in the Internet of Things

by Henrik Arfwedson, Trenton Schulz, and Marc Busch

The user-centered design process helps ensure the requirements of the users are met throughout th... more The user-centered design process helps ensure the requirements of the users are met throughout the development of a product or service. Universal design is an approach that makes sure that the needs of people with disabilities are incorporated. While many have suggested combining user-centered design and universal design, we demonstrate how it can be done in the development of prototypes and mobile apps for the Internet of Things. Applying the user-centered and universal design process allowed us to identify complex issues with user interaction that would not have been found only using accessibility guidelines. We recommend focusing on technical accessibility, performing user evaluations with persons with disabilities, and having an accessibility champion for advocating universal design issues throughout a project.

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Being there for real

by Trenton Schulz, Christina Hochleitner, and Marc Busch

Proceedings of the 8th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction Fun, Fast, Foundational - NordiCHI '14, 2014

Presence, the participants' feeling of "being there" in an environment, is important for usabilit... more Presence, the participants' feeling of "being there" in an environment, is important for usability studies, as this can affect their outcomes. We aim at extending the concept of presence from virtual to real environments in the context of usability studies. We compare two environments -a virtual field environment (Cave Automatic Virtual Environment [CAVE]) and a real laboratory environment -in a betweensubjects study by means of presence. In both environments, we evaluate the usability and learnability of a mobile application. Data (n = 65) shows higher ecological validity for the real environment, but higher engagement as well as higher negative effects for the virtual environment. There is no significant difference between usability and learnability between the two environments. Presence factors are significantly related to usability in the two environments. The results suggest that -although there are differences in presence -virtual and real environments perform equally in usability studies.

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A Turn for the Worse: Trustbusters for User Interfaces

by Trenton Schulz, Christina Hochleitner, and Marc Busch

Persuasive Information Security: A Behavior Change Support System to Help Employees Protect Organizational Information Security

by Marc Busch and Christina Hochleitner

Digital information is an important asset in the corporate world. Organizations typically devise ... more Digital information is an important asset in the corporate world. Organizations typically devise policies and guidelines to help employees protect the security of such information. Complying with these policies can often be confusing and difficult and may obstruct the task at hand, thus potentially leading employees to circumvent or ignore these policies. Commercial technology and training programs to mitigate this issue suffer from various shortcomings. To overcome these limitations, we present a Behavior Change Support prototype that implements six persuasive features: Security Points, Security Quiz, Challenges, Statistics, Personalization, and Risk Communication. Evaluation of the prototype established persuasive security as a promising approach for influencing user attitudes and behaviors regarding secure work practices. We apply the findings to offer suggestions for how the six persuasive features could be further enhanced.

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Money on the move workload, usability and technology acceptance of second-screen atm-interactions

by Marc Busch and Christina Hochleitner

Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services - MobileHCI '13, 2013

ABSTRACT In this paper we compare one single-screen touch interaction with an automated teller ma... more ABSTRACT In this paper we compare one single-screen touch interaction with an automated teller machine (ATM) against two alternative second-screen ATM interactions using a smartphone. In an experimental laboratory study, those three ATM interactions were compared by means of workload (NASA-TLX), usability (SEQ, UMUX) and technology acceptance (selected TAM3-scales and additional scales for trust and security) in a randomized, controlled within-subjects design (n=24). In one smartphone ATM interaction the Personal Identification Number (PIN) was entered on the mobile phone, in the other smartphone ATM interaction the PIN was entered on the PIN-pad of the ATM. The results indicate that overall second-screen ATM interaction all interaction done on the mobile phone -- performed best.

I'm There! The influence of virtual reality and mixed reality environments combined with two different navigation methods on presence

by Marc Busch, Peter Fröhlich, and Philipp Klimant

2015 IEEE Virtual Reality (VR), 2015

For various VR/MR/AR applications, such as virtual usability studies, it is very important that t... more For various VR/MR/AR applications, such as virtual usability studies, it is very important that the participants have the feeling that they are really in the environment. This feeling of "being" in a mediated environment is described as presence. Two important factors that influence presence are the level of immersion and the navigation method. We developed two navigation methods to simulate natural walking using a Wii Balance Board and a Kinect Sensor. In this preliminary study we examined the effects of these navigation methods and the level of immersion on the participants' perceived presence in a 2x2 factorial between-subjects study with 32 participants in two different VEs (Powerwall and Mixed-Reality-See-Through-Glasses). The results indicate that reported presence is higher for the Kinect navigation and Powerwall for some facets of presence.

