Papers by Jan van der Ende
Why Mothers and Young Children Agree or Disagree in Their Reports of the Child's Problem Behavior
Child psychiatry and human development, Jan 11, 2015
This study examined multiple determinants of discrepancies between mother and child reports of pr... more This study examined multiple determinants of discrepancies between mother and child reports of problem behavior. In 5,414 6-year-olds, child problem behavior was assessed by self-report using the Berkeley Puppet Interview and by maternal report using the Child Behavior Checklist. Patterns in mother-child reports were modeled using latent profile analysis. Four profiles, differing in problem level, and the direction and magnitude of mother-child discrepancies, were identified: one profile representing agreement (46 %), another representing slight discrepancies (30 %), and two representing higher problem levels and more discrepancies. In the latter two profiles either children (11 %) or mothers (13 %) reported more problems. Compared to the first profile, the second was predominantly characterized by a positive family environment, the third by child cognitive difficulties, and the fourth by harsh discipline and poor family functioning. Knowledge about specific child/family characteris...
Young children’s self-reported emotional, behavioral, and peer problems: The Berkeley Puppet Interview
Psychological Assessment, 2013
Adult observers are typically the only informants on emotional and behavioral problems in young c... more Adult observers are typically the only informants on emotional and behavioral problems in young children. Although additional information can be provided by child self-report, few validated, structured instruments are available to obtain self-report from young children. The Berkeley Puppet Interview (BPI) has been developed to obtain structured self-reports on multiple domains of mental health and social well-being. This study was the 1st to evaluate the psychometric properties of the BPI in a large sample. We studied 8 a priori scales of the interview in a Dutch community sample of 6,375 children ages 5-7 years. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we demonstrated adequate fit (Tucker-Lewis index = .90; comparative fit index = .90; root-mean-square error of approximation = .03) of a multidimensional model with 50 items loading on 8 latent factors (Depression, Separation Anxiety, Overanxious, Oppositional Defiant, Overt Hostility, Conduct Problems, Bullied by Peers, and Peer Acceptance/Rejection). This model was invariant across gender. Children reported anxiety-related problems more frequently than depressive problems, behavioral problems, or difficulties in peer relations. Reliability analyses showed that 3 broadband scales designated as Internalizing, Externalizing, and Peer Relations were homogeneous constructs (αs = .68-.79). Higher scores on most BPI scales were associated with lower maternal education, lower family income, and non-Western ethnicity. Boys reported more behavioral and peer relation problems, whereas girls reported more emotional problems. The findings indicate that young children from socioeconomically and demographically diverse backgrounds are capable of providing valid, multidimensional information on their emotional, behavioral, and peer relation problems using the BPI. Young children's self-report is a promising addition to existing assessment tools.
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2003
Hofstede's dimension of national culture termed Masculinity-Femininity [Hofstede (1991). Cultures... more Hofstede's dimension of national culture termed Masculinity-Femininity [Hofstede (1991). Cultures and organizations: software of the mind. London: McGraw-Hill] is proposed to be of relevance for understanding national-level differences in self-assessed agoraphobic fears. This prediction is based on the classical work of Fodor . = 5491 students) provided the opportunity of scrutinizing this issue. It was hypothesized and found that national Masculinity (the degree to which cultures delineate sex roles, with masculine or tough societies making clearer differentiations between the sexes than feminine or modest societies do) would correlate positively with national agoraphobic fear levels (as assessed with the Fear Survey Schedule-III). Following the correction for sex and age differences across national samples, a significant and large effect-sized national-level (ecological) r = +0.67 (P = 0.01) was found. A highly feminine society such as Sweden had the lowest, whereas the champion among the masculine societies, Japan, had the highest national Agoraphobic fear score.
Adolescents' self-reported problems as predictors of psychopathology in adulthood: 10-year follow-up study
The British Journal of Psychiatry, 2001
Knowledge of the course of psychopathology from adolescence into adulthood is needed to answer qu... more Knowledge of the course of psychopathology from adolescence into adulthood is needed to answer questions concerning origins and prognosis of psychopathology across a wide age range. To investigate the 10-year course and predictive value of self-reported problems in adolescence in relation to psychopathology in adulthood. Subjects from the general population, aged 11-19 years, were assessed with the Youth Self-Report (YSR) at initial assessment, and with the Young Adult Self-Report (YASR), the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and three sections of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) 10 years later. Of the subjects with deviant YSR total problem scores, 23% (males) and 22% (females) had deviant YASR total problem scores at follow-up. Subjects with initial deviant YSR total problem, internalising and externalising scores had higher prevalences of DSM-IV diagnoses at follow-up. Adolescent problems tended to persist into adulthood to a moderate degree. High rates of problems during adolescence are risk factors for psychiatric disorders in adulthood.
