Papers by Joseph K . Cheruiyot
East African journal of interdisciplinary studies, May 21, 2024
Small farms make up 85% of farms worldwide. Similarly, in Kenya, the agriculture sector is domina... more Small farms make up 85% of farms worldwide. Similarly, in Kenya, the agriculture sector is dominated by smallholder farmers. To overcome constraints imposed by small units and for sustainable development, smallholders often organise themselves into groups or farmer-producer organisations (FPOs) to access services. They exploit elements of social capital; social networks, norms and trust to enhance cooperation for collective actions. It is often assumed that social capital attributes among farmers' groups are exploited for positive collective actions such as access to credits and the sale of aggregated produce. Social capital attributes, however, differ from one farmer organisation to another. This study evaluated levels of social capital attributes among farmers from value-chain-linked groups. The predictive value of the social capital indicators on the desired outcome of collective actions was investigated. Based on a retrospective study design, interviews were conducted on 72 farmers drawn from 9 FPOs with 215 members. Attitude scales ranked 1 to 5 were used to gather the opinions of participants on the attributes. Participants were sampled by purposive and multi-stage sampling schemes. Single-sample Wilcoxon test was used to analyse strength of each attribute among participants. Median value for indicators of social trust, social participation, norms, common vision and social networks were significantly higher than 'neutral,' P< .05. Collective actions in inputs-acquisition and produce-selling did not differ significantly from 'neutral' (P > .05). The mean for social capital attributes had strong predictive ability on collective actions as tested by Spearman's Rank analysis using SPSS; R2 = .382, P = .000. The collective actions in learning, inputs-purchase, produceselling, price negotiations and market-information seeking could be predicted from the social capital attributes evaluated. It is recommended that stakeholders build capacity of FPOs, particularly for collective actions in inputs-acquisition and marketing of produce for sustainable development.
African Journal of Empirical Research
Indigenous chickens play a vital role in rural livelihoods, particularly in developing countries.... more Indigenous chickens play a vital role in rural livelihoods, particularly in developing countries. However, their productivity faces challenges such as poor feeding, housing, healthcare, and inadequate husbandry practices. While research has explored these issues using qualitative and quantitative methods, underlying contextual factors are often overlooked. Guided by the Value chain model and Grounded theory, this study evaluated indigenous chicken value chain (VC) through a contextual lens, emphasizing context-specific knowledge. The objective was to assess the efficacy of the indigenous chicken VC practices in Kericho County, Kenya, through a participatory approach. A community-based participatory action research design was employed, with samples drawn using purposive and multistage sampling techniques. Based on Yamane's sample size formula, a sample of 398 farmers was drawn from among rural-based indigenous chicken farmers. 15 key stakeholders also participated in the study. Data collection focussed mostly on qualitative approaches, using participatory rural appraisal tools like focus group discussions, observation during transect walks and community workshops. Quantitative data were collected using interview schedules. Data were analyzed using Grounded theory methods and descriptive statistics. The study identified five segments in the VC: breeding for eggs, incubation and hatching, chick brooding and rearing, flock management, and marketing. However, the chain lacked processing segment, with most products reaching consumers through intermediaries. There was weak integration of actors within the VC. In conclusion, producers' practices contributed to efficacies in the indigenous chicken VC through: genetic diversity preservation, resiliencebuilding, rational decision-making, self-sufficiency, bio-economy, complementary healthcare, and market embedded practices. Challenges included economic constraints, epistemic limitations, weak institutional support, weak infrastructure, and risk aversion. To enhance the productivity of the VC, community financing models, capacity-building, formation and strengthening of producer organizations, cooperative marketing, and partnerships with local government for infrastructure development are recommended.
