Assessment of the Water Quality Index of the Main Drain, Iraq
There are ten monitoring stations along the Main Drain course from Baghdad to Basrahcities, they ... more There are ten monitoring stations along the Main Drain course from Baghdad to Basrahcities, they were used to assess the water quality spatially and temporally. The assessment was achieved by measuring seventeen physical and chemical variables of the water quality. The Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index was applied in this study based on three specific international guidelines.The results depict that the quality of the drinking water of the Main Drain can be classified as poor water because it ranges between (14.75% – 46.34%) in all river stations except in station 1 in Baghdad. This considered as marginal indicating worst quality in river water that caused by the discharges of pollutants from agricultural runoff, sewage, domestic wastes to the water system without any treatment. Based onthe WQI results for irrigation, which ranged from 11.65% to 50.75%, most water stations in river have poor classification except station 2 of Baghdad and 3 of Babylon that can be classified as marginal type.The WQIof the Main Drainfor Maintenance River Systems No.25 at 1967 can be classified as marginal in Babylon and poor in Dewaniyawith (3.57% and 50.5%), respectively. The extreme using of fertilizer, pesticides and agricultural effluent towards the Main Drain River deteriorates its quality especially at downstream stations. These results confirmpotential pollution of the Main Drain, so it is necessary to control the agriculturaland human activities to obtain a good program of the best operation of the main branched drains.
Mineralogical and Geochemical analysis of the sediments surrounding the Main Drain Area, Middle of Iraq
Fifty five surface and subsurface soil samples were taken from the area between Tigris and Euphra... more Fifty five surface and subsurface soil samples were taken from the area between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers along the Main Drain course from north Baghdad to Basrah to evaluate the geochemical, physical characteristics and the probability contamination of these samples. The study area is covered by Quaternary sediments of complex alternation of sand, silt and clay. Significant variation in the textural content of the present soils is observed, where the northern and southern parts are characterized by silt predominance, while sand is prevailing in the central parts as a result of the extensive spreading of aeolian deposits represented mostly by sand dunes. Mineralogical analysis explains wide variations in the heavy minerals distribution of different origins and that all of these minerals reflect the same distribution patterns. Calcite and quartz are the minerals of non-clay fraction, whereas montmorellonite, kaolinite, and chlorite are the key clay mineral in the present soils. No ...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
Seawater intrusion into the groundwater is a major environmental disaster which affects the envir... more Seawater intrusion into the groundwater is a major environmental disaster which affects the environment as well as community. This research aims to analyze the seawater intrusion in the Dibdibba coastal aquifer. In this study, researchers used statistical techniques to examine the impact of seawater intrusion in the Dibddiba coastal aquifer in southern Iraq. They collected 15 groundwater samples from pumping wells during wet and dry periods and analyzed those using multivariate statistical analyses and ionic ratios based on the GIS technique. The results showed that there was a strong linear correlation between total dissolved solids (TDS) and several other ions, including Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl− SO−2 4, and NO−3. The principle component analysis revealed two factor loadings, with the first accounting for a significant portion of the total variance and showing a high loading for TDS, Na+, Cl−, SO−2 4, Mg2+, Ca2+, and NO−3. The second factor had a high loading for K+. The seawater influ...
Groundwater potential recharge (GWPR) zones are an important process in managing water resources.... more Groundwater potential recharge (GWPR) zones are an important process in managing water resources. Six thematic layers were used to produce GWPR mapping for Wadi Al-Batin alluvial fan, Southwestern Iraq with GIS environment and analytical hierarchical process (AHP), including geology, lineaments density, slope gradient, drainage density, soil, and slope aspect. Based on the importance, the thematic layers are ranked, which control the GWPR. Drainage density, lineament density, slope aspect, and slope gradient maps are classified into five classes, whereas, geology and soil are classified into six classes. The classes are weighted based on the magnitude of groundwater recharge potential. The AHP technique divides the entire into three zones based on GWPR values: high, moderate, and low. The final GWPR map demonstrated that the western and northwestern parts of the alluvial fan have greater groundwater recharge potentials with 70% of the total area due to the increase in the infiltrati...