Informant, gender and age differences in ratings of adolescent problem behaviour
European Child Adolescent Psychiatry, Jun 1, 2005
The aim of this study was to determine gender and age differences and agreement among the reports... more The aim of this study was to determine gender and age differences and agreement among the reports of adolescent problem behaviour by parents, teachers, and adolescents themselves. For 1,122 11- to 18-year-olds, reports by parents, teachers, and adolescents were obtained. Multivariate regressions were performed to investigate the effect of informant, gender, and age on problem behaviour. Adolescents reported higher levels of problems than parents and teachers for all types of behaviour. Parents reported higher levels of problem behaviour than teachers. Gender differences among informants were dependent on type of problem behaviour. With increasing age, scores of adolescents, parents, and teachers diverged for most types of problems, with larger differences for older adolescents than for younger adolescents. Norms for adolescents need age adjustments for reports by adolescents, parents, and teachers. To obtain a complete view on children's problem behaviours information from multiple informants and differences among them is needed.
population based study childhood and use of MDMA: prospective, Symptoms of anxiety and depression in
Schizophrenia research, Jan 15, 2005
To investigate if associations between cannabis use and psychotic symptoms occur independently, o... more To investigate if associations between cannabis use and psychotic symptoms occur independently, or occur as a consequence of previous-other types of-psychopathology. A 14-year follow-up study of 1580 initially 4- to 16-year-olds who were drawn randomly from the Dutch general population was conducted. At initial assessment, psychopathology was assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist. Across the 14-year follow-up period, cannabis use and psychotic symptoms were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Because cannabis use is generally condoned in The Netherlands, false-negative reports of cannabis use may occur less frequently than in countries with stricter drug policies, which supports the value of the present study. Survival analyses indicated that the association between cannabis use and psychotic symptoms occurred independently of initial CBCL scores. The link between cannabis use and psychotic symptoms is specific, and does not depend on the earl...
Longitudinal Genetic Analysis of Internalizing and Externalizing Problem Behavior in Adopted Biologically Related and Unrelated Sibling Pairs
Twin Research and Human Genetics, 2007
To obtain a better understanding of how genetic and environmental processes are involved in the s... more To obtain a better understanding of how genetic and environmental processes are involved in the stability and change in problem behavior from early adolescence into adulthood, studies with genetically informative samples are important. The present study used parent-reported data on internalizing and externalizing problem behavior of adoptees at mean ages 12.4, 15.5 and 26.3. In this adoption study adopted biologically related sibling pairs shared on average 50% of their genes and were brought up in the same family environment, whereas adopted biologically unrelated sibling pairs only shared their family environment. The resemblance between these adopted biologically related (N = 106) and unrelated sibling pairs (N=230) was compared and examined over time. We aimed to investigate (1) to what extent are internalizing and externalizing problem behavior stable from early adolescence into adulthood, and (2) whether the same or different genetic and environmental factors affect these problem behaviors at the 3 assessments. Our results show that both internalizing (rs ranging from .34 to .58) and externalizing behavior (rs ranging from .47 to .69) were rather stable over time. For internalizing and externalizing problem behavior it was found that both genetic and shared environmental influences could be modeled by an underlying common factor, which explained variance in problem behavior from early adolescence into adulthood and accounted for stability over time. The nonshared environmental influences were best modeled by a Cholesky decomposition for internalizing behavior, whereas a time-specific influence of the nonshared environment was included in the final model of externalizing behavior.
Cross-cultural validity of the scale for interpersonal behavior
International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 2011
The Scale for Interpersonal Behavior (SIB) is a 50-item multidimensional measure of difficulty an... more The Scale for Interpersonal Behavior (SIB) is a 50-item multidimensional measure of difficulty and distress in assertiveness. The SIB assesses negative assertion, expression of and dealing with personal limitations, initiating assertiveness and positive assertion. The SIB was originally developed in the Netherlands. The present study attempted to replicate the original factors with an Italian student sample (n = 995). The four distress and four performance factors were replicable across two methods of analysis (the multiple group method of confirmatory analysis and Tucker's coefficient of congruence (phi). The corresponding scales were internally consistent and showed predicted patterns of correlations with a measure of self-efficacy. Sex and age differences in assertiveness were generally negligible. Italian students had higher positive assertion-performance scores than the Dutch and comparable scores on other performance scales; by contrast, the Italian subjects had significantly higher scores on all SIB distress scales than their Dutch equivalents. This was ascribed to the stronger pressure on people in Italian society to behave assertively (Hofstede's National Masculinity score = 70) as opposed to the Dutch society (National Masculinity score = 14).