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The Security Assistant - A Mobile Application for Informing Users About Privacy and Security in Smart Homes

by Marc Busch and Christina Hochleitner

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7OxLtfG-UBM

A Turn for the Worse: Trustbusters for User Interfaces

by Marc Busch, Trenton Schulz, and Christina Hochleitner

The Security Assistant - Investigating the Effect of Privacy and Security Information on Perceived Usability, Trust and Behavior

by Marc Busch and Christina Hochleitner

The Materiality of Trust – Materializing Trust in the Physical World

by Marc Busch and Christina Hochleitner

Trusting Virtual Spaces: Immersive Virtual Environments in User Research on IT-Trust

by Marc Busch and Christina Hochleitner

In this paper we present an approach for simulating and measuring the end-users’ Trust in IVEs (I... more In this paper we present an approach for simulating and measuring the end-users’ Trust in IVEs (Immersive Virtual Environments). We measure the perceived Trust in IT-ecosystems with questionnaires that contain a trait-part of Trust and a state-part of Trust. The main results are: State-Trust differs between tasks end-users have to solve in an IVE and correlates with other user experience factors, such as Arousal, Dominance and Valence. We conclude that IVEs are an appropriate method to simulate and measure the end-users’ perceived Trust.

A Case Study for Universal Design in the Internet of Things

by Marc Busch and Trenton Schulz

The user-centered design process helps ensure the requirements of the users are met throughout th... more The user-centered design process helps ensure the requirements of the users are met throughout the development of a product or service. Universal design is an approach that makes sure that the needs of people with disabilities are incorporated. While many have suggested combining user-centered design and universal design, we demonstrate how it can be done in the development of prototypes and mobile apps for the Internet of Things. Applying the user-centered and universal design process allowed us to identify complex issues with user interaction that would not have been found only using accessibility guidelines. We recommend focusing on technical accessibility, performing user evaluations with persons with disabilities, and having an accessibility champion for advocating universal design issues throughout a project.

PAINLEsS – Personalized Multimodal Persuasive Ambient and Peripheral Interaction for Information Security

by Marc Busch and Christina Hochleitner

Abstract Violations against information security policies in organ- izations caused by employees ... more Abstract Violations against information security policies in organ- izations caused by employees are frequent and expen- sive. Classical countermeasures, such as security train- ing and education, as well as awareness campaigns only have a limited and short-term effect on the em- ployees’ information security policy attitudes and com- pliance. Additionally, they are time-consuming, expen- sive and don’t comply with employees hedonic needs. To promote a positive and long-lasting increase of in- formation security policy awareness and compliance we propose an innovative framework (PAINLEsS), which can be implemented in organizations and consists of sensors that detect violations against security policies and multimodal peripheral feedback, which educates users and raises awareness about/for secure behavior via personalized persuasive ambient strategies.

Being there for real

by Marc Busch, Trenton Schulz, and Christina Hochleitner

Proceedings of the 8th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction Fun, Fast, Foundational - NordiCHI '14, 2014

Presence, the participants' feeling of "being there" in an environment, is important for usabilit... more Presence, the participants' feeling of "being there" in an environment, is important for usability studies, as this can affect their outcomes. We aim at extending the concept of presence from virtual to real environments in the context of usability studies. We compare two environments -a virtual field environment (Cave Automatic Virtual Environment [CAVE]) and a real laboratory environment -in a betweensubjects study by means of presence. In both environments, we evaluate the usability and learnability of a mobile application. Data (n = 65) shows higher ecological validity for the real environment, but higher engagement as well as higher negative effects for the virtual environment. There is no significant difference between usability and learnability between the two environments. Presence factors are significantly related to usability in the two environments. The results suggest that -although there are differences in presence -virtual and real environments perform equally in usability studies.

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A survey of trust and risk metrics for a BYOD mobile worker world

by Marc Busch, Jean-Marc Seigneur, and Christina Hochleitner

ABSTRACT Users increasingly access corporate data from their own devices and public wireless netw... more ABSTRACT Users increasingly access corporate data from their own devices and public wireless networks such airports Wi-Fi or coworking offices. On one hand, more work is possible, but on the other hand, it is riskier because the devices and locations may be untrustworthy. However, the Bring-Your- Own-Device trend is a fact and it is the reason we survey in this paper how computational trust and risk metrics may help mitigating those new risks in a more dynamic way than in the past. An online survey that we have carried out confirms that users do not take care of security risks as they are communicated today and that new Human Computer Interfaces combined with opportunity-enabled risk management are needed to improve the situation.

Peacox–Persuasive Advisor for CO2-Reducing Cross-modal Trip Planning

ABSTRACT We present the objectives and first results of the Peacox project. Pea- cox aims at prov... more ABSTRACT We present the objectives and first results of the Peacox project. Pea- cox aims at providing travelers with personalized multi-modal navigation tools that allow, help and persuade them to travel and drive ecological friendlier. To support the users in making travel decisions without feeling restricted, Peacox considers their situational and individual range of acceptable travel choices and provides personalized and tailored navigation support.

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