This research aimed to know the tectonic activity of the Wadi Al-Batin alluvial fan using hydrolo... more This research aimed to know the tectonic activity of the Wadi Al-Batin alluvial fan using hydrological and morphotectonic analyses. Wadi Al-Batin alluvial fan is deposited from Wadi Al-Rimah in Saudi Arabia, which extended to Iraqi and Kuwait international boundaries. The longitudinal and transverse faults that characterize this region were common. The Abu- Jir-Euphrates faults have a significant impact on the region. The faults zone consists of several NW- SE trending faults running from the Rutba in western Iraq to the south along the Euphrates through Kuwait and meeting the Al-Batin fault to the Jal Al-Zor fault. The Hydromorphometric analysis of the present fan shows five watersheds having asymmetry shapes, more elongated and activity from the elongation ratio and asymmetry factor values. In contrast, transverse topographic symmetry and mountain front sinuosity factor have moderate to low activity from the stream length gradient index. The morphotectonic analysis suggests that t...
JOURNAL OF UNIVERSITY OF BABYLON for Pure and Applied Sciences
Background: The study area is located in the Southern Part (SD) of Iraq, between the Southwestern... more Background: The study area is located in the Southern Part (SD) of Iraq, between the Southwestern part of Al-Samawah city and northeastern part of Dhi-Qar Governorate. The lack of surface water for different usages requirements has led to search for new groundwater resources. The study area is characterized by an arid to semi-arid climate with little rains and increase evaporation. Materials and Methods: Gravity methods and using GIS environment were used to delineate the subsurface structural lineaments in Salman Basin (SB) within Al-Muthanna province in Iraqi southern desert (SD). The Centre for Exploration Targeting (CET) was applied to gravity data; we were used CET technique to find any fractures, contact or faults that may occur within the study area. The data processing was carried out by using the OASIS montaj TM. Data is extracted from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with a spatial resolution of 90 m, and (land-sat 8) Image are us...
Groundwater Vulnerability Analysis via GALDIT-GIS Method to Seawater Intrusion, South of Iraq
Iraqi Geological Journal
One of the most significant environmental problem that needed to be identified and managed is the... more One of the most significant environmental problem that needed to be identified and managed is the intrusion of salty water into the aquifers. Human actions, such as excessive irrigation pumping, as well as the rising sea level, have generated a vulnerable state for seawater intrusion into aquifers. Six effective factors have been focused on evaluating seawater intrusion of groundwater Dibdibba aquifer in Basrah, south of Iraq mainly based on the GALDIT-GIS model involving the groundwater occurrence, aquifer hydraulic conductivity, groundwater levels above sea level, distance to shoreline, impact the existing status of seawater intrusion, and thickness of the aquifer. Water samples were collected for 19 wells over the area concerned. Chemical parameters including SO₄²ˉ, Clˉ, and Total Dissolved Solids were applied for modeling in addition to measuring depth to groundwater level. The results of the GALDIT model showed that the Dibdibba aquifer revealed three levels of vulnerabilities ...
This study deals with the processing and analysis of aeromagnetic data for an area covering the r... more This study deals with the processing and analysis of aeromagnetic data for an area covering the region of Salman Basin within AL- Muthanna, Iraq. The objective of this study is to use the available satellite images and aeromagnetic data to investigate the boundaries of geological structures. For further understanding of the tectonic of the study area, the Centre for Exploration Targeting Grid Analysis extension which is available in Oasis montaj software was applied to the data. It is proposed that it provides unbiased results, but to check the results Tilt Derivative or local phase derivative is used where the zero-contour line of the tilt derivative strongly delineates the edges of structures. Also, the drainage pattern for the basin is done using Geographic Information System and Digital Elevation Model raster to see if the drainage is affected by the subsurface lineaments that are determined using the Centre for Exploration Targeting technique. As a result, the deep main linear ...
Hydromorphometric Analysis of Wadi Al-Batin Alluvial Fan Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, Southwestern Iraq
Iraqi Geological Journal
Wadi Al-Batin alluvial fan starts from Wadi Al-Rummah in Saudi Arabia and passes through the Kuwa... more Wadi Al-Batin alluvial fan starts from Wadi Al-Rummah in Saudi Arabia and passes through the Kuwait and Iraq borders. The fan represents the southern and northern limits of the Iraq and Kuwait national boundary, respectively, deposited by Wadi Al-Batin on the southern border of the main wide depression formed by the effectiveness of the Abu Jir-Euphrates Fault. The present study aims to evaluate the hydrological properties of the fan and perform a morphometric analysis to find the groundwater flow, structural, and drainage network of the study area based on fieldwork information and satellite images using remote sensing technique and GIS environment. The hydrological analysis shows that the drainage density pattern direction in Wadi Al-Batin alluvial fan is from the southwestern to the northeastern parts of the Wadi Al-Batin alluvial fan. The morphometric analysis results show that the Wadi Al-Batin fan is divided into five watersheds; each has seven stream orders, watershed 1 has t...