Associations between visual and auditory hallucinations in children and adolescents, and tobacco use in adulthood
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 2004
The cross-sectional association between tobacco use and psychotic features has been well establis... more The cross-sectional association between tobacco use and psychotic features has been well established. If psychotic features precede tobacco use, then tobacco may be used to self-medicate psychotic symptoms. The aim was to assess if psychotic features in adolescents constitute a risk factor for later tobacco use. A random target sample of 2,600 children aged 4-16 years from the Dutch general population was followed up across a 14-year interval. At different ages (childhood, adolescence, young adulthood), information about visual and auditory hallucinations was obtained using standardized questionnaires for parents and subjects themselves. At outcome (ages 18-30), tobacco use was assessed. Auditory hallucinations, but not visual hallucinations, in early and late adolescence, assessed via parents and adolescents themselves, predicted tobacco use in adulthood. The present study confirmed that auditory psychotic features in adolescence are associated with tobacco use in adulthood. Tobacco may be used to self-medicate auditory, but not visual, hallucinations.
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 2011
Introduction In previous longitudinal studies in the US, lower socioeconomic status (SES) was ass... more Introduction In previous longitudinal studies in the US, lower socioeconomic status (SES) was associated with more emotional and behavioral problems. It remains unclear whether these findings can be generalized outside the US, as different countries vary in their health care systems and prevention of psychopathology in youth. Therefore, we studied the same associations in a comparable sample in The Netherlands and directly tested for differences between the US and The Netherlands. Methods The US (N = 833) and Dutch (N = 708) population samples were followed-up for 9 years. Age at baseline ranged from 8 to 16 years. Parents filled out behavior checklists. Results Analyses revealed very few differences between the two countries. In both countries, SES predicted syndrome scores and cumulative prevalence rates for internalizing and externalizing problems (withdrawn and aggressive behavior) and for thought and attention Problems. The SES gradient in syndrome scores was stable over time. Only for withdrawn behavior, the gradient was larger in young adulthood. Conclusion Although the health care systems differ between the US and The Netherlands, the socioeconomic disparities in emotional and behavioral problems were similar.
Personality and Individual Differences, 1984
In a recent article, argued and showed by means of factor analysis that the number of child-reari... more In a recent article, argued and showed by means of factor analysis that the number of child-rearing dimensions found previously with the EMBU appears to be dependent on the type of rotation used in factoring. Based on the assumption and empirical evidence that the dimensions found earlier are significantly correlated, Ross er al. (1983) argued that Oblique rotation would appear to give rise to a larger number of distinguishable dimensions than previous analyses (e.g. Arrindell, . We contend that their conclusion was based on an inappropriate analysis of the data with a neglect of relevant psychometric principles. Employing objective techniques of factorial invariance the factors obtained in our previous study were shown here to be congruent across rotational procedures (Oblique vs Varimax). Supporting the stability and factorial and construct validity of the EMBU Rejection, Emotional Warmth, Overprotection and Favouring Subject dimensions, they were shown in further analyses to be: (a) replicable across split samples of phobics (Ns: 421 vs 420); and (b) invariant across distinct populations (phobics, N = 841 vs normals, N = 277).
The Eight-Year Stability of Problem Behavior in an Epidemiologic Sample
Pediatric Research, 1995
This study assessed the 8-y stability and change of parent-reported problem behaviors in 791 chil... more This study assessed the 8-y stability and change of parent-reported problem behaviors in 791 children from the general population assessed at 2-y intervals with the same standardized procedure, the child behavior checklist (CBCL). Problem behaviors were rather stable across even the relatively long time interval of 8 y. The 8-y stability coefficient for total problem score was 0.48, with somewhat higher stability for externalizing than internalizing problems. Despite stability, problem behaviors also changed considerably across time. These changes do not only reflect the increase in chronologic age. The present study showed that there are changes in children's problem levels that result from historical time influences. These secular trends seemed of even greater importance than aging effects, and reflect a slight increase of the norm of children's problem behaviors.