Rural poultry rearing is common worldwide, particularly in developing countries, where indigenous... more Rural poultry rearing is common worldwide, particularly in developing countries, where indigenous chicken (IC) dominates and serves as a vital asset for resourcepoor households. Despite their importance, backyard chickens face productivity challenges such as inconsistent nutrition, poor health management, and fluctuating environmental conditions. While numerous studies address these technical challenges, socioeconomic contexts are often overlooked. This study investigated the nexus between socioeconomic factors, IC productivity, and community-defined livelihood outcomes among rural communities in Kericho County, Kenya. Grounded in contextualism, the study pursued three objectives: (1) examine socioeconomic determinants of IC productivity, (2) analyze the relationship between IC productivity and community-defined livelihood outcomes, using a participatory approach, and (3) explore the nexus between socioeconomic factors, IC productivity, and livelihood outcomes. A community-based participatory action research framework was employed, combining qualitative data from focus group discussions and quantitative data from a cross-sectional survey. Sample size was determined by Yamane's formula and purposive and stratified random sampling techniques were used to select participants. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential methods; SPSS version 27 aided quantitative analysis. Findings indicated that IC productivity is influenced by farmers' socioeconomic factors; access to information, knowledge-seeking behaviour, social networking, enterprise diversity, household size, flock size, and age. Productivity measures; egg production and chick survival rates, varied significantly across livelihood outcome categories based on Welch ANOVA; F (3, 38.31) = 15.68, p < .001, ƞ2 = .124 and F (3, 36.545) = 34.875, p < .001, ƞ2 = .197 respectively, but self-reported profitability did not (p > .05). Challenges revolved around economic powerlessness and weak information-seeking behaviour. The study concludes that socioeconomic attributes, including information-seeking and social networking, are integral to the productivity of Indigenous chickens and community-defined livelihood outcomes.
East African Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2025
Chickens are the most popular poultry worldwide. About 23.7 billion chickens globally in 2018 wer... more Chickens are the most popular poultry worldwide. About 23.7 billion chickens globally in 2018 were reared mainly for their eggs and meat products. Indigenous chickens in Kenya constitute about 70% of the poultry population. Their role in rural livelihoods is widely understood in terms of provisioning for nutrition and household income. This study aimed to investigate, through a community-based participatory process, the latent roles of indigenous chicken (IC) in the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in rural areas of Kericho County, Kenya. This study adopted a Grounded Theory Approach and a Communitybased Participatory action research design. Six sites in three out of six subcounties were selected for the study based on their agroecological zones and administrative locations. Data were collected through focus group discussions and interviews. Community-based participatory action research tools; focus groups, resource mapping, role plays, and community workshops, were used to encourage participation and knowledge sharing. Data were collected through note-taking and group presentations. The data were analyzed using the grounded theory constant comparative method. Analysis revealed that the higher order concepts and theories that could explain the latent roles of indigenous chickens were1insurance against shocks, 2marketness; sales for income, 3instrumentalism; as an instrument for personal motivations, 4ecological functions and5immanent roles; to utilize existing resources and capabilities. It has roles as a socioeconomic 6ladder-of-change, contributes to 7household functionalism by engaging youth and women and household 8dietary needs, and social roles in 9interpersonal connectedness. In conclusion, indigenous chickens had roles in the economy, ecology, socio-culture and food supplies. This understanding has implications in formulating strategies by development agents, for sustainable IC production. Further research in different contexts to build on the in-depth understanding of the IC roles is recommended.
East African Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2024
Small farms make up 85% of farms worldwide. Similarly, in Kenya, the agriculture sector is domina... more Small farms make up 85% of farms worldwide. Similarly, in Kenya, the agriculture sector is dominated by smallholder farmers. To overcome constraints imposed by small units and for sustainable development, smallholders often organise themselves into groups or farmer-producer organisations (FPOs) to access services. They exploit elements of social capital; social networks, norms and trust to enhance cooperation for collective actions. It is often assumed that social capital attributes among farmers' groups are exploited for positive collective actions such as access to credits and the sale of aggregated produce. Social capital attributes, however, differ from one farmer organisation to another. This study evaluated levels of social capital attributes among farmers from value-chain-linked groups. The predictive value of the social capital indicators on the desired outcome of collective actions was investigated. Based on a retrospective study design, interviews were conducted on 72 farmers drawn from 9 FPOs with 215 members. Attitude scales ranked 1 to 5 were used to gather the opinions of participants on the attributes. Participants were sampled by purposive and multi-stage sampling schemes. Single-sample Wilcoxon test was used to analyse strength of each attribute among participants. Median value for indicators of social trust, social participation, norms, common vision and social networks were significantly higher than 'neutral,' P< .05. Collective actions in inputs-acquisition and produce-selling did not differ significantly from 'neutral' (P > .05). The mean for social capital attributes had strong predictive ability on collective actions as tested by Spearman's Rank analysis using SPSS; R2 = .382, P = .000. The collective actions in learning, inputs-purchase, produceselling, price negotiations and market-information seeking could be predicted from the social capital attributes evaluated. It is recommended that stakeholders build capacity of FPOs, particularly for collective actions in inputs-acquisition and marketing of produce for sustainable development.