Chemical and biological compatibility of different injection waters with Zubair Formation Water of Upper Sand Member in Zubair Oil Field, South of Iraq
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
Water injection by water flooding was used to enhance and increase oil production in Zubair oil f... more Water injection by water flooding was used to enhance and increase oil production in Zubair oil field, southern Iraq. Physical-chemical and biological analysis of five water samples from different sources were collected to evaluate its compatibility with formation water using biological experiments and chemical compatibility simulation. The results show that injection water is classified weakly acidic-weakly alkaline and saline water, whereas surface water samples are considered weakly acid-weakly alkaline. The total dissolved solids results show brackish types accept for Formation water which classified weakly acid and Brine water. All the studied water samples contain bacteria colonies of Escherichia coli and Coliform expect for one sample, while Sulfate Reducing Bacteria was founded in all studied samples. Mathematical model of chemical compatibility between studied water samples and Zubair Formation water of the scale prediction model show that there are no needs for any inhibit...
Thirty-three samples of groundwater were taken from Dibdibba unconfined aquifer in the Zuber area... more Thirty-three samples of groundwater were taken from Dibdibba unconfined aquifer in the Zuber area southwestern parts of Basrah governorate south of Iraq to assess the groundwater quality. A statistical multivariate analysis was done using cations and anions, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC) that were measured for drinking, livestock, and construction purposes. Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC), Magnesium Ratio (MR), and Permeability index (PI) were used to evaluate the suitability of the present samples for irrigation activity. The quality of groundwater in the study area is unsuitable for drinking water, industrial and building uses. But it is suitable for livestock uses, According to Residual Sodium Carbonate and Magnesium Ratio the groundwater in the study area are suitable for irrigation purposes, but unsuitable for Permeability index. Multivariate analysis results indicate the high positive correlation between Ec and TDS with other constituent...
Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, Oct 5, 2017
Dependable scale prediction is of critical importance in the selection of suitable injection wate... more Dependable scale prediction is of critical importance in the selection of suitable injection water and the development of an effective scale management strategy. The present study focuses on the Mishrif reservoir in the West Qurna oilfield. In this reservoir, we use compositional modeling to understand the interplay between multiphase flow, phase behavior, and geochemical reactions under reservoir and injection conditions relevant to the field. The numerical model PHREEQC was used to simulate the compatibility between Mishrif formation water with three various kinds of surface waters: Sea Water (SW), Euphrates River Water (ERW), and the Main Outfall Drain Water (MODW), and predict the amount of possible scaling results from the mixing of different ratios under reservoir conditions. The chemical compositions of the Mishrif waters are classified as Brine water due to the high value of Ca 2+ and Na 2+ concentration. The waters from the sea, Main Drain Outfall, and the Euphrates River are classified as slightly Brackish waters. All the studied water samples were classified as sodium chloride type (NaCl) due to the increase of evaporation processes, aside from agricultural and domestic activities. The hydrogeochemical facies of the present water samples are fall in NaCl, except in the Mishrif formation water, which is located between NaCl and MixCaMgCl. Scaling prediction models of mixing show that calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) and Barite (BaSO 4) is expected to cause serious problems in the Mishrif reservoir when all types of waters mix in different ratios in the absence of scale inhibitors, whereas the model results revealed no problems in Celestite, Aragonite, and Strontianite scales due to their minor precipitation behavior through mixing. Gypsum, Sederite, and Anhydrite tend to dissolve when mixing all types of surface waters in different ratios because of a low saturation index. The simulation results show that the best ratios to mix sea water is 90-10% formation water, all ratios to mix Main Drain Outfall water, and 70-30 and 90-10% when mixing Euphrates River water with Mishrif formation water. Chemical inhibitions treatment preferred to be implemented to reduce the carbonate scales during/after water flooding.
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