Six-Year Developmental Course of Internalizing and Externalizing Problem Behaviors
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 1992
The 6-year developmental course of parent-reported problem behavior in an epidemiological sample ... more The 6-year developmental course of parent-reported problem behavior in an epidemiological sample of 936 children assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist at 2-year intervals was determined. Children who were scored in the deviant range of the total problem score at time 1 were nine times more likely to be scored deviant 6 years later than were children who were not deviant at time 1 (odds ratio 9.0). Of the deviant children at time 1, 33% were deviant at time 4. There was no difference in the persistence of externalizing versus internalizing problems. This underscores the notion that internalizing problems should not be disregarded. Although this study demonstrated moderate stability of problem behaviors across a 6-year interval, children's problem behaviors should not be regarded as static. Many children showed changes in their level of functioning across time. However, extreme changes were the exception rather than the rule.
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2005
Objective: To devise and test a model describing the process of help-seeking for child psychopath... more Objective: To devise and test a model describing the process of help-seeking for child psychopathology in professional and informal service settings. Method: Using structural equation modeling, associations between several help-seeking stages, and the influence of child, family, and context characteristics on these stages were investigated in 246 Dutch children (4-11 years old) between April 2000 and July 2002. Children were selected for having emotional or behavioral problems from a representative general practice sample; 68% of the selected children participated.
Agreement Between Parents' Reports and Adolescents' Self-reports of Problem Behavior
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1992
Parents' reports and adolescents' self-reports of problem behaviors in 883 11-19-... more Parents' reports and adolescents' self-reports of problem behaviors in 883 11-19-year-olds from the general population were compared. Correlations between both informants' CBCL syndrome scores ranged from 0.27 to 0.56. Adolescents reported many more problems than their parents did about them. Discrepancies were larger for externalizing than for internalizing problems, were larger for girls than for boys and increased with age. The findings indicated that adolescents, especially as they grow older, are indispensable informants on their own problem behaviors.
Comorbidity" in an Epidemiological Sample: a Longitudinal Perspective
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1993
Parents' CBCL ratings of problem behaviors in 1117 4- to 11-year-olds from the general po... more Parents' CBCL ratings of problem behaviors in 1117 4- to 11-year-olds from the general population were obtained across a 6-year interval. Data were analyzed categorically as well as quantitatively. Positive association, or overlap, was found between the majority of CBCL problem scales. Most CBCL scales were able to predict non-corresponding scales across the 6-year interval. Children who were scored in the deviant range on one particular syndrome but low on another syndrome had a better prognosis than children who were scored high on both syndromes. Studies concerning the etiology or treatment of certain conditions should control for co-occurring conditions because they may influence the results in unknown ways.
The Constancy of Structure of Percened Parental Rearing Style in Greek and Spanish Subjects as Compared with the Dutch
International Journal of Psychology, 1988
Abstract To be able to contribute to the cross-cultural study of child-rearing practices and psyc... more Abstract To be able to contribute to the cross-cultural study of child-rearing practices and psychopa-thology, this study sought to examine the cross-national gcneralizability of parental rearing constructs by analydng self-report data on the EMBU, an instrument ...
Parent–teacher disagreement regarding behavioral and emotional problems in referred children is not a risk factor for poor outcome
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2007
To investigate whether parent-teacher disagreement regarding the presence of psychopathology pred... more To investigate whether parent-teacher disagreement regarding the presence of psychopathology predicts poor outcome in children who have been referred to mental health services A total of 532 6- to 12-year-old children who had been referred to an outpatient department for child and adolescent psychiatry were followed up across an average period of 6.3 years. At initial assessment, standardized parent and teacher ratings of the child's psychopathology were obtained with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher's Report form (TRF). At follow-up, indices of poor outcome were assessed. Several CBCL and TRF scale scores predicted poor outcome. Discrepancies between CBCL and TRF scores were not useful as additional predictors. Some additive effects were found; future police/judicial contacts and disciplinary problems in school were predicted by CBCL and TRF scores. The findings underscored the need for information from different informants in clinical practice. However, discrepancies between parent and teacher ratings do not predict outcome, and should not alert clinicians.
Prognostic value of parent–adolescent disagreement in a referred sample
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2006
To investigate whether parent-adolescent disagreement regarding reports on adolescents&am... more To investigate whether parent-adolescent disagreement regarding reports on adolescents' psychopathology indicates a poor prognosis. A total of 151 11- to 18-year-olds who had been assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Youth Self-Report (YSR) at referral to an outpatient psychiatry clinic were followed up. At follow-up, 4.3 years later, signs of poor outcome were assessed. Discrepancies between CBCL and YSR scores predicted future disciplinary problems at school, police/judicial contacts, and drug use. To determine the prognosis of psychopathology in adolescents who are referred to mental health services, discrepancies between parents and adolescents may be useful. Given the relatively large number of statistical comparisons (n = 16) that was needed to obtain these results, future studies are needed to test if the results are robust across different settings.
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Papers by Jan van der Ende