East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology , 2024
Greenhouse technology has an important role to play in minimising adverse effects of climate vari... more Greenhouse technology has an important role to play in minimising adverse effects of climate variability on vegetable production. Studies indicate that greenhouse farmers face several challenges, sometimes leading to the abandonment of Greenhouses. The types and levels of severity of the challenges have not been adequately documented and acted upon on a context-specific basis, yet the demand for Greenhouse fresh produce is increasing, particularly in populated urban areas. This study identified and evaluated core challenges, available opportunities, and a concatenation of the challenges with productivity perceptions among Greenhouse farmers in Kericho County. A cross-sectional survey design drawing on data from 10% of Greenhouse farmers from each of the six Sub-counties was adopted for the study. Structured and unstructured interview schedules were administered to 59 sampled farmers and 16 Extension agents. The Henry Garret ranking method was used to analyse ranked data on challenges from farmers' views and potential opportunities from Extension agents. A one-sample Wilcoxon test was used to analyse the deviation of views from 'neutral'. Challenge due to pests and diseases was significantly higher than hypothesised median of 3 (neutral); Z = 5.198, P< .01. Cost of inputs and lack of finances for maintenance were significantly higher than neutral; Z = 5.061, P< .01 and Z = 3.810, P< .01 respectively. The top five challenges based on Garrett scores were pests & diseases, cost of inputs, maintenance costs, inadequate water, and initial costs. Top-ranked opportunities were integrated pest & disease management, farm-inputs subsidy, information on crop varieties, support from extension and capacity building in water harvesting. Concatenations existed between productivity of greenhouse units with quality of produce, ease of access to markets and profitability of greenhouses. The study recommends stakeholders' concerted effort towards utilisation of the opportunities identified to enhance sustainable Greenhouse productivity among smallholder vegetable producers.
Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry, Aug 25, 2022
Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important source of staple food in Kenya. Research innovations and phys... more Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important source of staple food in Kenya. Research innovations and physical inputs, and the capacity of farmers to use them are major ingredients for crop productivity enhancement. This study evaluated agricultural extension training and formal education as elements of farmers' capacity to use innovations and inputs. The study was conducted in a rural setup of North Rift in Kenya. Data were gathered by use of interview schedules through crosssectional survey from 502 households sampled purposively and by simple random sampling. Welch's t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to test for differences between means. 42.8% of the participants reported that they had not received agricultural extension training, 57.2% had. 65.2% had up to primary level education, 34.8% had secondary and above. Formal education up to primary was regarded as basic. Results indicated that fertilizer-use rates and maize yields differed significantly between groups 'who had received Extension training' and those who 'had not been trained'; t (482.785) =-9.228, P = .000 and t (496.513) =-7.095, P = .000, respectively. Regarding formal education, fertilizer-use rates and maize yields differed significantly between 'basic education' category and 'higher than basic'; t (332.28) =-5.699, P = .000 and t (290.29) =-5.438, P = .000 respectively. The alternative Mann-Whitney U test showed similar results. Effect sizes as measured by Eta-squared (ƞ 2) ranged from .06 (medium) to .1445 (large). It is concluded that Agricultural extension training had a highly significant influence on maize productivity. Formal education showed a positive impact on fertilizer-use adoption and maize productivity. This study
Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International, Jun 11, 2020
Smallholder farms in Kenya continue to suffer from crop-productivity declines due to loss of soil... more Smallholder farms in Kenya continue to suffer from crop-productivity declines due to loss of soil quality as a result of soil erosion among other factors. Low adoption of soil conservation technologies persists in spite of previous interventions. This study was conducted to investigate links between farmers' socio-demographic factors and the adoption of soil conservation technologies. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey design. Purposive and multistage random sampling techniques were used to select a sample of 150 farmers from six catchment areas of the hilly terrain of Tinderet in Nandi County, Kenya. A total of 138 participants were accessed. Questionnaires administered by enumerators were used to collect data. Data was analysed to generate descriptive statistics. Kendall-Stuart Tau-c and Goodman-Kruskal's gamma were used to estimate correlations between socio-demographic factors and adoption. Age, Gender, duration of residence and farm size were not significantly associated with adoption (P > 0.05).Education levels, household size, level of awareness and income were positively associated with adoption (Gamma =.359, P = .034), (Gamma = .229, P = .088), (Gamma = .485, P = .000) and (Gamma = .282, P = .042) respectively. It is recommended that stakeholders address soil erosion problems through farmers' capacity-building, particularly for low-income farmers.
Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics and Sociology, Sep 4, 2020
The well-being of the rural population globally has been associated with the performance and resi... more The well-being of the rural population globally has been associated with the performance and resilience of the agriculture sector. The sector continually requires new needs-based knowledge and technologies. It has become necessary to empower the rural communities through a wider bottomup system that directly addresses their needs. This paper explores the application of little-used Participatory Livelihood Analysis for the adoption and up-scaling of its use in the assessment of agricultural-extension-needs for disadvantaged rural communities. It presents a case study of a village perceived by Agriculture stakeholders as disadvantaged in Nandi County, Kenya. Using a case study design and a participatory livelihood analysis approach, the descriptive study analyses the pentagon of resources (Natural/Land, human, social, physical and financial) based on the sustainable livelihood framework. It identifies livelihood strategies, constraints and opportunities for improvement on the performance of the livelihood strategies. The study observed that the Participatory Livelihood Analysis approach was an effective method in the assessment of agricultural-extension-needs of disadvantaged communities in relatively remote locations. Further trials of the approach in similar socioeconomic contexts for use in needs assessment are recommended.
Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development
Despite there being high demand for sugarcane products globally, low yielding varieties in Kenya ... more Despite there being high demand for sugarcane products globally, low yielding varieties in Kenya persist. A study was conducted in Nandi, Kenya to assess age, level of education, gender, level of awareness, price of produce and cost of changing to new varieties, perception of risks, planting materials and scale of farm operations as predictors of adoption for new sugarcane varieties. Purposive and multistage sampling techniques were used to select participants in the study. A sample of 198 farmers participated in the ex-post-facto survey study. Data was collected using questionnaires and analyzed using cross tabulations and logistic regression. All the variables except gender, price and costs showed significant (p < 0.05) relationship with adoption. A prediction model with the six explanatory variables was a well-fitting model, could correctly classify 87.4% of the outcome and explains 60.4% of the variation in adoption. It is concluded that farmers' age, education, awareness, perception of risks and uncertainties about new varieties, availability of planting materials and scale of operation have significant association with and are significant predictors of adoption. It is recommended that for improved adoption, stakeholders consider the factors in their intervention plans. Further research on their effect on sugarcane productivity is recommended.
East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a crop of livelihood, nutritional, economic, and political importance in K... more Maize (Zea mays L.) is a crop of livelihood, nutritional, economic, and political importance in Kenya. Its productivity growth is estimated at 2% annually, with average yields of 2 tons/ha against a potential 6 tons/ha. Annual production lags behind demand. This study was conducted in a typically rural location of Nandi County in Kenya to investigate smallholder farmers’ social capital, sources of finances, information, and their implications on maize yields. Data from 502 farmers, collected ex post facto, was analysed by use of descriptive and inferential statistics. Brown-Forsythe ANOVA showed highly significant differences between groups; based on social capital as measured by their membership to social common-interest groups (F* (2,499) = 23.826, P = .000), based on main sources of finances for farm operations (F* (4, 60.649) = 8.519, P = .000) and main sources of technical information (F (3,498) = 38.738, P = .000). A Games-Howell post hoc test showed that the ‘no group’ catego...
East African Scholars journal of agriculture and life sciences, Apr 15, 2023
Coffee (Coffea sp.) is an important crop globally, employing millions along its value chain. It i... more Coffee (Coffea sp.) is an important crop globally, employing millions along its value chain. It is the second most traded commodity after oil and the most consumed beverage in the world. In Kenya, it is one of the largest foreign exchange earners, grown by about 800,000 smallholder farmers and supporting many livelihoods. Its productivity, however, is hampered by several factors; climate change, pests, diseases, socioeconomic factors and technology adoption levels. Technology adoption is a process in which information acquisition is a prerequisite. The current study investigated the power of information and coffee variety choice on the yields of smallholder coffee farmers in West of Rift, Kenya. The study adopted an ex-post facto survey design and data were collected using semi-structured interview schedules from 140 farmers sampled through purposive and multi-stage sampling schemes. Farmers" Agronomic information were measured using self-evaluation ranking scales (1-10), coffee varieties were separated into "new" and "traditional" and reported yields were measured in kilograms of cherry/tree. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in the analysis, computed by SPSS. Ruiru 11 variety dominated (53%), Batian (22%), K7 (18%) and SL28 (6%). New variety (Ruiru 11 and Batian) growers" had significantly higher agronomic information score than traditional (K7 and SL28) as tested by Mann-Whitney U-test; U (N 1 =35, N 2 =14) =143.500, Z =-2.295, P < .05. The "new" variety growers had significantly higher mean yields compared to "traditional"; t (47) = 2.108, P = .040. Crop nutrition and canopy management were dominant areas of information needs. In conclusion, farmers with higher self-reported levels of agronomic information preferred new higher yielding disease resistant varieties and recorded higher yields. The linkage between farmers" information levels, variety choice and yields is confirmed. It is recommended, information asymmetries needs to be addressed.
Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry
Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important source of staple food in Kenya. Research innovations and phys... more Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important source of staple food in Kenya. Research innovations and physical inputs, and the capacity of farmers to use them are major ingredients for crop productivity enhancement. This study evaluated agricultural extension training and formal education as elements of farmers’ capacity to use innovations and inputs. The study was conducted in a rural setup of North Rift in Kenya. Data were gathered by use of interview schedules through cross-sectional survey from 502 households sampled purposively and by simple random sampling. Welch’s t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to test for differences between means. 42.8% of the participants reported that they had not received agricultural extension training, 57.2% had. 65.2% had up to primary level education, 34.8% had secondary and above. Formal education up to primary was regarded as basic. Results indicated that fertilizer-use rates and maize yields differed significantly between groups ‘who had received...
Journal of Applied Life Sciences International
Coffee (Coffea arabica) is an important cash crop for export earnings and livelihoods in Kenya. C... more Coffee (Coffea arabica) is an important cash crop for export earnings and livelihoods in Kenya. Coffee production has, however, declined from about 130,000 metric tons in the 1990s to about 43,000 in 2018, partly attributed to low farm-level productivity. Previous studies further attribute this to weak adherence to agronomic practices. The current study investigated the farmer’s information inputs, as a precursor of agronomic practices, for their potential sway on coffee productivity. The study assessed the level of information inputs among smallholder farmers and its potential influence on coffee productivity in areas west of Rift, Kenya. Data on information inputs for best practices in cultivation, soil fertility management, canopy management, intensive land use, crop protection and cherry harvesting were collected from 140 participants sampled through purposive and stratified random sampling techniques. The study adopted an ex post facto survey design and utilized semi-structured...
Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International, 2021
Indigenous chicken production is an important sub-sector in Kenya. About 90% of rural communities... more Indigenous chicken production is an important sub-sector in Kenya. About 90% of rural communities keep indigenous chicken in small flocks. They provide the much needed high value protein and income for the rural households. Despite its importance; the productivity of the sub-sector greatly varies depending on the management systems deployed by the producers. The management systems are thought to be influenced by demographic; socio-economic and information literacy factors. This study investigated the potential links between these factors and indigenous chicken productivity in two regions in the Western parts of Kenya. The survey study adopted a descriptive approach. Semi-structured interview schedules were used to collect data from a sample of 106 smallholder producers. Purposive and multi-stage sampling techniques were used to select the participants from among producers who had shown interest in the commercialization of indigenous chicken following awareness meetings conducted by ...
Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 2020
The well-being of the rural population globally has been associated with the performance and resi... more The well-being of the rural population globally has been associated with the performance and resilience of the agriculture sector. The sector continually requires new needs-based knowledge and technologies. It has become necessary to empower the rural communities through a wider bottom-up system that directly addresses their needs. This paper explores the application of little-used Participatory Livelihood Analysis for the adoption and up-scaling of its use in the assessment of agricultural-extension-needs for disadvantaged rural communities. It presents a case study of a village perceived by Agriculture stakeholders as disadvantaged in Nandi County, Kenya. Using a case study design and a participatory livelihood analysis approach, the descriptive study analyses the pentagon of resources (Natural/Land, human, social, physical and financial) based on the sustainable livelihood framework. It identifies livelihood strategies, constraints and opportunities for improvement on the perform...
Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International, 2020
Smallholder farms in Kenya continue to suffer from crop-productivity declines due to loss of soil... more Smallholder farms in Kenya continue to suffer from crop-productivity declines due to loss of soil quality as a result of soil erosion among other factors. Low adoption of soil conservation technologies persists in spite of previous interventions. This study was conducted to investigate links between farmers’ socio-demographic factors and the adoption of soil conservation technologies. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey design. Purposive and multi-stage random sampling techniques were used to select a sample of 150 farmers from six catchment areas of the hilly terrain of Tinderet in Nandi County, Kenya. A total of 138 participants were accessed. Questionnaires administered by enumerators were used to collect data. Data was analysed to generate descriptive statistics. Kendall-Stuart Tau-c and Goodman-Kruskal’s gamma were used to estimate correlations between socio-demographic factors and adoption. Age, Gender, duration of residence and farm size were not significan...
International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 2020
Soil erosion is an issue of global concern due to its effects on the natural resource base in whi... more Soil erosion is an issue of global concern due to its effects on the natural resource base in which agriculture is based on. In Kenya, low utilisation of soil conservation technologies (SCTs) has been blamed for continued land degradation. A study was designed to examine association of selected farmers’ and farm attributes with knowledge on SCTs using an ex post facto survey design. A sample of 138 farmers was accessed in the hilly terrains of Nandi County, Kenya through a multi-stage sampling technique. The study was based on the trans-theoretical model and its stages of change, with a focus on its initial stages. Data was questionnaire-based and the data was analysed for associations using Gamma and Sommers’ delta. Kruskal-wallis (KW) test was utilised to test for differences between groups. Post hoc tests are based on Bonferroni correction. Results indicate that there was significant influence of formal education levels, gender, duration of residence and farmers income levels on ...
Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 2020
Aims: Knowledge Management (KM) in agriculture is a core aspect of agricultural productivity and ... more Aims: Knowledge Management (KM) in agriculture is a core aspect of agricultural productivity and profitability, but is one area with scanty literature. The aim of the current study was to determine the knowledge management practices, challenges and coping strategies adopted by public agricultural extension agents in Nandi-hills Sub-county, Nandi County, Kenya under a fairly new devolved system put in place by the constitution of Kenya in 2010. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional case study survey design was adopted for the study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Nandi-hills Sub-County, Nandi County, Kenya. Data were collected between January and April, 2019. Methodology: All the Extension agents in the Sub-county were targeted. A questionnaire with closed and open ended questions was used to collect data from the 32 participants in the Sub-county and the data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Descriptive stati...
Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 2020
The horticulture sub-sector contributes substantially to the Kenyan economy, but smallholder prod... more The horticulture sub-sector contributes substantially to the Kenyan economy, but smallholder productivity is low. This study investigated the role of information literacy on smallholder horticultural productivity performance in a lower highland zone of Belgut Sub-county, Kericho County, Kenya. The study used descriptive cross-sectional survey design. Data were collected between January and April 2019. Smallholder horticulture farmers who previously participated in a program; NALEP, in Belgut Sub-county were purposely selected and interviewed. Data was collected from 31 respondents through face-to-face household interviews using pre-tested semi-structured interview schedules and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Descriptive statistics were utilized to document the farmers’ information sources. Associations between attributes were analyzed by running Goodman and Kruskals’ gamma and Somers’ d. Findings indicated that the smallholder horticulture ...
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Papers by Joseph K . Cheruiyot